commercial transportation effects on environment

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Transportation Effects on Environment 1

Running head: TRANSPORTATION EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT

Commercial Transportation and its Effects on the Environment

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Commercial Transportation and its Effects on the Environment

The journey of mans civilized development has made him so successful in

reigning over creation. However, mother nature cannot be controlled. Nature has its own

balance and man needs to comply with this order. Any upset in this natural balance can

affect not only man but the rest of the world.

Globalization or the economic trend wherein companies can offer their products

and services world-wide has put a strain on mans relationship with nature. The need for

nations to manufacture and distribute their products has been taking its toll on the

environment and destroying the balance. Globalization has forced some countries to

deplete their forests and implement synthetic methods in controlling crops and other

natural products. Technology has been ignorant of its ill effects and basic systems like

transportation has created detrimental situations that could lead to the destruction of the

earth itself.

Problems in the International Arena

Despite the many inventions and ideas that are being offered, the world still seems

to be at a stand still in helping heal the environment. Even with the knowledge that

global warming will strike all countries whether disciplined with their gas wastage or not,

national interests of several supreme countries like the United States are still looming

over the efforts being made to address the very urgent situation. Fears of an economic

downfall because of ecological awareness and protection have prevented countries from

cooperating with each other to ensure the life of mankind on earth.

Politicians and businesspeople, egged on by the media, consider the economy to

be the bottom line (Suzuki, 2003, p. 89). These people believe that it is the economy


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that ensures man of the many benefits of civilization like good health, education, security

and even ecological protection. The prevailing concept is that the economy is the primary

source of everything we need and that a bad economy will not be able to protect nature.

Ergo, only a strong economic is needed if a country wants to preserve its natural

resources. However, this is proven to be wrong because it is globalization that is actually

forcing smaller nations to destroy their own habitat. The notion of prioritizing the

economy to protect the environment is not realistic.

Realists say that the concept of global commons greatly affects the issue on the

environment. William Forster Lloyd, a mathematician, observed that the fate of a

common pasture shared among rational, utility-maximizing herdsmen is doomed as the

population begins to increase (Chow and Leong, 2006, p. 63). This theory, otherwise

called the tragedy of commons, can be applied to any resource that a community

shares. Each resource has a limit to its usage. If the resources capability is maximized to

the point of its full capacity, the tendency of its users will be to find even more ways in

utilizing the resource to take advantage of what is left before it is totally ruined. The best

interest of each individual always takes over what could be necessary to maintain the

resource for the betterment of the group. However, what the group usually fails to see is

that competing to get the last of the depleted resource inevitably makes the whole group

lose everything.

One of the main resources that of global concern is fossil fuel. This is petroleum

used for running cars and factories that bring life to national economies. The current level

of fossil fuel has been depleted to about a quarter or a half of what is recoverable on earth


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(cited in Greene & Shafer, 2003, p. 4). The tragedy of commons may be applied to this

case too if nations will not cooperate in finding solutions to the problem.

Globalization has brought about the tragedy of commons to many developing

nations. The move to become industrialized or to control debt to developed countries has

caused many countries to abuse their natural resources. The Philippines and Indonesia

have depleted many of their rain forests to produce wooden products for export. The

Middle East nations are at war for the protection of their oil resources. Indeed,

globalization seems to be a detriment to the improvement of mans life on earth instead

of being able to bridge the gap between different countries.

International businesses have become successful in their industries because of

their reliance on transportation systems that are moved by fossil fuel. Distribution of

products and services would not be possible without gasoline which empowers land, air

and even marine vessels.

Transportation has been one of mans most important priorities since the

prehistoric times. This has led him to the discovery of simple things like wheel barrows,

the complex automobile invented by Henry Ford and the great airplanes created by the

Wright brothers. Transportation is very important in the economic system of nations and

large international corporations because it is the primary way they can distribute their

goods and services. Workers also get to their offices and jobs through commercial and

private transportation vehicles. The only problem with this situation is mans over

reliance to the current transportation modes and systems that is harmful to the

environment because of it's by product which is global warming.


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Much of what drives an economy depends heavily on the usage of fossil fuel

which when burned for use as gasoline of many transportation modes being used today,

accounts for the problem of air pollution. Excessive greenhouse gases that pollute the

atmosphere cause global warming.

