cognitivism martin valcke [email protected] mvalcke/cv/cvmva.htm
TRANSCRIPT
Structure • Activity 1: learning experiment Miller
• Introduction Information processing
• Activity 2: dual channel theory
• Representation & development of declarative & procedural knowledge
• Activity 3: NLR
• Activity 4: Questions & Bloom’s taxonomy
Activity 1
Experiment based on Miller 1957
Storage
LTM Long Term Memory
Working MemorySTM Short Term Memory
ReceptorsOutput
Effectors
Environment
Sensory MemoryImmediate Memory
Retrieval
Respons output
organisation
Selective perception
Information back to the environment
Information from the environment
Control processes
Cognitivism
• Internal processes• Key concepts:
stages, memories, limitations, interaction, subprocesses (perceiving, repeating, representing, reflecting, imagining, abstracting, comparing, …)
Working memory
Central Executive
Episodic buffer
Phonological loop
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Verbal info
Visuo-spatial info
Verbal and viso-spatial ino
Activity 2: experiment
• Dual Channel Theory: Paivio (1986) en Mayer (2001)
Mayer (2001) and Paivio (1986)
MMpresentation
Sensory Memory
Working Memory
Long TermMemory
Words
Images
Hearing
Looking
Sound
Image
VerbalModel
VisualModel
PriorKnowledge
IntegrationO
rganisation
Learning
Mayer (2001) and Paivio (1986)
Theoretical base
• Representation of knwoledge– Declarative knowledge– Procedural knowledge
• Development of knowledge – Declarative knowledge– Procedural knowledge
Representation declarative knowledge
Proposition(s)
Basis unit information: argument and relations
Representation declarative knowledge
Images
Based on a perception; part of original perception is retained
Representation declarative knowledge
linear order
On top of proposition network and images: structureVb. ABCD, EFG, HIJK, LMNOP, QRS, TUV en WXYZ.
Vb. Notes
Vb. durch für ohne um bis nach gegen
Ormrod, 2008
Representation declarative knowledge
schemas(based on propositions, images, and linear order)
Knowledge is not set of unstructured ideas.
Schemas• Memory structure
• Abstraction
• Network
• Dynamic structure
• Context
• Frames (special schemes)
• Example “frame”: special schema for “party”
• Underdeveloped schemas: personal theories ~ misconceptions
Relationships in declarative knowledge
Facts
Concepts
Procedures
Metacognition
Representation procedural knowledge
Production system
Production b
Production a Production d
Production c
P1
IF xxxxxxxxx,
Then yyy.
P2
If a
Then b
P3
If c
Then d
Development declarative knowledge
Two mental processes are cenral:
• Elaboration
• Organisation
Elaboration
• Integrates knowledge
• Links new to old knowledge
Organisation• Organisation acts on available
schemas in memory.
• Strenghtening internal cognitive structure.
Organisation
• Structuring, order
• Hierarchy
Ways to structure the ideas about how species “evolve”Matuk en Uttal (2010): “All have tails, but only two have horns” - Inventing an intuitive representation of relatedness.
Development procedural knowledge
• Cognitive phase
• Associative phase
• Autonomous phase
• Goal directedness!!
Cognitive Phase
• Stepwise storage of individual productions in memory• In fact: as declarative knowledge (schemas)
Facts
Concepts
Procedures
Metacognition
In this phase we try to release support of single productions in memory
We try to eliminate consultation memory.
Associative phase
Autonomous phase
Automatic result of associative phase.Difficult to predict when achieved.
Relationships in procedural knowledge
http://www.transitionmathproject.org/partners/wcp/doc/bloom.pdf
Activity 4
• Read text “hormones”
• Apply evidence based principle: developing non-linguistic representation
Activity 5a
• Make list of questions (prep activity)
• Structure these questions from “easy” to “complex”
Activity 5b
• Make list of questions (prep activity)
• Structure these questions from “easy” to “complex”
• Apply Bloom’s Taxonomy to ground your classification
King
• Questions are critical
• See King, A. (1992). Comparison of Self-Questioning, Summarizing, and Notetaking-Review as Strategies for Learning
From Lectures.
• Starters
King: starters
