Ideology & Nationalism in a Ideology & Nationalism in a Technological World: Technological World: POWER POLITICSPOWER POLITICS

Russian Revolution(slides 2-9) &

Chinese Revolution (91-98)

WWII (10-59),

Cold War (68-82), Israel (60-63),

Russia (83-89)and China Today

Russia

Leninism

Stalinism

Russia: Overthrew Czarist Gov.

Provisional Gov of Provisional Gov of Kerensky wantedKerensky wanted:

• WWI• Republic• Natural Rights• ““Soviets”Soviets” – local

councils make decisions

• Workers, peasants, soldiers, professional class supported

Not very organized, though.

LENIN

Bolsheviks promised:Bolsheviks promised:• PEACEPEACE: Out of WWI

• Lost some land• LANDLAND – for peasants• BREADBREAD – promise of

prosperity

• April Theses April Theses • All POWERAll POWER to the

Soviets • Communism over

liberalism or socialism

Vanguard of the RevolutionVanguard of the Revolution

• WHY?

• Most people did not

know how to organize!

• Not leaders

• Not understand

communism.

Lenin: Lenin: War CommunismWar Communism 1918-1921 • State control of industry,

railroads, foreign trade, agriculture…

• Why? To provision the Red Army:• Rationing & Redistribution• Discipline for workers – punishment for strike =

shot! • Obligatory labor duty was imposed on "non-working

classes".

• Private enterprise became illegal.

Lenin - NEPNEPNew Economic PolicyNew Economic Policy• Loosening of restrictions/ Loosening of restrictions/

capitalistic aspects to capitalistic aspects to stimulate economy after warstimulate economy after war• Farmers could sell some

produce for profit, but taxed• Money reintroduced• Salaries in cash, not goods• Shorter work hours• Limited labor unions ok

• Heavy industry, transport, banking, international trade remained under government control.

Joseph Stalin

• NEP too slow!!

• Five Year PlansFive Year Plans

• Collectivization of Ag.Collectivization of Ag.

• Huge state factoriesHuge state factories

• No choices, profits, power for people… but

industrialized FAST!

USSR Industrialized quicklyAnd often brutally under Stalin’s rule

Great PurgeGreat Purge

• Secret Police• Doctored photos• Fake trials

• Assassinations• Gulag – agency that

administered labor camps• Siberia

You’re either with us or against us!You’re either with us or against us!

GULAGSGULAGS

• Alekandr I. Solzhenitzyn

MILLIONS disappearedor were outright killed in Stalin’s

Doctored photos…

EUROPEAN FASICISM

Italy

Germany

Spain

Fascism: Violent Reaction Against…

FOR:•The State The State over the Individual•Extreme Nationalism•Militaristic / control•Cult of Personality

•FASCIST STATES:• Hitler - race• Mussolini - corporate• Franco - Catholic

Liberalism, Socialism, Communism

Italy - MussoliniItaly - Mussolini

• 1st Fascist state• “Called to Power”• “March to Rome” King

appointed Prime Minister. • Constitutional changes

totalitarian fascist regime.• ““The Third Way” The Third Way” –

revolutionary & traditional

• “Black Shirts” – ex-WWI soldiers restore order to streets in hard economy

• Expansion to rally people.

“Il Duce” promised better economicAnd political times ahead

Third WayThird Way

“This was a new system in

which the state seized

control of vital industries.

Under the banners of

nationalism and state

power, Fascism synthesized

the glorious Roman past with a

futuristic utopia.”

Italian Expansion: Italian Expansion: Quest for Glory & Power! Quest for Glory & Power!• Corfu• Albania• Greek Islands

• Ethiopia• Libya

• Spanish Civil War

on Franco’s side

1939

Dreams of a Mare Nostrum!

• Entered WWII on side of Germany

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f5/Hitler_and_Mussolini_June_1940.jpg

Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler

• National Socialist Party (Nazi)• Weimar, the Depression• Reichstag solutions not

well accepted… too slow!