Although there are many people who are still ignorant about global warming, it is

already a pressing issue that has to be faced squarely for the sake of mankind.

Transportation may be a great cause for this dilemma but there are ways by which every

individual, government or group can help lessen the current pollution and replace it with

better practices or utilities that can even improve the economy further.

Transportation

Transportation is part of everyday life may it be urban or rural living. Man is a

social animal and has the need to go to different places to seek his basic needs.

Throughout history, man has been able to develop more and more ways by which he can

transport not only himself but also many other goods that are needed in a thriving

economy.

As can be seen on Figure 1, the United States alone used up 7 quadrillion British

Thermal Units (Btu) for transportation in the 1950s. Each Btu is equivalent to

1055.05585 joules. With the advent of industrialization, energy consumption for

transportation has dramatically risen to more than 25 million Btu in the year 2000. The

motivation for companies and corporations to market their goods overseas, the ability of

smaller families to avail of private cars for each individual member and understudied

transportation systems have encouraged the rate increase of transportation utilization. So


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has its byproduct, carbon dioxide, which is considered one of the most notorious gases

for causing global warming or the green house effect.

Global warming or the greenhouse effect has been a recurring environmental

issue that has never been solved enough despite the talk it has been getting. This

abnormal climate situation is so-called because green house gases like carbon dioxide,

nitrous oxide and methane act on the earths atmosphere in such a way that increases the

warm temperature of the globe. In winter, most plants are put in the greenhouse because

when sunlight passes through its glass panes, the heat that comes with it is unable to

escape back outside and this helps the plants keep warm during the cold season. The

greenhouse gases are like the glass panes. When sunlight hits the earth, the atmosphere


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allows its rays and heat into the world. However, this heat is trapped inside because the

presence of the poisonous gases mentioned deters it from getting out. This makes the

whole world feel hotter and hotter. Because of the imbalance in climate, resulting

weather conditions are also erratic and abnormal in different places in the world. The El

Nino and La Nina phenomenon are some of the results of this alteration to nature.

Fossiled fuel, the basic petroleum that is being used to run ordinary cars and other

transportation vehicles releases carbon dioxide as a byproduct when automobiles are

turned on. Figure 2 shows how much carbon dioxide has been able to top the list for

notoriety because it is way past the levels of other gasses.

The debate on whether there is a problem with global warming or not, and the

arguments about the way countries can be united to help eliminate air pollution has


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undermined the efforts and ideas that could actually help solve or lessen the problems.

All the talk and the controversy has taken too much of the precious time that mankind

could have used to start caring for the environment better. The international

procastination is still going on but the Victoria Transport Policy Institute has taken its

good time and effort to suggest several small but concrete ways by which the United

States can lessen its greenhouse gas emissions from its present transport system.

The U.S. transportation system is the largest in the world and is the second largest

source of greenhouse gas emissions for this particular country (Greene & Schafer, 2003,

pp 1-2). It is necessary for Americans to act on the issue urgently as a nation because it is

one of the top contributors in the problem. Without a firm stand and concrete action from

the U.S., no sincere effort can be successful in reducing the predicament of global

warming.

Strategies that Promote an Environment Friendly Transport System

The Victoria Transport Policy Institute (VTPI) has chosen to explain its

suggestions well enough to show that the gap between ecological and economical

development can actually be bridged by certain win-win strategies. These suggestions

require the collective cooperation of many groups and government agencies to become

fully functional because it requires an alteration in the lifestyle and laws that are presently

in place. It calls for the correction of certain misleading and disadvantageous concepts

and policies and suggest better ideas which will benefit both the economy and the

environment.

Reforms in Modes of Transportation


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Most of the road planning that has been done is based on weak surveys that do not

take the importance of alternative transportation modes into full account. Many of the

questions underestimate the value of walking and bicycling which therefore produce

answers that imply the need for expansion of car roads instead of the improvement of

other modes of transportation. These also indicate that mobility is highly important

compared to accessibility and thus result in more expensive solutions instead of

alternative community lifestyle.

Presently alternative modes of transportation such as bicycling and walking are

only favorable if the trips are short. Longer distances require either the use of public

buses or private cars. With most American families convinced that family members

should have their own cars to be more mobile and adapt to the fast pace of life, the need

to use private vehicles to make trips to the grocery and other places become necessary.

