coffee production in india - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Coffee forests in India

Coffee plantation in India

Coffee production in IndiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Coffee production in Indiais dominated in the hill tracts of South Indian states, with the

state of Karnataka accounting 53% followed by Kerala 28% and Tamil Nadu 11% of

production of 8,200 tonnes. Indian coffee is said to be the finest coffee grown in the shade

rather than direct sunlight anywhere in the world.[1]There are approximately 250 ,000

coffee growers in India; 98% of them are small growers.[2]As of 2009, the produ ction of

coffee in Indiaw as only 4.5% of the total production in the world.Al most 80% of the

country's coffee production is exported.[3]Of that which is exported, 70% is bou nd for

Germany, Russian federation, Spain, Belgium, Slovenia, United States, Japan, Greece,

Netherlands and France, and Italy accounts for 29% of the exports. Most of the export is

shipped through the Suez Canal.[1]

Coffee is grown in three regions of India withKar nataka, Kerala and Tamil Naduformingthe traditional coffee growing regionof South India, followed by the new areas developed

in the non-traditional areas of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa in the eastern coast of the

country and with a third region comprising the states of Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya,

Mizoram, Tripura, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh of Northeastern India, popularly

known as Seven Sister States of India".[4]

Indian coffee, grown mostly in southern India under monsoon rainfall conditions, is also

termed as Indian monsooned coffee". Its flavour is defined as: "The best Indian coffee

reaches the flavour characteristics of Pacific coffees, but at its worst it is simply bland and

uninspiring.[5]Th e two well known species of coffee grown are the Arabica andRobusta.

The first variety that was introduced in the Baba Budan Giri hillranges of Karnataka in the

17th century[6]was marketed over the years under the brand names of Kent and S.795.

Contents

1 History2 Production
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Unripe Coffee Pods in Araku Valley,

Andhra Pradesh

2.1 Background

2.2 Growing conditions

2.3 Processing

3 Varieties

4 Research and development

4.1 Regional research stations5 Popularity

6 Coffee Board of India

7 See also

8 References

9 External links

History

Coffee growing has a long history that is attributed first to Ethiopia and then to Arabia, mostly to

Yemen. However, the earliest history is traced to 875 AD according to the Bibliotheque Nationale in

Paris. The original source is also traced to Abyssinia from where it was brought to Arabia in the 15th

century. The Indian context started with an Indian Muslim saint, Baba Budan,[2][7] while on a

pilgrimage to Mecca, smuggled seven coffee beans (by tying it around his waist) from Yemen to

Mysore in India and planted them on the Chandragiri Hills (1,829 metres (6,001 ft)), now named after

the saint as Baba Budan Giri (Giri means hill) in Chikkamagaluru district. It was considered anillegal act to take out green coffee seed out of Arabia. As number seven is a sacrosanct number in

Islamic religion, the saints act of carrying seven coffee beans was considered a religious act.[6]This

was the beginning of coffee industry in India, and in particular, in the then state of Mysore, now part of

the Karnataka State. This was an achievement of considerable bravery of Baba Budan considering the

fact that Arabs had exercised strict control over its export to other countries by not permitting coffee

beans to be exported in any form other than as in a roasted or boiled form to prevent germination.[8]
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Coffee Plantation in Araku, Andhra

Pradesh

Systematic cultivation soon followed Baba Budans first planting of the seeds, in 1670, mostly by private owners and the first plantation was

established in 1840 around Baba Budan Giri and its surrounding hills in Karnataka. It spread to other areas of Wynad (now part of Kerala), the

Shevaroys and Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu. With British colonial presence taking strong roots in India in the mid 19th century, coffee plantations

flourished for export. The culture of coffee thus spread to South India rapidly.

