coatings glossary of terms & acronyms - precision · pdf filecoatings glossary of terms...

COATINGS GLOSSARY OF TERMS & ACRONYMS

1) Technical Terms 2) SOP Terms. (new) 3) MRP / ERP Terms 4) General Hand Tools

Technical Terms: Return to top Term ........................................ Description Acrylic ...................................... Colorless acid which polymerizes readily and esters are used in acrylic

resins

AIM ......................................... Architectural, Industrial, Maintenance

Alaphatic Urethanes ................ Urethanes in a Hydrocarbon solvent carrier

Alkyd ........................................ polyhydric ALcohols & polybasic aCIDs (modified to KYD). Alkyd & polyester are synonymous

AMS ......................................... Aerospace Materials Specification

ANSI ........................................ American National Standards Institute

ARO ......................................... After Receipt of Order

ASTM ...................................... American Society for Testing & Materials

AWG ........................................ American Wire Gauge (the lower the number the bigger the wire diameter)

BF ............................................ Block Filter [of UV] (an element of new DuPont part number coding)

BOM ........................................ Bill of Material

CAD ......................................... Computer Aided Design

CAGE Code ............................. Contractor And Government Entity (Formally FSCM)

CARC ...................................... Chemical Agent Resistant Coating

CofC ........................................ Certificate of Compliance

Colloids .................................... Homogeneous mixture where particles are held in suspension (most coatings during application)

Conformal Coatings ................. provide environmental and mechanical protection PCBs

Corlar® .................................... Trade name for DuPont epoxy coatings

CSM ........................................ Customer Supplied Materials

CRC ......................................... Coatings Research Corporation

CRC Coatings .......................... Customized high-performance / hydrophobic coatings developed /sold by Boyd Coatings Research Co., Inc.

CSA ......................................... Canadian Standards Association (Canadian version of UL)

CTQ ......................................... Critical To Quality

DFT ......................................... Dry Film Thickness (i.e. coating buildup on substrate when dry)

DIC .......................................... DuPont Industrial Coatings

DOT ......................................... United States Department Of Transportation

DTM ......................................... Direct To Metal

ECTFE ..................................... Ethylene-ChloroTriFluoro-Ethylene

EMS ......................................... Environmental Management System

EOQ ........................................ Economic Order Quantity

EPA ......................................... United States Environmental Protection Agency

COATINGS GLOSSARY OF TERMS & ACRONYMS Term ........................................ Description

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Epoxy ...................................... low viscosity thermosetting resin cured with a catalyst

ERP ......................................... Enterprise Resource Planning (same as MRPII for single site oepeation)

ETFE ....................................... A modified copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene (Tefzel®)

FD............................................ Fast Dry (An element of new DuPont part number coding)

FDA ......................................... United States Food And Drug Administration

Federal Standard #595A .......... Color standard specification for color matching

FEP ......................................... Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene

Fl oz ......................................... Fluid Ounce (volume)

FOB ......................................... Freight on Board – Hudson, MA (location where legal ownership takes place)

FOD ......................................... Foreign Object Debris (is a substance, debris or article alien to the vehicle or system which would potentially cause damage) or Foreign Object Damage (is any damage attributed to a foreign object)

FSCM ...................................... Federal Source Code for Manufacturers (obsolete, replace by CAGE)

G&M…………………………… Guidelines and Methods

Ganicin® .................................. Trade name for DuPont Zinc coatings.

GDP ......................................... Good Documentation Practices

Gloss Retention ....................... a measure of how long a coated surface can keep its shine measured in years

Halar® ..................................... Ausimont trade name for Ethylene-ChloroTriFluoro-Ethylene or ECTFE

HAP ......................................... Hazardous Air Pollutants

HB ........................................... High Build (An element of old DuPont part number coding replaced by xxx)

HG ........................................... High Gloss (An element of new DuPont part number coding)

HPC ......................................... High Performance Coatings Division of DuPont now referred to as DuPont Industrial Coatings

HTA ......................................... High Temperature Aluminum (An element of new DuPont part number coding)

HVAC ...................................... Heating, Ventilating & Air Conditioning

HVLP ....................................... High Volume, Low Pressure (refers to a type of paint sprayers)

Hydrophobic ............................ Ability to strongly shed water based liquids

Hydrophilic ............................... Ability to strongly attract water based liquids

IAW .......................................... In Accordance With

I.D. .......................................... Inside Diameter

ID ............................................. Identification

Imron® ..................................... Trade name for DuPont polyurethane coatings

Induction Time ......................... Wait time required for compounded materials before they can be used for coatings.

IOZ .......................................... Inorganic Zinc (An element of new DuPont part number coding)

ISO9000 .................................. International Standards Organization specification of quality systems

ISO9001 .................................. International Standards Organization specification of quality management systems


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Isocyanate ............................... Foundation chemical used in the manufacture of polyurethanes

Kynar® .................................... Elf Atochem trade name for Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)

LIA ........................................... Boyd Coatings is a Licensed Industrial Applicator from DuPont & others

MC ........................................... Moisture Cure (An element of new DuPont part number coding)

MCZ ......................................... Moisture Cure – Zinc (An element of new DuPont part number coding)

MDF ......................................... Medium Density Fiberboard

Mils .......................................... Coating thickness measured in thousands of an inch (1 mil – 0.001 inches)

MRP ........................................ Materials Resource Planning

MRPII ...................................... Manufacturing Resource Planning

NACE ...................................... National Association of Corrosion Engineers

NAICS Code ............................ North American Industry Classification System

NAMF ...................................... National Association of Metal Finishers

NIST ........................................ National Institute of Standards and Technology (formally National Bureau of Standards)

O.D. ....................................... Outside Diameter

OEM ........................................ Original Equipment Manufacturer

OTC ........................................ Ozone Transport Commission

OZ ........................................... Organic Zinc (An element of new DuPont part number coding)

Oz ............................................ Ounce (Weight or Mass)

PAI........................................... polyamide-imide

PCB ......................................... Printed Circuit Board

PES ......................................... Polyethersulfone

PFA ......................................... Perfluoroalkoxy Resins

PFOA ....................................... Perfluorooctanoic Acid (To be removed from Fluoropolymers per EPA)

Polyurethane ........................... polymers having free isocyanate groups MEK Methyl Ethyl Ketone (solvent)