Public buses in major routes are not prioritized because of time and location constraints.

However, there are other transport systems that can be tapped to decrease the use of

private vehicles for these kinds of trips. One of these is the jitney system.

In 1914, streetcars provided 100 percent of U.S. cities public transportation

(Slater, 1997, p. 45). Streetcars are like mini-trains that have electrical cables on top and

move on paved tracks on the main roads of town. These are run by electricity and were

considered as the buses that the U.S. citizens are using now. In 1915, the jitney system

was introduced because of the limitations of the then dominant streetcar transport system.

Jitneys are private cars or buses that can ply alternative routes that are more accessible to

many residents. Accessibility, lower fares, and the fact that jitneys can make side trips to

pick up passengers at certain agreed upon points became such a success. This however,


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was protested by streetcar companies because by 1915, the jitneys were taking more and

more of the transportation market. Stricken by the very quick progress of jitneys,

streetcar companies lobbied for more restrictions on their competition. Municipalities

decided to impose taxes and insurance bonds that proved fatal to the jitney transport

system and ended its very short existence in 1916.

Streetcar operators thought that they had claimed victory but the eventual

improvement of faster and more comfortable buses and automobiles made by General

Motors slowly claimed the roads that were once driven by streetcars. In 1920, 8.1 million

Americans had cars but by 1929, this rate reached 23.1 million which came to the point

that by 1937 39 cities or 4 percent of U.S. cities used street cars while the 50 percent was

already being served by buses. Ownership of cars led to less use for public transportation

but higher greenhouse gas emissions.

The U.S. citizenry is highly dependent on vehicle ownership but adding jitneys

can lessen this dependence. Jitneys can ply routes that are more adapted to the

commuting preferences of Americans and lessen the need to use more gas-powered cars.

Improved biking lanes can also encourage motorists to take the healthier alternative.

When fully implemented, these suggestions can reduce automobile travel by 10 to 20%

compared to the present situation (VTPI, 2007).

Pay as You Drive Pricing

Another suggestion worth studying is the pay as you drive pricing or distance-

based pricing which means that insurance, registration, tax and leasing fees are based on

the mileage of a vehicle. Using the car often will entail higher fees while opting to use

alternative modes of transportation can lessen the charges. If this policy is implemented,


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people will choose to walk, bike or plan their trips better so that they will only use their

cars when it is truly necessary.

An instrument called an odometer can help insurance companies and other

agencies audit and find out how much distance the car has run in one year. These gadgets

require minimal costs but when fully implemented, can actually reduce the motivation to

keep using private cars while ignoring the gas consumption.

Economical Parking Strategies

Institutions can also offer parking cash-out or the option for non-parking space

users to get the cash value of this benefit. This could be done while offering other

alternatives like car pooling for employees. Instead, parking fees that enable car drivers

to pay instantly for the timed usage of the space can also be implemented. This can make

motorists more aware of what they are spending on transportation and motivate them to

find other ways of commuting. These strategies can reduce private car use by as much as

30 percent (VTPI, 2007).

Priced Use of Roads

Motorists can also be made more aware of their transportation costs if they are

directly paying for the roads that they will use. Congestion pricing or increasing the price

on road use during peak hours can not only help lessen the traffic but also encourage car

drivers to find other ways to get to their points of destination. According to VTPI (2007),

this scheme can lessen vehicle traffic by up to 20 percent.

Transit and Rideshare Improvements

Public transits can be more attractive to use if they are improved and more

logistically placed. Greater facilities, more routes, better services, higher security


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measures, more comfortable features, special events buses and other marketing strategies

can help increase the peoples desire to use these vehicles and lessen private traveling by

10 to 30 percent (VTPI, 2007).

Walking and Cycling Options

Europeans are known to prefer walking compared to riding or commuting. In

fact, this is considered one of the causes of EuroDisneys failure to profit in the European

locale and market. Americans would rather commute because of the easy availability of

car ownership. However, walking and cycling are very healthy ways to get to nearer

destinations and public transits. Although the government cannot force people to opt for

these healthier forms of travel, better sidewalks, streetscaping, pedestrian lanes, biking

lanes and bicycle parking areas can help encourage people to engage in this activity. This

is one of the simpler ways that any individual can do to help fight global warming and is

an option available to most.