Initially, Arabica was popular. However, as result of serious infestation caused to this species by coffee

rust, an alternative robust species of coffee, appropriately named as robusta and another hybrid between

liberica and Arabica, a rust-tolerant hybrid variety of Arabica tree became popular. This is the mostcommon variety of coffee that is grown in the country with Karnataka alone accounting for 70% of

production of this variety.[7][8]

In 1942, the government decided to regulate the export of coffee and protect the small and marginal

farmers by passing the Coffee VII Act of 1942, under which the Coffee Board of India got established,

operated by the Ministry of Commerceand Industry.[2]The government dramatically increased their

control of coffee exports in India and pooled the coffees of its growers. In doing so, they reduced the

incentives for farmers to produce high-quality coffee, so quality became stagnant.[2]

Over the last 50 years, coffee production in India has grown by over 15 percent.[9]From 1991, economic liberalisation took place in India, and

the industry took full advantage of this and cheaper labour costs of production.[10] In 1993, a monumental Internal Sales Quota (ISQ) made the

first step in liberalising the coffee industry by entitling coffee farmers to sell 30% of their production within India.[2]This was further amended

in 1994 when the Free Sale Quota (FSQ) permitted large and small scale growers to sell between 70% and 100% of their coffee either

domestically or internationally.[2]A final amendment in September 1996 saw the liberalisation of coffee for all growers in the country and a

freedom to sell their produce wherever they wished.[2]

Production

Background

Like in Ceylon, coffee production in India declined rapidly from the 1870s and was massively outgrown by the emerging tea industry. The

devastating coffee rust affected the output of coffee to the point that the costs of production saw coffee plantations in many parts replaced with

tea plantations.[11] However, the coffee industry was not as affected by this disease as in Ceylon, and although overshadowed in scale by the

tea industry, India was still one of the strongholds of coffee production in the British Empire along with British Guiana. In the period 191012,

the area under coffee plantation was reported to be 203,134 acres (82,205 ha) in the southern states, and was mostly exported to England.
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The main coffee producing states of

India

Karnataka coffee beans

In the 1940s, Indian filter coffee, a sweet milky coffee made from dark roasted coffee beans (70%80%) and chicory (20%30%) became a

commercial success. It was especially popular in the southern states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The most

commonly used coffee beans are Arabica and Robusta grown in the hills of Karnataka (Kodagu, Chikkamagaluru and Hassan), Kerala

(Malabar region) and Tamil Nadu (Nilgiris District, Yercaud and Kodaikanal).

Coffee production in India grew rapidly in the 1970s, increasing from 68,948 tonnes in 197172 to 120,000 tonnes in 197980 and grew by

4.6 percent in the 1980s.[12] It grew by more than 30 percent in the 1990s, rivalled only by Uganda in

the growth of production.[13][14] By 2007, organic coffee was grown in about 2,600 hectares (6,400

acres) with an estimated production of about 1700 tonnes.[15] According to the 2008 statistics published

by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the area of coffee green harvested in India was

342,000 hectares (850,000 acres),[16] with yield estimates of 7,660 hectogram/ha, [17] forming a total

production estimate of 262,000 tonnes.[18]

There are approximately 250,000 coffee growers in India; 98% of them are small growers.[2]Over 90

percent of them are small farms consisting of 10 acres (4.0 ha) or fewer. According to published

statistics for 20012002, the total area under coffee in India was 346,995 hectares (857,440 acres) withsmall holdings of 175,475 accounting for 71.2%. The area under large holding of more than 100

hectares (250 acres) was 31,571 hectares (78,010 acres) (only 9.1% of all holdings) only under 167

holdings. The area under less than 2 hectares (4.9 acres) holdings was 114,546 hectares (283,050 acres)

(33% of the total area) among 138,209 holders.[2]

Size of holdings Numbers (20012002) Area of holding

Less than 10 ha 10 hectares (25 acres) 175,475 247,087 hectares (610,570 acres)

Between 10 and 100 ha and above 2833 99,908 hectares (246,880 acres)Total 178,308 346,995 hectares (857,440 acres)

The most important areas of production are in the southern Indian states of Karnataka, Kerala, and

