comm1pcomm1p this presentation © gilbert cockton 2001. for university of sunderland students only....
TRANSCRIPT
This presentation © Gilbert Cockton 2001. For University of Sunderland students only. Permission is required for any other use of this material
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Media and Interaction Media and Interaction
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Guidelines and “it depends”
Another map, not a guided tour!
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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The Rule of HCI: ReminderThe Rule of HCI: Reminder09100910
• Good Design …
• … demonstrably fits …
• … its context of use (guidelines don’t)
• This lecture introduces guidelines for information presentation and low-level interaction
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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3 Fundamentals: Reminder 3 Fundamentals: Reminder 09120912
• Context
Design - options and guidelines
• Evaluation
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Media Classes and Types Media Classes and Types 09140914
• Static Media• Text
• Graphics
• Time-based media• audio (speech, music, auralisation)
• video
• animation (including VR)
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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IssuesIssues 1 1 09160916
• Realism and authenticity• exploit realism of recorded media
• Attention, saliency and highlights• select media to focus attention
• Comprehensibility• select media to ease comprehension
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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IssuesIssues 2 2 09180918
• Cultural Appropriateness• select culturally appropriate media
• Accessibility• ensure that media choices don’t exclude
some users
• Task-Fit• select media that meets the information
needs of the task
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Realism and AuthenticityRealism and Authenticity09210921
• What would you trust more?• Newspaper report of a football incident
• Television report of a football incident?
• Media-base of camera footage and eye-witness recordings
• When would this matter?• Relevant contexts of use?
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Realism and Media TypesRealism and Media Types09240924
• Realistic• Image
– Still (Photograph), not retouched
– Moving (Video), unedited
• Audio– Live Unedited Recording
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Text Media Guidelines Text Media Guidelines 09270927
• Write for the audience• international audience?
• Write for the web (users scan, not read)• pyramid style
– key point, elaboration, supporting detail• persuasive but respectful
• Use appropriate typography & formatting• typefaces, fonts, case (capitals)• clear visual structure, headings etc.
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Photos and DiagramsPhotos and Diagrams 09310931
• Where technically appropriate …
• Use photos to create a mood • content, form, colour
• Use photos to add authenticity, build trust • see the real person, service brands
• Use diagrams to better communicate information • maps, relations, processes
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Graphical Media GuidelinesGraphical Media Guidelines09340934
• Graphic Design Principles
• Use appropriate style for audience• check emotional responses of users
• Minimise decoration within a style
• Maximise guessability of symbols• concrete not abstract• objects not actions• avoid indirection (e.g., house = “home
page”)
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Info. Presentation: StaticInfo. Presentation: Static09370937
• Representations should fit the user’s task• to read absolute values: use tables• to detect trends: use graphs• to detect groups: use diagrams
– scatter, cluster etc.
• to find/compare: use histograms (bar charts)
• See data presentation/visualisation chapters in statistics books
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Break 09400940
• Back at 0950
• Monday Tutorials• Briefing on Individual Assignment• Meet at Group times: 1100, 1200, 1300,
1400
• Monday lecture on November 12th• EC 1100 - 314• ECA 1300 - 312
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Time-based Media Issues 1Time-based Media Issues 1 09510951
• Fit media choice to the expected context of use• Fit the technical environment
– expected plug-ins, known bandwidth
• Ensure inclusion through redundancy– provide alternatives to exotic media
• Fit cultural expectations– Production values and reproduction quality
– appropriate quality of footage and/or audio
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Time-based Media Issues 2Time-based Media Issues 2 09540954
• User in control!• Stop, play, forward and rewind controls• Stop loading
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Use AudioUse Audio To ... To ... 09550955
• … create a mood • music, sound effects, voice
• ... add authenticity • spoken word
• ... communicate information • auralisation, sonic finders etc.
• … increase inclusion• Support access by visually impaired• Extend bandwidth of mobile devices
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Use Video To ...Use Video To ... 09580958
• ... deliver a mood • image, sound
• .. add authenticity (a picture is worth ...)
• … communicate information • good for causal relations, process, narrative
• … build trust• show the real person
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Use Animation and VR to ...Use Animation and VR to ...10011001
• ... support exploratory learning• especially dynamic information visualisation
• … communicate information • good for causal relations, process, narrative,
spatial relations
• Makes the abstract concrete• build into information analysis during
context analysis? Information attributes => media?
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Info. Presentation SummaryInfo. Presentation Summary10041004
• Understand the design options• design spaces for all media
• Know relevant design guidelines• principles and heuristics for all media
• Understand the impact of context• include/exclude guidelines (usually
include!)
• recognise cognitive universals (perception, attention etc.)
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Interaction: 3 PerspectivesInteraction: 3 Perspectives10071007
• Norman’s Model (Cognitive Psychology)• Derive principles from his seven stages
• Closed Loop Control Systems (Cybernetics)• Derive guidelines from decision making in
closed loop systems
• Input control types (Graphics Standards)• Basis for appropriateness analysis
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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(Don) Norman’s Model10091009
• Seven Stages of Interaction• Goal, Intention, Specification, Execution
• Perceive, Interpret, Evaluate (often in parallel)
• Need to support all stages/levels• Goal and intention (CW Q1), interpretation
and evaluation(CW Q4) only exist in system as prompts, labels, instructional text, help etc.
• Specification (CW Qs 2 & 3), execution and perception exist within the system
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Feedback and Evaluation10121012
• Interpretation and evaluation need to be supported at all levels of interaction
• keystroke (e.g., mouse press)
• interaction step (e.g., selection)
• task step (e.g., completed command)
• task and activity (e.g., confirmation display)
• Principles of closed loop control
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Closed Loop Control 10151015
• User Action, System Response, User Decision, User Action, System Response ...
• Decision = evaluate last step, get next step, specify next step
• System response should support decision making at all levels of interaction• after key-press, interaction step, task step,
task, activity
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Logical Input Types 10181018
• Four broad groups (simplification)• Selection (of dynamic set of objects)
• Choice (of fixed set of options)
• Manipulation (of graphical objects)
• Specification (of value, information)
• Select physical controls for a logical type on the basis of task needs• e.g., when can choices be typed?
• SCET MSc EC/ECA © Gilbert Cockton 2001
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Summary 10211021
• Good Information Presentation• Optimise use of specific media for
communication in all its aspects
• Support interaction at all levels from pressing to evaluating
• Good Interaction Design
• Ensure that users remain in control and can manage progress and all aspects of quality for tasks within their embracing activities