cogs1 mapping space in the brain douglas nitz – april 29, 2010
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cogs1 mapping space in the brain Douglas Nitz – April 29, 2010. MAPPING SPACE IN THE BRAIN – RULE 1: THERE MAY BE MANY POSSIBLE WAYS. depth perception from motion parallax or depth perception from texture gradient or depth perception from occlusion or - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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cogs1
mapping space in the brain
Douglas Nitz – April 29, 2010
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depth perception from motion parallax
or
depth perception from texture gradient
or
depth perception from occlusion
or
depth perception from retinal disparity (stereopsis)
:
:
but which?
MAPPING SPACE IN THE BRAIN – RULE 1: THERE MAY BE MANY POSSIBLE WAYS
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egocentric frames
allocentric (world-centered)
route-centered senses
musculature
MAPPING SPACE IN THE BRAIN – RULE 2: DEFINE THE FRAME OF REFERENCE
object-centered
arbitrary frames
*
*
vestibular info.
retinal space
proprioception
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rat
bra
in –
do
rsal
vie
w
hu
ma
n b
rain
– s
agit
tal
vie
w
similarity in detailed structure of brain across mammalian species
similarity in features of navigational strategies across mammalian species
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Santiago Ramon y Cajal’s ‘neuron doctrine’: establishes the neuron as the basic structural and functional unit of the brain (translation: neurons are to brain function as atoms are to molecules)
Cajal’s ‘law of dynamic polarization’: neural/electrical transmission proceeds in one direction – from dendrite/soma axon axon terminal (translation: dendrites take in information from other neurons
and decide what message to send to other neurons)
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hippocampal pyramidal neuron
0 15 0 10 Hz
0 8 Hz
occupancy countsfiring rate neuron 1
firing rate neuron 2
recording
‘place’ field
tetrode (braided set of 4 electrodes)
relative-amplitude spike discrimination
multiple single neuron recordings in behaving animals:
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egocentric frames
allocentric (world-centered)
route-centered senses
musculature
MAPPING SPACE IN THE BRAIN – RULE 2: DEFINE THE FRAME OF REFERENCE
object-centered
arbitrary frames
*
*
body/touch space
retinal space
proprioception
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PENFIELD AND JASPER, 1951 – THE ‘HOMONCULUS’ – AN EGOCENTRIC MAP
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area VIP of parietal cortex I: bringing together personal (egocentric) spaces of the somatosensory and visual systems
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area VIP of parietal cortex II: bringing together personal (egocentric) spaces of the somatosensory and visual systems …
and movement related to them
Duhamel et al., JNP, 1998
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egocentric frames
allocentric (world-centered)
route-centered senses
musculature
MAPPING SPACE IN THE BRAIN – RULE 2: DEFINE THE FRAME OF REFERENCE
object-centered
arbitrary frames
*
*
vestibular info.
retinal space
proprioception
![Page 12: cogs1 mapping space in the brain Douglas Nitz – April 29, 2010](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051623/5681599a550346895dc6e357/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
tracking directional heading in the allocentric (world-centered) frame of reference I: ‘head direction’ cells
– firing is tuned to the orientation of the animals head relative to the boundaries of the environment
– different neurons have different preferred directions (all directions are represented)
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tracking position in the world-centered (allocentric) frame of reference: the ‘place cell’
– firing is tuned to the position of the animal in the environment (the place ‘field’)
– different neurons map different positions (all directions are represented)
– rotation of the environment boundaries = rotation of the place fields
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mapping position in the environment by path integration: ‘grid cells’
– neurons of the medial entorhinal cortex exhibit multiple firing fields in any given environment
– such fields are arranged according to the nodes of a set of ‘tesselated’ triangles
– grids, like head-direction tuning and place cells firing fields rotate with the boundaries of the environment
Hafting et al., Nature, 2005
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how do grid cells yield hippocampal allocentric position maps?
McNaughton et al., 2006, Nature Reviews Neuroscience
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egocentric frames
allocentric (world-centered)
route-centered senses
musculature
MAPPING SPACE IN THE BRAIN – RULE 2: DEFINE THE FRAME OF REFERENCE
object-centered
arbitrary frames
*
*
vestibular info.
retinal space
proprioception
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LOCALIZATION OF OBJECT-CENTERED MAPPING TO THE PARIETAL CORTEX
Driver et al., Neuropsychologia, 1994
together the triangles form an object the ‘top’ of which is perceived as indicated by the arrows – humans with damage to the right parietal cortex (and associated hemi-
neglect) often fail to detect the gap in the triangle (red arrows) when it is on the perceived left side of the object (SE-NW) as opposed to the right (SW-NE)
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inbound
outbound
familiar path
outbound
inbound
inbound
newly-learned path
parietal cortex neurons in behaving rats map path segments (e.g., start pt. to first R turn)
10
0
Hz
Nitz, Neuron, 2006
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parietal cortex: a rather abstract frame of reference – the space defined by the route (i.e., the space defined by sequence of behavior changes and the spaces separating them)
goalstart
35
035
0
0
35
35
0
firin
g ra
te
LR
rbeh = 0.89rspace = 0.16
path 10 - outbound
L
R
L
R
goal
start
path 10 - inboundL
R
L
R
goal
start
outbound
inbound
LR
rbeh = 0.86rspace = 0.23
Nitz, Neuron, 2006
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BOLD SIGNALS IMPLICATE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PARIETAL CORTEX
IN NOVEL SCENE CONSTRUCTION
Hassabis et al., JNS, 2007