Tamil Nadu which accounted for over 92 percent of India's coffee production in the 20052006

growing season. In this same season, India exported over 440,000 pounds (200,000 kg) of coffee, with

over 25 percent destined for Italy. Traditionally, India has been a noted producer ofArabicacoffee but

in the last decade robustabeans are growing substantially due to high yields, which now account for

over 60 percent of coffee produced in India. The domestic consumption of coffee increased from

50,000 tonnes in 1995 to 94,400 tonnes in 2008.[19]
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Coffee flower

According to the statistics provided by the Coffee Board of India, the estimated production of Robusta and Arabica coffee for the "Post

Monsoon Estimation 200910" and "Post Blossom Estimation 201011" in different states accounted for a total of 308,000 tonnes and 289,600

tonnes, respectively.[20] As of 2010, between 70% and 80% of Indian grown coffee is exported overseas. [9][21]

Growing conditions

All coffees grown in India are grown in shade and commonly with two tiers of shade. Often inter-cropped with spices such as cardamom,cinnamon, clove, and nutmeg, the coffees gain aromatics from the inter-cropping, storage, and handling functions.[22] Growing altitudes range

between 1,000 m (3,300 ft) to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level forArabica(premier coffee), and 500 m (1,600 ft) to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) for

Robusta(though of lower quality, it is robust to environment conditions). [2][15] Ideally, both Arabicaand Robustaare planted in well drained

soil conditions that favour rich organic matter that is slightly acidic (pH 6.06.5).[15] However, India's coffees tend to be moderately acidic

which can lead to either a balanced and sweet taste, or a listless and inert one.[22] Slopes of Arabicatend to be gentle to moderate, while

Robustaslopes are gentle to fairly level. [15]

Blooming and maturing

Blooming is the time when coffee plants bloom with white flowers which last for about 34 days

(termed "evanescent" period) before they mature into seeds. When coffee plantations are in full bloom

it is a delightful sight to watch. The time period between blooming and maturing of the fruit varies

appreciably with the variety and the climate; for theArabica, it is about seven months, and for the

Robusta, about nine months. The fruit is gathered by hand when it is fully ripe and red-purple in

colour.[23][24][25]

Climatic conditions

Ideal climatic conditions to grow coffee are related to temperature and rainfall; temperatures in the

range of 73 F (23 C) and 82 F (28 C) with rainfall incidence in the range of 6080 inches (1.5

2.0 m) followed by a dry spell of 23 months suit theArabicavariety. Cold temperatures closer to

freezing conditions are not suitable to grow coffee. Where the rainfall is less than 40 inches (1.0 m), providing irrigation facilities is essential.

In the tropical region of the south Indian hills, these conditions prevail leading to coffee plantations flourishing in large numbers.[26] Relative

humidity forArabicaranges 7080% while for Robustait ranges 8090%. [15]

Coffee diseases
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Irrigated coffee plantationCobras on an Indian coffee plantation

Coffee on hills of Cauvery River in

Coorg

The common disease to which the coffee plants are subjected to in India is on account of fungus growth. This fungus is called theHemileia

vastatrix,an endophytous that grows within the matter of the leaf; effective cure has not been discovered to eliminate this. The second type of

disease is known as the coffee rot, which has caused severe damages during the rainy season, particularly to plantations in Karnataka.

Pellicularia kole-rotais the name given to this rot or rust, which turns the leaves into black colour due to the coverage by a slimy gelatinous

film. This causes the coffee leaves and the cluster of coffee berries to drop off to the ground.[7]Snakes such as cobras can also cause a

nuisance to coffee plantations in India.

Processing

Processing of coffee in India is accomplished using two

methods, dry processing and wet processing. Dry processing is

the traditional method of drying in the sun which is favoured for

its flavour producing characteristics. In the wet processing

method, coffee beans are fomented and washed, which is the

preferred method for improved yields. As to the wet processing,

the beans are subject to cleaning to segregate defective seeds.