Community Development

People can be more encouraged to walk and bike to their destinations if these are

closer to their residences. Establishing smaller communities or commercial places that

serve less individuals can help decrease the need to use carbon emitting vehicles.

Community planning can help by ensuring that the basic areas of every society is built

within spaces that are easier to access by foot instead of separated from each other. Mini-

groceries, drugstores, libraries, clinics and other major daily destinations could be

established so that these are accessible by walking or biking instead of the diverse distant

structures that are currently in place. Although this development may take years before it

can be implemented, its benefits can be worth it.


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Freight Transport Management

Freight transportation rests heavily on fossil fueled vehicles nowadays. However,

it can choose to run efficiently if it maximizes other modes of transport like air, marine,

truck and rail to deliver its freight. Strategic locations for these other modes of

transportation can improve distribution practices and also lessen traffic congestion

because the delivery vans that are being used at present are bulky and heavy. With better

planning, freight management can actually reduce travel by 5 to 20 percent (VTPI, 2007).

The freight aspect of transportation has received little attention because it is

considered efficient enough already. However, there are still ways to improve the

systems such as technological advancement in the form of a better thermal efficiency

for diesel powered trucks which can also be adapted to trains. These locomotives can also

be redesigned into lighter models that could consume less fuel. Research is also being

done to find alternative fuel for ships and technology is being developed to used natural

gases that could reduce carbon dioxide byproducts by around 38 percent (Greene &

Schafer, 2003, p.21).

Car Sharing

Another idea that can either be embraced or rejected by communities is car

sharing. Instead of owning a car, certain persons can opt to share the expenses of using

and maintaining a vehicle. Another way could be for people to opt to rent cars by the

hour or daily rate. This enables individuals to lessen their expenses based on just what

they need to use. Motorists who shift from car ownership to carsharing typically reduce

their vehicle traced by 30 to 60 percent (VTPI, 2007)


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Tax Focus on Vehicle Use

Putting more taxes on car ownership and gas can increase awareness of the

expense that is wasted on unwise motorist habits. This could also help the government

recoup the needed budget to import the petroleum. This could be done slowly and can

also help lessen the other taxes that are being forced upon the lower-income bracket of

society.

The suggestions of the VTPI mentioned above are highly applicable without

causing the decline of the U.S. economy. America simply needs to shift to another

perspective and prioritize the environment without putting too much pressure on

economics. In fact, even the health of the American population will also be enhanced if

the measures are adopted and embraced. Smaller communities can help form better

friendships. Putting a price on parking space and road use can help increase awareness

for the need to lessen uncontrollable use of owned vehicles and increase peoples

creativity in finding better modes of transportation.

Alternative Fuels and Modes of Transportation

Research is being done to find other unconventional oil resources that can

help maintain the transportation systems needed for a thriving economy. There are

scientists who are suggesting that the earth has a vast supply of other kinds of oil such as

tar sands and shale oil which can be refined to produce the gasoline that everyone needs

to move around. It is a common belief that extracting these and conversion to useable

form entails even higher technology. Canada is presently converting its oil sands and

Venezuela their heavy oil into more conventional forms of fuel that can be used for

peoples different needs.


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Air transportation also emits great amounts of greenhouse gases and researchers

are trying to study the options man can take in airplane fuel. Due to a planes size and

energy requirement, petroleum is still the best energy source even if liquid hydrogen and

liquefied petroleum gas are being considered to do the same job. The drawback for

alternative fuel in the aircraft industry is the cost of fuel which will be likely because of

the production cost it would entail. Converting the fuel into its alternative form would

increase significantly and this is detrimental to the economy.

Aside from the suggestions made by VTPI, many scientists have already made

inventions that can also help lessen the need or fossil fuels. Hybrid vehicles that partly

run on electricity and other vehicle inventions that use other types of fuel that emit

cleaner gases are already available as options for consumers.

Hybrid-electric vehicles combine the benefis of gasoline engines and electric

motors (How Hybrids Work). These can also meet many different needs of motorists by

improving fuel consumption and better power for car accessories. These vehicles are

advanced in their own way and have many features that present car owners would want.

A feature called regenerative braking converts the energy from the wheels

turning to become more power for the autos motor that can be stored in the cars battery.