Pot life ..................................... Refers to the time window for application before properties start to deteriorate

Powder coatings ...................... the application of a coating using 100% solids

PPS ......................................... Chevron Phillips trade name for Polyphenylene Sulfide

PR ........................................... Primer (An element of new DuPont part number coding)

PTA ......................................... Terephthalic Acid

PTFE ....................................... Polytetrafluoroethylene

PVDF ....................................... Polyvinylidene Fluoride

QA ........................................... Quality Assurance (generally refers to systems)

QC ........................................... Quality Control (generally refers to inspection)

RAL ......................................... European and American Color standards for coatings (www.ral.de)

Reducers ................................. Chemicals added to a coating to reduce its viscosity

RFQ ......................................... Request for Quote

Ryton® .................................... PPS


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SCD ......................................... Source Control Drawing

SIC .......................................... Standard Industrial Code (Boyd =3678)

Silver Stone® ........................... DuPont trade name for a three-coat fluoropolymer system

Solids ....................................... The portion of the coating application that will remain on the part, usually expressed as a percent

SOP ......................................... Standard Operating Procedure (includes Quality System)

SPC ......................................... Statistical Process Control (Real Time data)

SQC ......................................... Statistical Quality Control (post process data)

SSPC ....................................... Steel Structures Painting Council

Tedlar® .................................... DuPont trade name for polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) film.

Teflon® .................................... DuPont trade name for Fluorocarbon based coatings

Tefzel® .................................... DuPont trade name for ETFE

Torlon® .................................... Solvay trade name for polyamide-imide PAI

Tufcote® .................................. Trade name for DuPont alkyd coatings

UL ............................................ Underwriters Laboratory (Safety testing organization)

UV ........................................... Ultra Violet – distructive emissions from sunlight

VOC ......................................... Volatile Organic Compounds

Volatiles ................................... The portion of the coating application that will evaporate during the curing process

Weather-tite™ ......................... Boyd Coatings’ CRC6000 hydrophobic coating system

WFT ......................................... Wet Film Thickness (i.e. coating buildup on substrate before liquids evaporate)

Wheelabrator® ........................ Manufacturer of steel abrasives for coating removal

ZIP code .................................. Zone Improvement Plan (Boyd = 01749-3213)

GMP ........................................ Good Manufacturing Practices (FDA)

PTCA ....................................... Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty through the skin; within the lumen or artery; for heart muscle; remodeling the artery

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Fluoropolymer


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SOP TERMS: Return to top

ASL .......................................... Approved Supplier’s List - used interchangeably with AVL

AVL .......................................... Approved Vendor’s List (See also ASL)

Bill of Materials ........................ List of component parts used to manufacture a product.

Baseline ................................... a documentation package that assures that the original design does not change without the customer’s knowledge and approval.

Bend ........................................ Refers to any change in angle from straight. For inspection purposes it differs from curvature based on the radius at the base of the included angle. See Figure:

Radius = < 50X

BENDDiameter = x

Max Displacement should be specified

Radius = < 50X

BENDDiameter = x


Boiler Plate .......................... defined as all the requirements that are preprinted onto the PO or

other form that accompanies orders from customers. Boiler-Plate is not related to Boyd specifically or to the parts being ordered but is the Customer’s general terms and conditions.

BOM .................................... See Bill of Materials

CAR ..................................... Corrective Action Request

Coating ................................ In the vernacular, "Paints" and "Coatings" are used interchangeably. However, within the industry, they each have a specific meaning: paint generally refers to material used for decorative or aesthetic purposes while coating implies a performance or protective function. Because of the more rigorous performance characteristics of coatings, they are applied with a more controlled process. Each of the process steps and coating performs a specific function to assure the performance required is attained

CoC .................................... Certificate of Compliance (This is a signed document that says that all drawing and specification requirements have been met.)

Contract ............................... a legal document between two parties (see S10003)

Coupon Sample ................... Can be either a “Sample Panel” or a “Witness Panel”. Ask Customer for a more precise definition of which they would like.

CSM..................................... Customer Supplied Material

CSM..................................... Customer Service Manager (Avoid use of the acronym, please spell out when used)

CSR ..................................... Customer Service Representative

Dummy PO .......................... A purchase order that is for internal distribution only.


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FAI ....................................... First Article Inspection where the first pieces from a new part design or a new process goes through a more rigorous inspection to validate the design or process. This inspection is to be documented on a FAIR

FAIR ................................... First Article Inspection Report

FIFO .................................... First In, First Out. Inventory is issued by the oldest lot number first to keep the inventory as new as possible.

G&Ms .................................. GUIDELINES AND METHODS are level IV documents that suggest a method of doing things but are not requirement. There use is to shorten the learning curve for new team members and for reference by fill-ins for vacations, etc.

IAW ...................................... In Accordance With

Incoming Inspection ............. A department that inspects material received from outside suppliers and customers.

Incubation Time ................... Same as Induction Time.

Indented BOM ..................... This is a consolidated Bill of Materials that looks at all the manufacturing levels at once. Each item on a BOM may have its own BOM from and earlier, lower level assembly job which may in turn have and even lower previous assemble. This will continue down to lower and lower levels until all items in the lowest assembly are purchased parts.

Induction Time. .................... The latency or incubation time from when chemicals are mixed together and when the first use is recommended. This is the time for the chemical to start working with each other. (note Pot life begins at the end of the induction time)

Inventory order .................... is described as a job order made for inventory in anticipation of several customer orders or as subassemblies.

Job Orders ........................... Job order is the number assigned to a “lot” of material that is to be processed in manufacturing. This lot number will be tied to the customer’s sales order (there can be more than one job to fill one customer order) for lot tracking and traceability. The Job paperwork shall contain the routing as well as a BOM and all component lot numbers.

Kink ..................................... Usually refers to wires or thin stips of metal. A kink is any deformation outside of the tolerance envelope when the wire is returned to a straight condition. See Figure:

KINKDiameter = xRadius = < 20X


KINKDiameter = xRadius = < 20X

Max Displacement should be specified Latency Time ....................... Same as induction time.


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Line Clearance .................... A term used to signify that a manufacturing lot moves out of a work center completely before another lot of the same item moves in. By adhering to line clearance accidental co-mingling of lots can be prevented.