• Extreme Racial / Extreme Racial / Nationalist ideasNationalist ideas

• Dreams of renewed greatness for Germany

Hitler’s Beliefs:1. Social Darwinism1. Social Darwinism

• Jews, gypsies, slavs…• Deportation• ““Final Solution”Final Solution”

2. “Stab-in-the-Back Myth”

3. Right of German people to Self Determination• Unite the “Volk”“Volk”• ““Lebensraum”Lebensraum”

5. “Third Reich”5. “Third Reich”• Elected to Reichstag, took

control after became Chancellor

6. “Fuehrerprincipe”6. “Fuehrerprincipe” Unquestioning allegiance & obedience to superiors.No one questions Supreme Leader.

Why the “Third Reich?” The Nazis sought to legitimize their power historiographically by portraying their ascendancy to rule as the direct continuation of an ancient German past. They adopted the termDrittes Reich ("Third Empire" – usually rendered in English in the partial-translation "the Third Reich"), first used in a 1923 novel by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck,[7] that counted the mediaeval Holy Roman Empire as the first and the 1871–1918 monarchy as the second, which was then to be followed by a "reinvigorated" third one. This ignored the previous 1918–1933 Weimar period, which the Nazis denounced as a historical aberration, contemptuously referring to it as "the System". In the summer of 1939 the Nazis themselves actually banned the continued use of the term in the press, ordering it to use expressions such as nationalsozialistisches Deutschland ("National Socialist Germany"),Großdeutsches Reich ("Greater German Reich"), or simply Deutsches Reich (German Reich) to refer to the German state instead.[8]

Although the term "Third Reich" is still in common use to refer to this historical period, the terms "First Reich" and "Second Reich" for the earlier periods are seldom found outside Nazi propaganda. To use the terms "First Reich" and "Second Reich", as some commentators did in the post-war years, is generally frowned upon as accepting Nazi historiography.[citation needed

] During and following the Anschluss (annexation) of Austria in 1938 Nazi propaganda also used the political slogan Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer("One people, one Reich, one leader"), in order to enforce pan-German sentiment.

The term Altes Reich ("old Reich"; cf. French ancien regime for monarchical France) is sometimes used to refer to the Holy Roman Empire. The term Altreich was also used after the Anschluss to denote Germany with its pre-1938 post-WWI borders. Another name that was popular during this period was the term Tausendjähriges Reich ("Thousand-Year Reich"), the millennial connotations of which suggested that Nazi Germany would last for a thousand years to come; in reality it was ousted after a mere 12 years.

The Nazis also spoke of enlarging the then-established Greater German Reich into a "Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation" (Großgermanisches Reich Deutscher Nation) by gradually annexing all the historically Germanic countries and regions of Europe (Flanders, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden etc.) directly into the Nazi state.[9]

Seriously… ?

• 1933- Rebuilt German Military• Violated Treaty of

Versailles• No objection from Europe

• 1933 - Withdrew from League of Nations

Spanish Civil War

• Instability – Transition: 1931: Monarchy democracy, but then…

• Civil War: Franco’s Fascist “Nationalist” troops installed dictatorship: 1939

• Support from Hitler & Italy• Europe did nothing.

General Francisco Francod. 1975

Guernica

Pablo Picasso

Conquest Really Began…

• 1935- “Restores” Rhineland to Germany

• 1937 – Alliance with Japan

• 1938 – Annexed Austria,

Took Sudetenland

from Czechoslovakia

APPEASEMENTAPPEASEMENT

• Munich ConferenceMunich Conference, 1938

• Hitler, Mussolini, Neville Chamberlain

• Gifted Sudetenland (northern part of Czech.) w/o consent of Czech.

• Promise to stop expansion

“Peace for Our Time”

Whatever…

• 1939- Invaded rest of

Czechoslovakia

• Europe did not react

Gearing up with Pacts!• GB & France: Non- Aggression Pact

• Greece, Turkey, Romania, Poland• If one attacked, all go to war

• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact• Germany would not invade Russia

if Russians stay out • Divided Eastern Europe for future:

• Germany to get Lithuania & E. Poland

• Russia to get Poland, Finland, Baltic States

Falling Dominoes…

• Poland, 1939Poland, 1939

• GB declared war on Germany

• France also declared.

Where was the USA?

• 1939 – Cash and carry policy – • US sold the British war materiel.• Cash only basis. Sailed away their new

ships.

• 1941 – Lend-Lease Program• ““Lent”Lent” destroyers and other war goods destroyers and other war goods

to British to British in return for lease of naval in return for lease of naval basesbases..

• Later, added Soviets, Chinese to program.

BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg

• ““Lightening War”Lightening War”

• Terrifyingly FAST

• Terrifyingly destructive

• Overwhelming!

Shock and Awe!!Shock and Awe!!

Total War!Total War!

Example: Blitzkrieg in Poland

1940…

• Holland

• Belgium

• FranceFrance – 2 days later!

Occupied France

• Vichy France• Petain surrendered to

Hitler

• Resistance • Charles De Gaulle led

Resistance

Winston Churchill

• Prime Minister of Great Britain

Winston Churchill

• “We shall fight…

never surrender.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mNV-MPmDTw

• “This was their finest

hour”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsKDGM5KTBY&feature=related

Battle of Britain

• Air only

• ““the Blitz”the Blitz”

• Air Raid

Warnings

• Blackouts,

Shelters

• Radar!Radar!

RAF

“Never have so few done so much for so many.”

- Churchill

Germany Invaded Russia - 1941

• Relieved pressure on Britain• Stalin moved industry east• Red Army Troops ready in weeks

• Battle of StalingradBattle of Stalingrad – 19421942• Protracted street fighting• ““Not one step back!”Not one step back!”• Turned the tide of the warTurned the tide of the war

• Russians moved West for 3 years• Then, at Yalta- Russia asked for help from Allies

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference – Feb. 1945

Big ThreeBig Three

• Stalin wanted help on Western Front

• Roosevelt wanted help in Pacific

• Churchill did not trust Uncle Joe

• Allies stalled…as Russia was torn apart

War in the Pacific

• Japan invaded China, Japan invaded China,

1931, 1931, BEGINNING BEGINNING

WORLD WAR IIWORLD WAR II Manchuria “Manchukuo”

• Rape of NanjingRape of Nanjing – 19371937• Started WWII • Brutal atrocities

Japanese Imperialism

• Continued to

expand in China

• Indochina (Vietnam)

• Already had Korea

(Manchukuo)

1942: Height of Japanese Power in Pacific

Where was the USA?

• US froze US froze Japanese assets Japanese assets in US in US

• Imposed trade sanctions trade sanctions on Japanese business in US

• When the US refused to lift sanctions…

Pearl Harbor

• Dec. 7, 1941Dec. 7, 1941• “A date that will live in Infamy”• Germany & Japan declared

war on the USA.

BUT, the whole US fleet WAS NOT destroyed…

Infusion of Men, Money, Machines

• 1943- Allies took Italy

• 1944- D-Day: D-Day: Normandy InvasionNormandy Invasion

Manhattan Project

• Atomic Bomb

• J. Robert

Oppenheimer

May 1945May 1945

• Russians and Americans raced to Berlin

• Hitler committed suicide

V-E DayV-E Day

• May 8, 1945

War in Pacific

• Dragged on…• Island HoppingIsland Hopping• Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway

• Iwo Jima Iwo Jima

• Loss of life … and

Money

War in Pacific Time Line

• March 18-June 23, 1945: Battle of OkinawaBattle of Okinawa. 85,000+ US military casualties and losses, and 140,000+ to Japanese. Approximately one-fourth of the Japanese civilian population died resisting the invasion… Including in mass suicides.

• July 26, 1945: Potsdam DeclarationPotsdam Declaration was issued. Truman tells Japan,

"Surrender or suffer prompt and utter "Surrender or suffer prompt and utter destruction."destruction."

• July 29: Japan rejected the Potsdam Declaration. •

Let’s end this thing…

• Japanese refused to have Emperor surrender.

• Hammering out details…• Truman decided to use A-

Bomb• Fewer casualties• Immediate• Less expensive

Hiroshima: 6 August, 1945Hiroshima: 6 August, 1945

• Enola Gay

• “Little Boy”

• 140,000 dead

• ½ on day of bombing

NagasakiNagasaki

• Aug. 9, 1945• 2nd Atomic Bomb, • 1st plutonium bomb

• “fat man”• Dead: 73,900• Injured: 74,900• Many died later…

• Cancer, leukemia…

V-J DayV-J Day

• Sept. 2, 1945 – surrender formally signed

““Peace” SettlementPeace” Settlement

• US & USSR Superpowers

• Japan demilitarized

& democratized

• Marshall PlanMarshall Plan:• US aided W. European recovery• E. Europe under umbrella of USSR- Molotov Plan

Holocaust Horrors Exposed

Holocaust HorrorsHolocaust Horrors

• Mass graves

• Gas chambers

• “Scientific”

Experiments

ZionismZionism

• Theodor HerzelTheodor Herzel – Austro-Hungarian journalist

• late 1800/s• Political movement encouraged Jewish

migration to the Biblical “Land of Israel” • ““Self Determination for the Jewish Self Determination for the Jewish

People”People”

• Today 40% of the world's Jews live in Israel. A similar number live in the US.