Electric Motor Drive is a feature allows the electric motor of the car to give more

power when the vehicle accelerates. This entails a lighter and smaller packed engine that

is more efficient compared to the normal cars manufactured that are reliant on internal

combustion. Automatic Start and Shutoff is a feature that automatically turns off the

engine when the car is stopped and easily turns it on ones the accelerator is stepped on.


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This feature can eliminate the much wasted energy when cars are waiting to move in

traffic.

Scientists are also looking into the possibility of cars run on liquefied petroleum

gas (LPG) which can actually reduce greenhouse gas emissions by around 20 percent

(Greene & Schafer, 2003, p. 13). LPG is a byproduct of the process that crude oil

undergoes during refinement. This considerably limits the supply of LPG and inhibits it

from being a good option against the gasoline fueled cars.

Other alternative cars are called Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFV) because these are

run on 85 percent ethanol and only 15 percent gasoline (How Hybrids Work). These

vehicles have been produced since 1980 are very similar to the current totally gasoline

dependent automobiles and have no particular interesting additional feature besides its

lessened dependence on gasoline. The difference lies in the mileage of fuel used because

ethanol has less energy thereby making FFVs get about one third less distance run

compared to totally gasoline dependent cars. Because of the similarity, many people may

not even be aware that they are actually driving an FFV. The only way to find out would

be to see the car fuel door to see a sticker or to research it from the manual.

Another invention is called the Electric Vehicle (EV) that is run using a

rechargeable electric motor. This type of alternative has its own advantage and

disadvantage over the normal car. First of all, it is highly efficient because the motor

converts three quarters of the batterys energy to move the tires as compared to the

gasoline powered ones that only translates up to twenty percent. Secondly, this vehicle

does not emit any pollutant. Thirdly, it is easier to recharge the motor domestically

compared to the normal cars necessity to drive through gasoline stations. Lastly, EVs


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are more silent, smooth and need less focus on maintenance. The disadvantages lie in the

battery. The most critical drawback is its mileage per charge which means that it only

runs half of the distance taken by normal cars before it needs to be recharged again taking

four to eight hours of what could have been travel time. The battery is also heavy, space-

consuming and expensive as technology has not yet improved its longevity.

Scientists are working on the development of another alternative car called the

Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs). This automobile also uses electricity but does not need an

external source for it. It can make its own power from tanks of hydrogen gas kept within

the vehicle. The inventors have built it in such a way that its fuel cells can generate

electricity via a chemical process that takes the hydrogen fuel and oxygen from its

surroundings. Owners can also refuel using methanol, natural gas and gasoline because

these can easily be converted into hydrogen gas through an installed device called a

reformer. (How Hybrids Work). These FCVs offer more efficiency compared to the

gasoline-based engined cars and may also adapt more advancements in the future to

increase its value. FCVs running on hydrogen gas only emit water and heat instead of

greenhouse gases. Using the other forms of gas can result to some greenhouse gases but

it is considerably minimal compared to the current ones running.

There are still some setbacks before full marketing and sales of FCVs can be

done. First, scientists need to find ways on reducing the cost without lowering the cars

level of performance. Another point that needs to be researched on is in finding better

safety measures to secure the very volatile hydrogen gas that these vehicles need.

The inventions mentioned answer the calls of ecologists while providing

economists with options on how to ensure that the transportation industry can still


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maintain the demands of a thriving nation. The U.S. government has been doing its job

to promote hybrids and AFVs since 2005 and have encouraged motorists to prefer these

by giving federal income tax credits of up to $3,400 for hybrids and $4,000 for

alternative fuel vehicles; and $2,000 clean-fuel vehicle tax deduction; and a one-time

federal tax credit of up to $4,000 for EVs (How Hybrids Work).

International Concern

Many environmentalists are lobbying for the improvement of policies that are

needed to ensure that nature is protected well. However, the collective effort of all the

countries on earth is needed to ensure the survival of the planet. Everyone should be

concerned because the life of each creature depends on the protection of our livable

habitat.

It was in 1989 when 68 countries met in the Netherlands to discuss the global

warming issue (Chow & Leong, 2006, p. 66). Grave arguments have been posed and

three strategies suggested. The first was for all the countries to agree on a date by which a

certain level of reduction of green house gases must have been achieved individually.