MRB..................................... Material Review Board (see S10022)

MRR .................................... Material Review Report (see S10022)

Paint .................................... In the vernacular, "Paints" and "Coatings" are used interchangeably. However, within the industry, they each have a specific meaning: paint generally refers to material used for decorative or aesthetic purposes while coating implies a performance or protective function.

Pot Life ................................ The period of time during which paint remains useful after its original package has been opened or after a catalyst or other additive has been incorporated. Also known as working life,.spreadable life; usable life.

Power tool ........................... Any machine or tools that uses some type of energy assist to operate. This would include air, hydraulics, electric motors, etc.

Process instructions ............ Boyd uses our Specification Documents for process instructions

Product ................................ The output of efforts by humans, or machines that Boyd sells to its customers.

Production order .................. is described as a job order that is for a specific customer for specific order(s). No additional quantities are generally made for inventory.

Purchase order .................... A form of contract (see S10003) either from us to a vendor or from a customer to us.

OI ......................................... Other Industries – describes all coating operations except the medical group in dept 4.

Quality Plan ......................... A document that sets out the specific quality practices, resources, and sequence of activities, relevant to a particular product, project or contract. The quality plan is usually part of the Router.

Quality Assurance Manual ... Documentation that describes the company’s philosophy and outlines the operating system. For Boyd Coatings we refer to this as the SOP.

Overspray ............................ Overspray defines a condition in which surfaces are not expected to be coated with the same coverage specified. Areas identified as overspray permissible are not masked nor are they intentionally coated, the level of coverage can vary greatly depending on several factors including: part geometry, type of coating, application method and others. It is expected that overspray areas would not be fully coated although that may be the case in some circumstances. If dimensional build up of coating or appearance are critical, areas should not be defined as overspray but rather coated or masked.


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RRT ..................................... Rapid Response Team – Also known as Stand Up MRB. Reacts to rejected parts while process is underway in order to better understand process problems.

Receiving Inspection ........... Same as Incoming Inspection

Router .................................. A document which carries the routings of a process for sign off. Also referred to as a traveler.

Routing ................................ Path an order follows through the manufacturing process. Same as “Traveler”

Sample Panel ...................... A flat metal panel coated with a sample of material coated under typical conditions. It does not represent any particular process lot nor does it conform to any customer specification.

Service ................................. Similar to a product in that it is the output of efforts by humans, or machines that Boyd sells to its customers. The difference is that a service in generally performed on a Customer’s part and involves little or no materials.

SOP ..................................... Standard Operating Procedure, same as Quality Assurance Manual

Special ................................. Anything that is different than the standards adopted by Boyd.

SPC ..................................... Statistical Process Control, Statistics used in real time mode

SQC ..................................... Statistical Quality Control, Statistics used on batches of material after the process has been completed.

Standardization .................... While calibration is a formal process with precise controls, Standardization is an informal check to be sure the instrument is working correctly, has no apparent damage and can reproduce a value close to a “calibrated” standard. Standardization is generally done on a much shorter time interval than an instrument’s calibration schedule. Standardization is also done with instruments that have inherent drift and are adjusted to a value comparable to the calibrated standard.

Stand up MRB ..................... Rapid Response Team. Reacts to rejected parts while process is underway in order to better understand process problems.

Supplier ............................... Any person or company that provides goods or services. The word is used interchangeably with Vendor

Tollgate Inspection .............. Inspection where one tries to separate non-conforming parts from acceptable parts in a department or process that all parts must pass thru.

Travelers .............................. Also know as Routers. This term is synonymous with job order and details the routings for each product.

Turn-key .............................. Supplied complete and ready to use and all components are bought or manufactured by Boyd (i.e. no customer supplied items).

Vendor ................................. Any person or company that provides goods or services. The word is used interchangeably with Supplier.


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Witness Sample ................... A sample raw metal panel, not a customer part, that is process at the same time and under the same conditions with the same material so that destructive testing can be performed to verify coating performance without affecting customer parts.

Work instructions ................. Boyd uses our Specification Documents for work instructions.

Working Life ......................... Same as Pot Life

Yield..................................... The yield percent is the net throughput. Yield is the portion of acceptable product from each manufacturing lot as a percent of the total output.


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MRP/ERP Terms Return to Top ABC analysis .................................... Classifies items into different categories depending on their annual

usage.

Acceptable quality level .................... When a continuing series of lots is considered, a quality level that, for the purposes of sampling inspection, is the limit of a satisfactory process average.

Acquisition cost ................................. The cost of setting up an order. Alternatively, the total cost of acquiring an item.

Actual cost ........................................ The sum of the actual labor, material and associated overhead costs that are charged against a job as it moves through the production process.

Aggregate capacity ........................... The total amount of capacity required or available to carry out a function.

Aggregate demand ........................... The demand for a product family (or group) as opposed to the demand for a specific product. Involves analysing markets, the economics environment, trend analysis, seasonal factors etc.

Aggregate planning ........................... The process of developing, reviewing, analysing, and maintaining aggregate plans. Aggregate planning usually includes total sales, total production, targeted inventory and targeted customer backlog on families of products. The production plan is the result of the aggregate planning process.

Allocation horizon ............................. The period before the release date of an order during which materials and resources are allocated to it.

Andon board ..................................... An electronic board that provides visibility of shop floor status and provides information to help co-ordinate the efforts to linked work centers.

Annual physical inventory ................. The determination of inventory quantity by actual count.

Available capacity ............................. The current availability of resources under normal operating conditions.

Available to promise ......................... The uncommitted portion of a company's inventory or planned production (calculated from the MPS).

Backflushing ..................................... The concept of updating component inventory balances when finished items are received into stock by post-deduction.

Backlog ............................................. All the customer orders received but not yet shipped.

Backorder ......................................... An unfilled customer order or commitment. A backorder is an immediate (or past due) demand against an item whose inventory is insufficient to satisfy the demand,

Backward scheduling ........................ Starts with the date the order is required and calculates the schedule back through the routing to determine the proper release date of the order

Base inventory level .......................... The inventory level made up of aggregate lot-size inventory plus the aggregate safety stock inventory.

Batch flow ......................................... Implies that each unique batch is completed in one work centre before the entire batch is moved to the next work centre.


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Batch overlapping ............................. Process whereby an operation is overlapped and a part of the batch, on which the operation has been completed, is sent ahead to the next operation, referred to as the overlapping operation, before completion of work on the entire batch.