Balfour Declaration of 1917Balfour Declaration of 1917

Formal statement of policy by the British government: "His Majesty's government views with favour the

establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country."[

Creation of the State of Israel

• 14 May, 1948• Anti-Semitism, pogroms, Holocaust

• Growth of nationalism for ethnic groups – Self Determination

• 1 month after partition of India, UN recommended partition of Palestine, a British Mandate

And the Palestinians?

War Crimes Tribunal

• Nuremberg: Crimes Against Humanity

• Geneva Conventions violations

John E. Dolibois,Translator

WWII Casualties - Europe

Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations

Count the US flags…Russian flags… The Stars of David …Skulls…

WWII Casualties - Pacific

Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations

Count the US flags…

The Civilian Chinese skulls & Chinese flags…

Women

• Worked during war

• Expected to go back

home when the men

returned to work…

Policy of ContainmentPolicy of Containment• Division of Berlin & Berlin Wall

• NATO• Marshall Plan• SEATO

• Truman Doctrine – 1947• US will assist any government resisting Communism

• Iron Curtain Speech – • Churchill NATO

Policy of Containment

• Warsaw Pact

• Molotov Doctrine

Check Point Charlie- Berlin

Cold War WORLD

IF you’re not with us, you’re against us? Or you’re “UNALIGNED”

Kitchen Debates

American “Consumer Economy”

vs.

Russian

“Command Economy”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CvQOuNecy4

Communism at Our Doorstep!

• “We will bury you!” • November, 1956

• Bay of Pigs• April, 1961.

• CIA, Cuban nationals

• Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962.

Opportunities for Peaceful Co-existence… • NATO

• Warsaw Pact

• SEATO

• United Nations

• World Court

• Geneva Conventions

Containment

Perceptions of Great Powers that each other needed to be

“contained,” and that “losses” for one side were “gains” for the other.

Perceived the world locked in a fatal struggle, with all nations

aligned.

Division and Competition

• Berlin• Democratic West, USSR

East • Berlin Blockade- USSR cut

off trade West of Berlin• Berlin Airlift – West

brought food, fuel & info via air

• Berlin remained divided• 1961 Soviets built wall• Wall came down in 1990

with economic collapse of USSR

• Korea• Had been Japanese • Occupied by USSR - North

& USA- South• 1948- 2 govt’s: 38th • 1950- North Korea attacked

South• General McArthur & UN• China sided with North• Armistice 1953• Today…?

Decline of Colonialism

• India• Gandhi, Nehru, • Creation of Pakistan

• Jinnah

• Africa• Kwame Nkrumah – Ghana - peaceful• Jomo Kenyatta- Kenya – violent (Mau Mau)• Algerian Indep

Vietnam

• Nationalists = Vietminh

• Guerilla warfare – 1954

• Divided @ 17th parallel• Ho Chi Minh

• Communist North

• Ngo Dihn Diem• Democratic South

Decolonization? Civil War? Communist Takeover?

• Ho Chi Minh supported Communists /guerillas in South unity

• US/France supported Democracy in South

Soviets in Afghanistan 1979- 89Soviets in Afghanistan 1979- 89

• ““Liberation” Liberation” from “repressive regime,” and introducing Soviet ‘Socialism’ to region.

• Against Islamic FundamentalismAgainst Islamic Fundamentalism, which was a destabilizingdestabilizing effect on their borders, and even across Soviet borders.

• Strategic Reasons Strategic Reasons – to gain access to the Indian Ocean through Afghanistan & friendly India.

• Demonstration of Soviet military might Demonstration of Soviet military might – show the west, possible separatist rebels in eastern bloc.

Technology vs. Insurgents/Guerillas?