The beans of different varieties and sizes are then blended to

derive the best flavour. The next procedure is to roast either

through roasters or individual roasters. Then the roasted coffee is ground to appropriate sizes.[1]

Varieties

The four main botanical cultivars of India's coffee include Kent, S.795, Cauvery, and Selection 9. In the

1920s, the earliest variety of Arabica grown in India was named Kent(s)[15] after the Englishman L.P.

Kent, a planter of the Doddengudda Estate in Mysore.[27] Probably the most commonly planted Arabica

in India and Southeast Asia is S.795,[28] known for its balanced cup and subtle flavour notes of mocca.

Released during the 1940s, it is a cross between the Kents and S.288 varieties.[28] Cauvery, commonly

known as Catimor, is a derivative of a cross between Caturra with Hybrido-de-Timor, while the award-

winning Selection 9 is a derivative from the crossing between Tafarikela and Hybrido-de-Timor.[15]

The dwarf and semi-dwarf hybrids of San Ramon and Caturra were developed to meet the demands for

high density plantings.[29] The Devamachy hybrid ( C. arabicaand C. canephora) was first discovered

around 1930 in India.[30]
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Workers in Kerala

The Indian Coffee Association's weekly auction includes such varieties as Arabica Cherry, Robusta Cherry, Arabica Plantation, and Robusta

Parchment.[31]

Regional logos and brands include: Anamalais, Araku valley, Bababudangiris, Biligiris, Brahmaputra, Chikmagalur, Coorg, Manjarabad,

Nilgiris, Pulneys, Sheveroys, Travancore, and Wayanad. There are also several specialty brands such as Monsooned Malabar AA, Mysore

Nuggets Extra Bold, and Robusta Kaapi Royale.[15]

Organic coffee

Organic coffee is produced without synthetic agro-chemicals and plant protection methods. A

certification is essential by the accrediting agency for such coffee to market it (popular forms are of

regular, decaffeinated, flavoured and instant coffee variety) as such since they are popular in Europe,

United States and Japan. The Indian terrain and climatic conditions provide the advantages required for

the growth of such coffee in deep and fertile forest soils under the two tier mixed shade using cattle

manure, composting and manual weeding coupled with the horticultural operations practised in its

various coffee plantations; small holdings is another advantage for such a variety of coffee. In spite of

all these advantages, the certified organic coffee holdings in India, as of 2008, (there are 20 accreditedcertification agencies in India) was only in an area of 2,600 hectares (6,400 acres) with production

estimated at 1700 tonnes. In order to promote growth of such coffee, the Coffee Board, based on field experiments, surveys and case studies

has evolved many packages for adoption, supplemented with information guidelines and technical documents.[4]

Research and development

Coffee research and development efforts are well organised in India through its Coffee Research Institute, which is considered the premier

research station in South East Asia. It is under the control of the Coffee Board of India, an autonomous body, under the Ministry of Commerceand Industry, Government of India, which was set up under an Act of the Parliament with the objective of promoting research, development,

extension, quality up gradation, market information, and the domestic and external promotion of Indian coffee.[32] It was established near

Balehonnur in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka, in the heartland of coffee plantations. Prior to establishing this institute, a temporary

research unit was established in 1915 at Koppa primarily to evolve solutions to crop infestation by leaf diseases. This was followed by the field

research station established by the then Government of Mysore, titled "Mysore Coffee Experimental Station," in 1925. This was handed over

to the Coffee Board which was formed in 1942, and regular research started at this station from 1944. Dr L. C. Coleman is credited as the

founder of coffee research in India.[33] The Coffee Board of India is an autonomous body, functioning under the Ministry of Commerce and

Industry, Government of India. The Board serves as a friend, philosopher and guide of the coffee industry in India. Set up under an Act of the