Batch splitting ................................... Dividing a batch into two or more sub-batches and simultaneously processing each on similar facilities as separate batches (usually to compress the lead time or expedite a small quantity).

Batch ticket ....................................... The documentation that accompanies each batch.

Batch ................................................ A quantity scheduled to be produced or in production.

Bid for tender .................................... The response to the written request from a potential customer asking for the submission of a quotation or proposal to provide products or services.

Bill of capacity ................................... Amounts of capacity, in different departments, required to make a product.

Bill of distribution ............................... BOM that shows the structure of the flow of material from its supply source to the distribution centers that stock the product.

Bill of materials ................................. Listing of all the subassemblies, component parts, raw materials (including quantities) etc. that go into a parent item.

Bill of resources ................................ Synonym for the rough cut capacity plan (RCCP)

Billing ................................................ The process of sending invoices to customers.

Blanket order .................................... A long-term commitment to a supplier for material against short-term releases will be generated to satisfy requirements.

Block scheduling ............................... An operation scheduling technique where each operation is allowed a "block" of time, such as a day or a week.

Blowthrough ...................................... Synonym for Phantom BOM

BOM children .................................... Any item in the bill of material which belongs to an assembly at a higher level.

BOM parents .................................... Any item in the bill of material which is assembled from components at a lower level.

BOM Routing Term ............................ BOM Routing Term Definition

Bottleneck ......................................... The manufacturing process for which the available capacity is less than the required capacity.

Bottom-up re-planning ...................... The process of re-planning using pegging data to solve material shortage problems.

Bucketed MRP .................................. Materials requirements planning system in which all time-phased data are accumulated into time periods or buckets.

Bucketless MRP ............................... Materials requirements planning system whereby the requirements for lower level items can be specified on a daily basis.

Budget .............................................. A plan which provides an estimate of future expenditure and revenues related to planned activities.

Buffer stock ....................................... A quantity of stock planned to be in inventory to protect against fluctuations in demand or supply (synonym for Safety stock).

BUILDNET OPT module. .................. Constructs a product network for each product manufactured in the organization (contains information similar to that which would be stored in the BOM and Routings files of an MRP system)


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Business plan ................................... Statement of income projections, costs and profits (financially orientated)

Call-off .............................................. Confirmation of requirements from a supplier against a long term order.

Capacity balance .............................. The process of balancing the required and available capacities by sub-contracting, overtime etc.

Capacity control report ...................... Contains information used to control work centre capacity (work centre, planned week, hours of production)

Capacity Planning Resource Planning Term Capacity Planning Resource Planning Term Definition

Capacity planning ............................. The process of determining the capacity required to produce in the future.

Capacity requirements planning ........ The process of determining how much labor / machine resources are required to accomplish production

Capacity ............................................ Aggregated volume of work load (required-, demonstrated-, maximum-, etc.)

Carrying charge ................................ Cost of carrying inventory, usually defined as a percentage of the value of inventory per unit of time (generally one year).

Cash flow .......................................... The net flow of money into or out of a project.

Cell loading ....................................... The process of loading individual product orders to be manufactured in the cell.

Cell scheduling ................................. Activity of assigning dates to the important steps in the process of manufacturing products (part of planning and control not execution).

Cell ................................................... A production area dedicated to the complete processing of one or more part families of products.

Cellular manufacturing ...................... A manufacturing system that produces families of parts within a single line or cell of machines operated by operators who work only within the line or cell.

Changeover time .............................. The time required for a specific machine, resource, work centre, or line to convert from the production of the last good piece of lot A to the first good piece of lot B.

Closed-loop manufacturing system ... Manufacturing system in which feedback is provided by the manufacturing execution functions so that the planning can be kept valid at all times.

Completion date ................................ The planned / estimated date by which an order will be finished.

Configuration number ....................... A code number that is allocated to an item with a particular combination of components.

Cost estimation ................................. The process of attempting to determine the likely or expected costs associated with a certain product or process etc.

Counting tolerance ............................ Error level thresholds within which records are regarded as being accurate (most parameters need to be greater than 95% accurate).

Critical network ................................. Combination of the bottleneck and subsequent operations

Critical path method .......................... A network planning technique for the analysis of a project's completion time, used for planning and controlling the activities in a project.


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Critical ratio ....................................... The number of days until the job is required divided by the number of days required to complete the job. Rule often used for production scheduling and finite capacity planning.

Critical resources .............................. Those resources that usually become overloaded when the schedule is increased (or run out of work when the schedule is reduced).

Critical To Quality (CTQ) CTQs are what the customer expects of a product... the spoken or documented needs of the customer. The customer may often express this in plain English, but it is up to the CTQ expert to convert them to measurable terms. CTQ is defined at time of product development through FMEA analysis to prevent the field failure. And some time after field failure analysis, CTQ is defined and monitor in the regular process.

Cumulative gross requirements ........ The sum total of the gross requirements, over a period of time, for an item.

Cumulative lead time ........................ The total planned length of time to carry out all the operations.

Cumulative net requirements ............ The excess of cumulative gross requirements over the cumulative gross available

Customer complaints ........................ Grievances that customers air about an aspect / aspects of the goods / services they have been supplied. The number of complaints may be used to rate suppliers.

Customer order ................................. A formal order from the customer which provides details of the amount and due date for a customer's requirement of products.

Customer service level ...................... The percentage of occasions on which the order is delivered as promised.

Customisation ................................... Alterations made to a standard product in accordance with a customer's specific requirements.

Cycle counting .................................. Inventory is counted on a periodic schedule rather than once a year

Cycle time ......................................... The amount of time it takes to carry out one complete manufacturing cycle.

Data accuracy ................................... The percentage of records which are completely error free.

Data collection .................................. Process of gathering information, this can be done via terminals, can be done using, bar codes or operator keying etc.

Data Information Term ....................... Data Information Term Definition

Database .......................................... Data stored in a mass storage device under the control of a software package called a database manager.

Delivery performance ........................ A measure of a supplier's ability to meet orders in full and on time.

Demand management ...................... The function of recognizing all demands for products and services to support the marketplace. Facilitates the planning and use of resources for profitable business results.

Demonstrated capacity ..................... Proven capacity calculated from actual performance data, usually expressed as the average number of items produced multiplied by the standard hours per item.