Superpower Lessons

• US in Vietnam

• Defeat of Superpower by small but determined nation

• Desire to avoid another Vietnam

• USSR in Afghanistan

• Defeat of Superpower by small but determined nation

• Desire to avoid another Afghanistan

INSURGENCY / GUERILLA / UNPOPULARREGIONAL WAR CANNOT BE WON BY TECHNOLOGY& SUPERIOR FIRE POWER

USSR / Russia

1911 - Present

Collapse of Soviet Union

Mikhail GorbachevMikhail Gorbachev

• 1985

• Glasnost – openness

• Perestroika- restructuring of Soviet economy

• By 1991 Cold War was over.

1985 - 1991

• Privatization of parts of Economy• Nuclear Reduction Treaties with US

• SALT• Denounced Stalin’s Great Purge

• USSR Russia• Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia indep.

Countries• Poland & other states independent• Lots of Constitutional Democracies w/

capitalistic economic systems

Rebellion vs. USSR

• Hungarian Revolution 1956- • Student Demonstration violent• Soviet troops squashed rebellion

• Prague Spring 1968 – Parliament:Alexander Dubcek & President: Vaclav Havel • Velvet Revolution – nonviolent

Rebellion vs. USSR

• Poland - 1989• Solidarity Labor Party• Lech Walesa – 1st Pres.

• Romania – 1989• Overthrew Ceausescu• Only Eastern Bloc country

to violently overthrow its

leaders, and execute them.

Berlin Wall

• Started: Hungary - Government started May 2 to tear down

• Sept. 11 – Thousands of East Germans crossed unrest

• 9 Nov GDR said ok to crossings.

• Parts of wall chipped away over few weeks by euphoric public.

• 3 October, 1990 – Germany reunited officially.

Russia Today

• President Prime Minister President Vladimir Putin

• Ex-President Medvedev

Oil rich, and concerned about Security.

China

1911 - Present

Chinese Revolution

• 1911• No more Emperor• Sun Yat SenSun Yat Sen

• NationalistNationalist• Three Principles of the People

• Nationalism, Socialism, Democracy

• Guomingdang = his political party

China

• Chiang Kai-shek• Successor to Sun Yat Sen• WWII- Japanese invasions, Communists

building strength • Sometimes Communists & Nationalists fought

together against Japan

After WWII

Mao ZedongMao Zedong – CCP - 1949

• Long MarchLong March

• Swept Nationalists south

exile on Formosa/Taiwan

• People’s Republic of China

Early Maoist Communism

• CollectivizationCollectivization of Agriculture Famine

• Collectivization of Industry (not have much)

• Social ReformSocial Reform – • Banished religion / rituals

political meetings, propaganda meetings

• Women in society:• Eradicate child marriage,

concubinage, foot binding. Allowed divorce.

• Increased Rural Education

Loss of Soviet Support

• Chinese Military build-up

• First A-Bomb - 1964

Great Leap ForwardGreat Leap Forward 1958-1963

• CollectivizationCollectivization industrialization of agriculture and manufacturing• Communal kitchens; NO private plots• Backyard steel furnaces, but discovered

required manufacture with even coal heating• Some construction projects, but w/o engineers• Self-sufficient co-ops paid with points, not cash• Experimental Agricultural practices faminefamine

• Weather, poor choices

Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution 1966-1976

• Purpose: Renew the Spirit of the Chinese Revolution

• Replace his designated successors with more faithful

• Provide China's youth with a revolutionary experience• Red Guard – urban youth• Closed universities for 4 years; sent students

& teachers to fields• Reopened: taught only Communism &

vocational training • Achieve some specific policy changes to

make the educational, health care, and cultural systems less elitist.

• Retake personal control of Communist Party

Opening with the West

• 1971

• Nixon met w/ Chairman Mao & Premier Zhou en-Lai

Deng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping

• 1976

• After Mao’s death

• Economics westernizedEconomics westernized• Joint ventures with foreign companies• Some free-market elements• Limited business & property ownership

stimulated hard work & innovation

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

• 1989

• 1M demonstrators called for democratic reform

• Troops opened fire; hundreds were killed.

China Today

• Hu JintaoHu Jintao• Leader of Communist

Party • President of People’s

Republic of China

• Technocrat, not idealogue

Xi Jinping

• President since 2012

• General Secretary of Chinese Communist Party

(CCP)