Another suggestion was that only the developed countries must enact to lower their

greenhouse gas emissions because they were the proponents for industrialization. It was

also suggested that these countries must find the technology needed by Third World

Countries and fund it to ensure proper implementation. This caused quite a stir because

the sole responsibility was being burdened on the First World Countries. The last

suggestion came from the rich countries who opted to put more research on the issue

before they could make better plans in reducing the greenhouse effect.


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By 1997, in what is known as the Kyoto Conference, 159 parties agreed to reduce

their countries output of greenhouse gases to 5.2 percent below the 1990 level by the

year 2012 while the U.S., Japan and European Union promised to target higher

percentages (Chow and Leong, 2006, p67). A system of trading emission permits was

also proposed to aid the Third World countries adapt financially-burdening technology to

reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. However, in 2001, the U.S. suddenly backed out

of the agreement because it believed that cooperating would entail a plunge in their

economy. This posed a handicap for the agreements because the U.S. was one of the

largest greenhouse gas emitters. Without its support, the efforts of the rest of the world

will just be in vain.

One by one, the big countries started backing out because their current status

implied that they would not be able to meet the targets made. In another conference held

in Buenos Aires, Italy suggested that the Kyoto Protocol be eliminated because none can

seem to reach its goals. Even the developing countries agreed because they felt that the

restrictions made to limit the greenhouse gas emissions were slowing down their

economic recoveries. Two new ideas were then conceptualized. The European Union

proposed that new targets could be made within a span of twenty years while the United

States recommended that new technology be developed and implemented after the

twentieth year.

The urgency of the situation does not affect developed countries enough to give

upper concern on the global environment below their own national economies. Countries

like the United States which is a major contributor to the problem would rather take the

wait and see attitude.


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Al Gore, a staunch environmentalist and highly esteemed American political

figure opposed the Bush administrations decision to wait another twenty years. Gore

emphasizes that the doubling amount of greenhouse gas emissions have unpredictable

results that man may not be able to successfully solve nor reverse. The uncertainty of the

future is a constant aspect that should be kept well in mind. Man needs to act on the

basis of what is known instead of buying time to develop new technology (Gore, 2006,

p. 37).

Conclusion

Humans have done well to create different societies who have enabled themselves

to be open to industrialization. However, commercialism, urban lifestyle and the need to

compete economically with other nations have distracted these countries to ignore the

looming problem of global warming.

Global warming is an urgent issue that must be solved or at least slowed down for

man to escape the probability of extinction. It is a phenomenon that could provide a

turning point for the changes that need to be made in the current society especially in

the United States. The urgency of the situation, is not felt critically by every citizen even

if everyones life depends on it.

Transportation is a vital aspect of economic dominance and is one of the greatest

producers of greenhouse gas emissions. With powerful governments being tied down by

their economic views, much needs to be done by individuals to enforce change. Although

the U.S. is doing a lot of research, it cannot put aside the fact that nature has not

announced its deadline and further imbalance may tip the scale over without warning.

Man needs to do his part collectively. United we stand. Divided we fall.


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Works Cited

Chow, G. &. (2006, May). The Problem of Global Warming from a Realist Perspective:

Implications to Global Logistics.International Journal of Global Logistics and

Supply Chain Management.

Gore, A. (2006). The Shadow Our Future Throws.Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the

Human Spirit. New York: Rodale. pp. 36 55.

Greene, D. L. (2003, May). Retrieved April 21, 2007, from http://www.ethanolgec.

org/information/briefing/9.pdf

How Hybrids Work. (2007).Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved June 15, 2007,

from http://www.epa.gov

Litman, T. (2007, Jan). www.vtpi.org. Retrieved April 21, 2007, from Victoria Transport

Institute: http://www.vtpi.org/wwclimate.pdf

Slater, C. (1997). General Motors and the Demise of Streetcars. Transportation

Quarterly, Vol. 51. No. 3, pp. 45-66.

Suzuki, D. (2003). Economics and Politics. The Suzuki Reader. Vancouver: Greystone,

pp. 89 103.

Titus, J. (2002, Octobert).Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved April 21, 2007,

from www.epa.gov/climatechange/effects/downloads/transportation_paper.pdf
http://www.ethanolgec/http://www.ethanolgec/

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