Dependent demand .......................... Demand for lower level items resulting from the demand for other items at a higher level in the BOM structure (this demand is calculated not forecasted)


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Discounting procedure ...................... The process of applying an allowance or deduction against the purchase price of an item for a buyer (usually when the buyer meets certain stipulated conditions).

Dispatch list ...................................... A listing of manufacturing orders in priority sequence. It contains detailed information on priority, location, quantity, and the capacity requirements of the manufacturing order by operation.

Distribution resource planning ........... Time phasing of demand from warehouses or distribution centres on the factory.

Downtime .......................................... Time when a resource is scheduled for operation but is not producing for reasons such as maintenance, repair or setup.

Due date ........................................... The date by which an operation should be completed.

Economic order quantity ................... EOQ is calculated to balance expected cost of acquisition for stock against the expected costs to hold the stock.

Effectivity date .................................. The date on which a component or an operation is to be added or removed from a bill of material or assembly process.

End items .......................................... A product sold as a completed item or a repair part; any item subject to a customer order or sales forecast.

Engineering change order ................. The order which is issued which details an engineering change (see Engineering change).

Engineering change procedure ......... The procedure that must be followed when changes to parts / processes etc. are to be made.

Engineering change request ............. A request for an engineering change, this can be originated from any department

Engineering change .......................... A revision to a blueprint or design necessary to modify or correct a part.

Exception reports .............................. A flag which is raised when actual value differs from the expected value by more than some threshold

Expediting ......................................... The activity of rushing or chasing production or purchase orders that are needed in less than the normal lead time, or because of an increase in relative priority or because they have fallen behind.

Exponential smoothing ...................... A type of weighted moving average forecasting technique in which past observations are geometrically discounted according to their age.

Facility layout .................................... The arrangement style of the production facilities.

Feature code .................................... A reference number given to a distinctive characteristic of a product or service. The characteristic is provided by an option, accessory or attachment.

Feeder lines ...................................... Supporting production lines or equipment which feed a main production line.

Final assembly schedule ................... A schedule of end items to finish the product for specific customer's orders in make-to-order or assemble-to-order environment.

Financial Term ................................... Financial Term Definition

Finish date ........................................ The date by which an order / operation should be completed.

Finished goods ................................. A product sold as a completed item or replacement part; any item subject to a customer order or sales forecast.


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Finite capacity loading ...................... Assigning of work to the actual capacity of a work centre in a given time period. Usually refers to a computer technique that involves calculating shop priority revisions in order to level load operation by operation.

Finite capacity planning .................... The planning of capacity requirements taking into consideration the various capacity restrictions that (will) exist (See Capacity planning).

Firm planned order ........................... A planned order that can be frozen in quantity and time.

First in, first out ................................. A dispatching / stock issuing rule under which the jobs / stock items are sequenced by their arrival times.

Flexible equipment ............................ Machines able to perform a variety of different operations

Flexible labour .................................. Enable redeployment of workers so that minor changes in demand can be coped with

Flexible manufacturing ...................... Attempts to produce items in small quantities in a flexible manner and as efficiently as mass produced items.

Floor schedules ................................ Shop floor schedule derived from plans.

Flow based layout ............................. Work centers laid out in the sequence of operations that are performed on parts which the manufacturing cell processes.

Forecast error ................................... The difference between actual demand and forecast demand.

Forecast ............................................ An estimate of future demand.

Forecasting Term ............................... Forecasting Term Definition

Forward scheduling .......................... A scheduling technique where the scheduler proceeds from a known start date and computes the completion date for an order, usually proceeding from the first operation to the last.

Frozen zone ...................................... The scheduling time horizon during which no alterations to the master production schedule are allowed.

Gantt charts ...................................... A type of planning and control chart, designed to show graphically the relationship between planned performance and actual performance over time. It is used for loading.

Gross requirements .......................... The total of independent and dependent demand for a component before the netting of on-hand inventory and scheduled receipts.

Group ................................................ The assembly of several jobs or lots together to be processed using one setup. For example, doing several jobs in rapid sequence all using the same coating minimizing gun cleaning between jobs, etc.

Group technology ............................. Identification of product families and the subsequent development of flow based manufacturing systems. Basis of cellular manufacturing.

Hot list .............................................. Informal way of communicating priorities (resulting from the inability of the company to maintain valid days on all the schedules).

Hurdle rates ...................................... Is the incremental capital rate below which investments should probably not be made.

Hybrid architecture ............................ Systems containing elements of more than one manufacturing control system approach.

Independent demand ........................ Demand for an item which is unrelated to the demand for other items

Independent inventories .................... Inventories unsuitable for control by MRP


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Infinite capacity planning ................... The planning of capacity requirements assuming there are no restrictions on capacity level (See Capacity planning).

Input / output control ......................... A technique for capacity control where planned and actual inputs and planned and actual outputs of a work centre are monitored.

Inventory code .................................. Identifies the inventory level at which the item would be stocked (i.e. raw materials, subassembly, finished goods etc.).

Inventory Control Stock Term ............ Inventory Control Stock Term Definition

Inventory data accuracy .................... The percentage of inventory records which do not contain any errors.

Inventory records .............................. Perpetual inventory record is a continuous account of the incoming materials, outgoing materials and the balance on hand

Inventory turnover ............................. The number of times inventory is replaced during a time period (rate of material flow measure)

Inventory ........................................... Raw material, WIP, stock, finished goods and all items required for manufacture

Islands of automation ........................ An automated sub-system which is not integrated with other systems / sub-systems with which it interacts.

Item master record ............................ Record for an item containing descriptive data, control values (lead times, order quantities etc.) and other information. Synonym: part master record.

JIT Just in Time Term ........................ JIT Just in Time Term Definition

Job shop production ......................... Each job processed is different, and products are made or engineered to order.

Just-in-time ....................................... Manufacturing philosophy whose aim is to produce the required items at the right quality in the right numbers and at the exact time they are needed, thereby minimizing non value adding activities.

Kanban ............................................. Pull type of MPC system associated with JIT - uses Kanban cards to control work flow

Kit number ........................................ Number assigned to a group of small loose parts

Kitting ............................................... Process of issuing components to the production floor on a job by job basis

Labour loading .................................. The process of assigning labor to particular tasks.