Parliament of India in the year 1942, the Board focuses on research, development, extension, quality up gradation, market information, and thedomestic and external promotion of Indian coffee.
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Chikmagalur district, the

headquarters of the Coffee Board

of India, shown within the state of

Karnataka

The research activities covered by the Institute constitute research in seven disciplines such as Agronomy,

Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Botany, Entomology/Nematology, Plant Physiology,

Biotechnology and Post Harvest Technology with the basic aim of increasing productivity and quality of

coffee grown in India. The institute has 60 scientific and technical personnel involved in research

activities. The institute has a well established farm land of 130.94 hectares (323.6 acres) for carrying out

crop research, out of which 80.26 hectares (198.3 acres) are dedicated to coffee research (51.32 hectares

(126.8 acres) of arabica and 28.94 hectares (71.5 acres) of robusta), 10 hectares (25 acres) are used for

growing CXR, 12.38 hectares (30.6 acres) are apportioned for nurseries, roads and buildings, and thebalance area of 12.38 hectares (30.6 acres) is a reserve area for future expansion. The research farm has a

well established network of check dams that provides a regulated water source to the plantations which

offer a wide range of shade tree species under which coffee is grown, and germplasm and exotic material

from all the coffee growing countries including Ethiopia which is known as the home land of Arabica. In

addition, crop diversification with crops such as pepper and areca are also part of income generating

programmes of the institute.[33]

Part of the institute includes a research laboratory to carry out research in identified disciplines, as well as

a stocked library with books and periodicals, not only on coffee but also on other crops. Training ofpersonnel is an important activity of the institute. The training unit of the institute conducts regular

training programs for estate managers and supervisory personnel of the coffee plantations and also for the

extension officers of the Coffee Board. Recognised by UNDP and USDA, the training unit of the institute

is providing training to foreign nationals on coffee cultivation in which personnel from Ethiopia, Vietnam,

Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Nestle Singapore have been trained.[33]

In addition, a Plant Tissue Culture & Biotechnology division, established in Mysore, is carrying out exclusive research in bio-technology and

molecular biology to supplement/complement the conventional breeding programs in developing high yielding, pest and disease resistant

varieties. The Coffee Board of India maintains a Quality Control Division in its head office in Bangalore which plays an active role incollaborating with other research disciplines in upgrading the quality of coffee in the cup.[33]

Regional research stations

To cover research specific to each coffee growing region covering different agro-climatic conditions, the following five research stations are

fully functional under the overall control of the Central Coffee Research Institute.[33][34]

Coffee Research Sub-station (CRSS), Chettalli in Coorg district of Karnataka, was established in 1946. The sub-station has a well

equipped laboratory and covers an area of 131 hectares (320 acres) out of which 80 hectares (200 acres) is exclusive to coffee research
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Coffee latte

Mumbai, Kolkata, Tellicherry and Pune Tamil Nadu by the end of 1958. These coffee houses in the country are run by 13 cooperative

societies, which are governed by managing committees elected from the employees. A federation of the co-operative societies is the national

umbrella organisation to lead these societies.[35][36]

However, now Coffee bars have gained in popularity with other chains such as Barista; Caf Coffee

Day is the country's largest coffee bar chain.[37] In the Indian home, coffee consumption is greater in

south India than elsewhere.[38]

Indian coffee has a good reputation in Europe for its less acidic and sweetness of character and thus

widely used in Espresso Coffee, though Americans prefer African and South American coffee, which is

a more acidic and brighter variety.[6]

Selection 9 was the winner of the Fine Cup Award for best Arabica at the 2002 Flavour of India

Cupping Competition.[15] In 2004, Indian Coffee with the brand name "Tata Coffee" had the distinction

of winning three gold medals at the Grand Cus De Caf Competition held in Paris.[6]

Coffee Board of India

The Coffee Board of India is an organisation managed by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry of the government of India to promote

coffee production in India. The board was set up by an act of parliament in 1942. Until 1995 the Coffee Board marketed the coffee of many

growers from a pooled supply, but after that time coffee marketing became a private-sector activity due to the economic liberalisation in