Lead-time .......................................... (Purchasing or manufacturing) Span of time required to perform an activity (manufacturing lead-time consists of move, queue, setup and run time)

Level schedule .................................. A schedule which is very even over a period of time.

Line balancing .................................. The process of balancing an assembly line to ensure that all work stations have an equal amount of work to perform

Line stop authority ............................ Individual operators have the authority to stop the line to ensure compliance with standards

Load analysis .................................... Comparison of capacity required with the available resources (work centers, labor etc.)

Loading ............................................. Assigning of work to a facility (does not specify sequence in which the work is to be done or when it is to do it)


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Long range planning ......................... Business planning that addresses the strategic needs of the organization.

Lot for lot ........................................... A lot sizing technique that generates planned orders in quantities equal to the net requirements in each period.

Lot-size ............................................. Batch size

Low level code .................................. A number that identifies the lowest level in any BOM at which a particular component appears. Synonym: explosion level.

Machine time ..................................... The amount of time parts spend in a work center’s equipment with no labor content [oven curing, robotic spraying, for example.

Make or buy analysis ........................ The complex process of determining whether a product should be manufactured in house, sub-contracted or bought out.

Make-to-order ................................... A production environment where a product or service can be made after receipt of a customer's order. The final product is usually a combination of standard items and items custom-designed to meet the special needs of the customer.

Make-to-stock ................................... A production environment where products can be and usually are finished before receipt of a customer order. Customer orders are typically filled from existing stocks, and production orders are used to replenish those stocks.

Manufacturing database ................... An organized and integrated collection of data, relating to all manufacturing activities, in which the natural and logical relationships between various data items are represented thereby improving the flow and accessibility of information.

Manufacturing operation ................... An activity performed to convert raw materials / components etc. into finished goods

Manufacturing order .......................... A document, group of documents, or schedule conveying authority for the manufacture of specified parts or products in specified quantities.

Manufacturing resource planning ...... Method for planning of all of the resources of a manufacturing company

MPS, Master production schedule .... Anticipated build schedule (must be realistic rather than optimistic) which defines the quantities of the finished products required and the associated due dates.

Material requirements planning ......... Time-phased material requirements calculated using the BOM and inventory data in order to satisfy the MPS.

Mean absolute deviation ................... Defined as the average of the absolute values of the forecast errors.

Mixed model production .................... Manufacturing and assembling of different products on the same manufacturing facility, over a relatively short period of time.

Move time ......................................... Time between a given production lot finishing one operation and it being moved and entering the queue for the next operation

Multi-model production ...................... A variety of models, are produced but not simultaneously, over a period of time.

Multiskilled workers ........................... Able to handle a number of different machines and operations.

Need date ......................................... The date when an item is required for its intended use. In an MRP system, this date is calculated by a BOM explosion of a schedule and the netting of available inventory against that requirement.


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Negotiation ....................................... The process by which a buyer and a vendor agree upon the conditions surrounding the purchase of an item.

Net change MRP .............................. The material requirements plan is continually retained in the computer. Whenever a change is needed in the requirements, open order inventory status, or BOM, a partial explosion and netting is made for only those parts affected by the change.

Obsolescence ................................... The loss of usefulness or worth of a product or facility as a result of the appearance of better or more economical products, methods or facilities.

Open order ....................................... An active manufacturing order or purchasing order

Operating expenses .......................... The expenses involved in the running of particular operations.

Operations sequencing ..................... Simulation, manual or computerized, process used to decide the order in which the required operations should be carried out.

Operations yield ................................ The proportion of manufactured items that meet the required specifications (a planning parameter).

Optimised production technology ...... MPC system which assumes that the primary goal of any manufacturing business is to make money. Bottom line financial measures which are used are: net profit, ROI and cash flow. Work is scheduled around bottlenecks.

Order action report ............................ An MRP report which details order actions which need to be taken. The report answers the questions of what to order, how much to order and when to order it.

Order control ..................................... Control of manufacturing activities by individual manufacturing, job, or shop orders, released by planning personnel and authorizing production personnel to complete a given batch or lot size of a particular manufactured item.

Order dispatching ............................. The selecting and sequencing of available jobs to be run at individual workstations and the assignment of those jobs to workers.

Order entry ....................................... Process of accepting and translating what a customer wants into terms used by the vendor

Order log ........................................... Complete log of customer orders

Order point ........................................ Sum of the demand forecast over the replenishment lead time and a safety stock

Order release .................................... The authorization to produce or ship material that has already been ordered.

Order status ...................................... The current status of an order. Released: firm quantity, date and requirements. Firm Planned: firm quantity & date and planned requirements. Planned: planned quantity, date and requirements

Order up to level ............................... Stock levels are periodically reviewed and an amount of the item is ordered to return stock levels to the target level.

Output control ................................... A technique for controlling output where actual output is compared to planned output to identify problems at the work centre.

Overall machine effectiveness .......... Measure of machine effectiveness. (The product of machine availability, production volume and quality performance).

Overdue work ................................... Work which has not been completed by the required date.


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Overloaded capacity ......................... A condition when the total hours of work allocated to a work centre exceed the work centre's capacity.

Pareto analysis ................................. Synonym for ABC analysis. Classifies items into different categories depending on their annual usage.

Part master record ............................ Record for an item containing descriptive data, control values (lead times, order quantities etc.) and other information. Synonym: Item master record.

Part number ...................................... A number which serves to uniquely identify a part.

Parts reference file ............................ Organizes parts into families and contains interchangeability and upgradeability information

Parts requisition ................................ An authorization that identifies the item and quantity required to carry out a task.

Pegged requirements ........................ A requirement which shows the next level parent item (or customer order) as the source of the demand, (i.e. by using the where-used capability from the BOM).

Pegging ............................................ In MRP and MPS, the capability to identify for a given item the sources of its gross requirements and / or allocations. Pegging can be thought of as active where-used information.

Performance evaluation .................... Process of measuring performance for the purposes of feedback and reporting.

Period order quantity ......................... A lot sizing technique under which the lot size is equal to the net requirements for a given number of periods.

Phantom BOM .................................. Subassemblies which are rarely stocked. MRP drives requirements straight through the phantom item to its components (blow-through).

Phase-in -out part ............................. Engineering changes result in old parts being substituted by new ones

Picking list ......................................... A document used to pick manufacturing or shipping orders, listing the components and quantities required.

Planned cost ..................................... The estimated cost of a particular product.

Planned orders ................................. A suggested order quantity, release date, and due date created by the planning system's logic when it encounters net requirements in processing MRP.

Planned queue time .......................... Is the expected time that an on-schedule order will wait in the work centre before processing

Planned receipts ............................... An anticipated receipt against an open purchase order or open production order.

Planning BOM .................................. An artificial grouping of items or events in BOM format which is used to facilitate master scheduling or material planning

Planning horizon ............................... The amount of time the master schedule extends into the future.

Planning yield ................................... An MRP / MPS planning parameter used to adjust requirements to take account of the expected yield (See Yield).

Planning ............................................ The consideration of actions to be taken in the event of some expected scenario or occurrence happening in the future.

Potential future market ...................... An estimate of how the possible demand for a product (size, customers etc.) may develop in the medium to long term


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Preventative maintenance ................ Activities, including adjustments, replacements, and basic cleanliness, that forestall machine breakdowns. The purpose is to ensure that production quality is maintained and that delivery schedules are met.

Pricing .............................................. Process of determining the sales price of a product line or a special.

Priority control ................................... The process of communicating start and completion dates to manufacturing departments in order to execute a plan. The dispatch list is the tool normally used to provide these dates and priorities based on the current plan and status of all open orders.

Process based layout ........................ "Conventional" style of plant layout, i.e. a facility configuration in which operations of a similar nature or function are grouped together.

Process planning .............................. Definition of production operations required to make an item from start to finish.

Process sheet ................................... Contains part information, routing information and operation detail information.

Product costing ................................. The activity of determining the cost associated with a particular product.

Product families ................................ A group of products with similar characteristics, often used in production planning.

Product life cycles ............................. Introduction, growth, maturity, saturation and decline are the main phases in a product's life cycle.

Product line ....................................... A group of products whose similarity in manufacturing procedures, marketing characteristics, or specifications allows them to be aggregated for planning, marketing or costing.

Product load profile ........................... A listing of the required capacity and key resources needed to manufacture one unit of a selected item or family. The resources requirements are further defined by a lead-time offset to predict the impact of the product on the load of the key resources by specific time period.

Product specification ......................... A statement of acceptable characteristics that distinguish one product from another.

Product structure file ......................... Containing BOM data for products.

Production activity control ................. System for utilizing data from the shop floor to maintain status information on shop orders and work centres

Production classification ................... Categorization of production approaches, i.e. job shop, intermittent, repetitive and process are example production types.

Production kanbans .......................... Define the quantity of the specific part that the producing work centre should manufacture in order to replace those which have been removed by the downstream work centres

Production plan ................................. Derived from the detailed sales forecast, it balances market demand with company resources (developed by operating management).

Production planning .......................... The process of creating an overall production plan for the factory, over a specified time horizon

Production scheduling ....................... The allocation of resources to the manufacture of the parts to be produced.


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Productivity ....................................... Ratio of output to input.

Program evaluation and review technique (PERT) A network planning technique for the analysis of a project's completion time.

Progress reporting ........................... Reporting of the actual current state of an activity.

Project management ......................... The use of skills and knowledge for co-ordinating the organisation, planning, scheduling, directing, controlling, monitoring and evaluating of prescribed activities to ensure that the stated objectives of a project are achieved.

Projected available balance .............. An inventory balance projected into the future. It is the running sum of on-hand inventory minus requirements plus scheduled receipts and planned orders.

Pseudo BOM .................................... An artificial grouping of items that facilitates planning.

Pull ................................................... Material flow system whereby work centres are only authorised to produce when they have been signalled that there is a need for more parts in a downstream department.

Purchase order ................................. The purchaser's authorisation used to formalise a purchase transaction with a supplier.

Purchase requisition ......................... An authorisation to the purchasing department to purchase specified materials in specified quantities within a specified time.

Purchasing service level ................... Is a measure applied to assess the performance of the Purchasing function, i.e. in terms of on-time delivery, purchase-part quality, cost etc.

Purchasing Suppliers Term ................ Purchasing Suppliers Term Definition

Purchasing ........................................ Activity responsible for acquiring purchased materials.

Push ................................................. System whereby future forecasts of demand are used to generate the requirements for lower level items and work pushed through the shop floor in the expectation that it will be completed by the required due date.

Quality control ................................... The process of ensuring that the items produced and shipped conform to the required quality standards.

Quality SPC Term .............................. Quality SPC Term Definition

Quality .............................................. Conformance to requirements or fitness for use.

Quantity discounts ............................ A price reduction allowance determined by the quantity or value of a purchase.

Queue ratio ....................................... Hours of slack time left in the job over queue time originally scheduled between the start of the operation being considered and the scheduled due date

Queue time ....................................... The amount of time a job waits at a work centre before being set-up or operated on

Queue ............................................... A waiting line (the jobs at a given work centre waiting to be processed)

Quotation .......................................... A statement of price, terms of sale, and description of goods or services offered by a supplier to a prospective purchaser; a bid.


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Receiving .......................................... The function encompassing the physical receipt of material, the inspection of the shipment for conformance with the purchase order (quantity and damage), the identification and delivery to destination, and the preparation of receiving reports.

Records ............................................ An organized method of storing related data.

Regenerative MRP ........................... An MRP processing approach where the master production schedule is totally re-exploded down through all BOM, to maintain valid priorities. New requirements and planned orders are recalculated at that time.

Regression analysis .......................... A mathematical technique which can be used to fit a relationship to a given set of data by minimising the sum of the squares of the errors.

Release date .................................... The date on which an order is released to the shop floor.

Reorder point .................................... Sum of the forecasted requirements during replenishment lead time plus a safety stock

Repetitive manufacturing .................. The production of discrete units in a high-volume concentration of available capacity using fixed routings. Products may be standard or made from standard modules. Production management is usually based on the production rate.

Reporting .......................................... Collecting and summarising production data

Re-prioritizing ................................... A revision of existing priorities in the light of new information.

Resource planning ............................ Represents the process of determining the long range capacity needs of the business

Resource profile ................................ The standard hours / time of load placed on a resource, by time period.

Return on investment ........................ The rate of return on an investment in a particular project.

Returns to supplier ............................ Material that has been rejected by the buyer's inspection department and is awaiting shipment back to the supplier for repair or replacement.