India.[39]

The Coffee Board's traditional duties include the promotion, sale and consumption of coffee in India and abroad; conducting coffee research;

financial assistance to establish small coffee growers; safeguarding working conditions for labourers, and managing the surplus pool of unsold

coffee.[40]

See also

Coffee portal

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Coffeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem-relax.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso_Coffeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Coffee_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellicherryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perfect_caffe_latte_from_Cafe_Coffee_Day.jpg


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1. ^ a b cYeboah, Salomey (8 March 2005). "Value Addition to Coffee in India"

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2. ^ a b c d e f g h i jLee, Hau Leung; Lee, Chung-Yee (2007). Building supply chain excellence in emerging economies (http://books.google.co.uk/books?

id=BuwFF2JLw1MC&pg=PA293). pp. 29394. ISBN 0-387-38428-6.

3. Il ly,Andrea; Viani, Rinantonio (2005). Espresso coffee: the science of quality (http://books.google.com/books?id=AJdlfSFCmVIC&pg=PA47).

Academic Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-12-370371-9.

4. ^ a b" Coffee Regions India" (http://www.indiacoffee.org/indiacoffee.php?page=CoffeeRegionsIndia). Indian Coffee Organization. Retrieved 2010-

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5. "I ndian Coffee" (http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?

q=cache:N96UHY1WRIgJ:www.coffeeresearch.org/coffee/india.htm+Coffee+Research+Institute+in+India&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in). Coffee

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6. ^ a b c dRobertson, Carol (2010). The Little Book of Coffee Law (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Hy0YIUYybOsC&pg=PA78). American Bar

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7. ^ a b cEncyclopdia Britannica. "The Encyclopdia Britannica; a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature"

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9. ^ a b Waller, J. M., Bigger, M., Hillocks, R.J. (2007). Coffee pests, diseases and their management. CABI. p. 26. ISBN 1-84593-129-7.

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16. " Area Harvested (ha)" (http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor). FAO. Retrieved 2010-10-06.

17. " Yield Harvested (hg/Ha)" (http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor). FAO. Retrieved 2010-10-06.

18. " Production (tonnes)" (http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor). FAO. Retrieved 2010-10-06.

19. " Coffee Data" (http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:-

M9GqnsE02sJ:www.indiacoffee.org/indiacoffee.php%3Fpage%3DCoffeeData+Production+of+coffee+in+major+states/districts+of+India&cd=1&hl=e

n&ct=clnk&gl=in). Coffee Board of India. Retrieved 2010-10-05.

20. " Database on Coffee MayJune 2010" (http://www.indiacoffee.org/indiacoffee.php?page=CoffeeData). Coffee Board of India. Retrieved 1

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21. " Coffee exports rise 57 pc in JanNov to 2.71 L tn" (http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/Coffee-exports-rise-57-pc-in-

Jan-Nov-to-271-L-tn/articleshow/7025245.cms). The Economic Times. 1 December 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2010.

22. ^ a bD avids, Ken (January 2001). "Indias" (http://www.coffeereview.com/article.cfm?ID=10). coffeereview.com. Retrieved 1 December 2010.

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ei=Vez1TOz2FMnSrQey8P2aBw&ct=result&id=eYcoAQAAIAAJ&dq=Indian+Coffee+when+it+is+fully+ripe+and+red-

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=Search&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai). Encyclopdia Britannica Mobile. Retrieved 1 December 2010.

25. " Chikmagalur in Karnataka, where coffee was first planted in India." (http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?

q=cache:YpPb0l0u7gIJ:www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/54339-Chikmagalur-Karnataka-where-coffee-was-first-planted-

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26. " Coffee Production" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/124337/coffee). Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-10-05.

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id=O9UqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA102). IICA Biblioteca Venezuela. p. 102.

28. ^ a bN eilson, Jeff; Pritchard, Bill (2009). Value chain struggles: institutions and governance in the plantation districts of South India

(http://books.google.com/books?id=-sCWby8NT24C&pg=PA124). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 124. ISBN 1-4051-7393-9.

29. S era, T.; Soccol, C. R.; Pandey, A. (2000). Coffee biotechnology and quality: proceedings of the 3rd International Seminar on Biotechnology in the

CoffeeAgro-Industry, III SIBAC, Londrina, Brazil(http://books.google.com/books?id=L5e98rcrnakC&pg=PA23). Springer. p. 23. ISBN 0-7923-6582-

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30. W intgens, Jean Nicolas (2009). Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production: A Guidebook for Growers, Processors, Traders, andResearchers(http://books.google.com/books?id=Lxbz7TG5wwAC&pg=PA64). Wiley-VCH. p. 64. ISBN 3-527-32286-8.
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External links

Coffee Board of India (http://www.indiacoffee.org)

Retrievedf rom "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coffee_production_in_India&oldid=625989881"

Categories: Coffee production by country Agricultural production in India by commodity

This page was last modified on 17 September 2014 at 19:59.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agreeto theTerms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit

31. "I ndia coffee slightly higher on selective buying" (http://in.reuters.com/article/idINSGE6AB0IE20101112).Reuters. 12 November 2010. Retrieved 1

December 2010.

32. " Central Coffee Research Institute" (http://www.admissionnews.com/collegedetails.aspx?colid=15949). India Coffee Organization. Retrieved 2010-

10-06.

33. ^ a b c d e"Central Coffee Research Institute, Balehonnur" (http://www.chickmagalur.nic.in/htmls/ccri_main.htm). Chickmagalur, National Informatics

Centre. Retrieved 2010-10-06.

34. ^ a b c d e f"Regional Research Stations" (http://www.chickmagalur.nic.in/htmls/ccri_reg_research.htm). Chickmagalur, National Informatics Centre.

Retrieved 2010-10-06.

35. " More than just coffee 'n snacks" (http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092300480100.htm). The Hindu. 23 September

2010. Retrieved 1 December 2010.

36. "I ndian coffee House" (http://www.indiancoffeehouse.com/abtus.htm). Indian Coffee House. Retrieved 1 December 2010.

37. " Cafe Coffee Day bags 8 awards at India Barista" (http://www.commodityonline.com/news/Cafe-Coffee-Day-bags-8-awards-at-India-Barista-15824-

3-1.html). commodityonline.com. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2010.

38. M ajumdar, Ramanuj (2010). Consumer Behaviour: Insights From Indian Market(http://books.google.com/books?id=KF57x1Nrn2UC&pg=RA2-

PA279). PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 279. ISBN 81-203-3963-0.

39. " Coffee Board of India About Us" (http://www.indiacoffee.org/indiacoffee.php?page=Aboutus). indiacoffee.org. 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011.

40. J ohn, K. C.; Kevin, S (2004). Traditional Exports of India: Performance and Prospects. Delhi: New Century Publications. p. 117. ISBN 81-7708-

062-8.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7708-062-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.indiacoffee.org/indiacoffee.php?page=Aboutushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-203-3963-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=KF57x1Nrn2UC&pg=RA2-PA279http://www.commodityonline.com/news/Cafe-Coffee-Day-bags-8-awards-at-India-Barista-15824-3-1.htmlhttp://www.indiancoffeehouse.com/abtus.htmhttp://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092300480100.htmhttp://www.chickmagalur.nic.in/htmls/ccri_reg_research.htmhttp://www.chickmagalur.nic.in/htmls/ccri_main.htmhttp://www.admissionnews.com/collegedetails.aspx?colid=15949http://in.reuters.com/article/idINSGE6AB0IE20101112http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coffee_production_in_India&oldid=625989881http://www.indiacoffee.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Agricultural_production_in_India_by_commodityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Coffee_production_by_country


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