Rough cut capacity planning ............. The process of converting the master production schedule into requirements for key resources, often including labour, machinery, warehouse space, supplier's capabilities etc. Comparison to available or demonstrated capacity is usually done for each key resource. This comparison assists the master scheduler in establishing a feasible MPS. The three approaches to performing RCCP are the bill of capacity, capacity planning using overall factors, and the resource profile approach.

Rough cut resource planning ............ Process of converting production plan or MPS into capacity needs for key resources (manpower, machinery, money etc.)

Routing ............................................. Document detailing the manufacture of a particular item (includes operations to be performed, their sequence, work centres used etc.).

Run time ........................................... The actual time required to carry out a manufacturing operation on a single component.

Safety stock ...................................... Amount of stock planned to be available to protect against uncertainty in demand or stock.

Safety time ........................................ Material is planned to arrive ahead of its requirement date

Sales Customers Term ...................... Sales Customers Term Definition


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Sales planning .................................. Determines the sales rates the company must maintain for its product lines to meet the strategic plan

Schedule adherence ......................... The ability of a work centre to follow the work schedule which it has been assigned.

Schedule ........................................... A timetable for planned occurrences, e.g., shipping schedule, manufacturing schedule, supplier schedule. Some schedules include the starting and ending time for activities.

Scheduled receipt ............................. Items due to be received in a particular time period. (An open order that has an assigned due date).

Scheduling Loading Term .................. Scheduling Loading Term Definition

Scheduling ........................................ Activity of assigning dates to the important steps in the process of manufacturing products (part of planning and control not execution).

Scrap factor ...................................... A percentage factor in the product structure used to increase gross requirements to account for anticipated loss within the manufacture of a particular item. Synonym: scrap rate.

Sequencing ....................................... Determining the order in which a number of different jobs should be processed in order to achieve certain objectives.

Serial number ................................... A unique number assigned for identification to a single piece that will never be repeated for similar pieces.

SERVE ............................................. OPT module. Backward schedules to the order due date, assuming infinite capacity

Service parts ..................................... Parts used for the repair or maintenance of a product

Setup costs ....................................... Costs associated with preparing the resource for the next product.

Setup time ........................................ The amount of time it takes to make the machine and part ready for operation

Shop Floor Control SFC Term ........... Shop Floor Control SFC Term Definition

Shop floor control .............................. A system for using data from the shop floor to maintain and communicate status information on shop orders and on work centres.

Shop order ........................................ A work order used to authorise and track the production of parts and products through the shop. Same as production order.

Shop packet ...................................... Is the paperwork (routing sheets, material requisitions etc.) associated with an order released by production control.

Simulation ......................................... The process of carrying out experiments on a model of a real system to determine the results.

Slack time ......................................... The amount of time by which the expected finish date precedes the due date

Smoothing ........................................ The process of averaging a parameter by assigning different weights to successive data values.

Spare parts ....................................... Modules, components, and elements that are planned to be used without modification to replace original parts.

Split lot .............................................. Manufacturing order quantity that has been divided into two or more smaller quantities usually after the order is in process

SPLIT ............................................... OPT module. Divides the engineering network into sections depending on their position relative to the bottlenecks


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Standard cost ................................... A cost estimate based on standard labour hours, material and overhead costs.

Standard time ................................... The length of time that should be required to: setup a given machine or operation and run one part, assembly, batch, or end product through that operation. Synonym: standard hours.

Standing orders ................................ Firm customer orders covering long periods in the manufacturing cycle (enables planners to assign manpower to a core of work).

Start date .......................................... The date on which an operation should be started or was actually started.

Stock status ...................................... A report of what is on hand, what is due in and what is owed to customers

Stockout costs .................................. The costs associated with a stockout. Those costs may include lost sales, backorder costs, expediting, and additional manufacturing and purchasing costs.

Storage costs .................................... A subset of inventory carrying costs, including the cost of warehouse utilities, material handling personnel, equipment maintenance, building maintenance, and security personnel.

Sub assembly ................................... An assembly that is used at a higher level to build another assembly.

Subcontracting .................................. Sending production work outside to another manufacturer.

Superbills .......................................... A type of planning bill, located at the top level in the structure, that ties together various modular bills (and possibly common parts bill) to define an entire product or product family.

Supplier performance ........................ Evaluation of suppliers usually with respect to delivery, quality and price.

Supplier ............................................ Provider of goods or services.

Supplies ............................................ Are expense items or non-productive materials (they do not become part of the end product)

Surplus stock .................................... Stock that is either useless or is greater than safety stock level and the expected requirements for the planning horizon.

Synchronization ................................ Operations starting and finishing at each process at the same time

Target inventory level ........................ In a min-max inventory system, the equivalent of the maximum. The target inventory is equal to the order point plus a variable order quantity.

Target pricing .................................... Stating the requirement for a product at a particular cost

Throughput ....................................... The total volume of production through a facility, or, according to the OPT philosophy it is the rate at which money is generated as a result of selling finished goods.

Time fences ...................................... Point in time where various restrictions or changes in operating procedures take place

Time horizon ..................................... The period of time being considered.

Total quality control ........................... Total Quality Control - the objective of eliminating all possible sources of defects from the manufacturing process


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Traceability ....................................... The registering and tracking of parts, processes, and materials used in production, by lot or serial number.

Tracking signal .................................. The ratio of the cumulative algebraic sum of the deviations between the forecasts and the actual values to the mean absolute deviation.

Transfer batch .................................. The quantity of an item moved between sequential work centres during production.

Turnover ........................................... Sales income of a company over a specified period.

Two-bin system ................................. A type of fixed-order system in which inventory is carried in two bins. A replenishment quantity, equivalent to two bins, is ordered when the first bin is empty.

Unconsumed forecast ....................... Planned items which are not assigned to a particular order.

Universal product code ..................... Bar-code standard.

Unloading ......................................... Process of removing work from the load as jobs are partially or totally completed.

U-shaped work cell ........................... A work cell which is laid out in the shape of a "U".

Vendor capacity planning .................. Process of assessing and allocating the capacity earmarked by the vendors.

Vendor rating .................................... The act of measuring the vendor's performance to a contract. Measurements usually cover delivery, lead time, quality and price.

Vendor scheduling ............................ Purchasing approach which provides vendors with schedules rather than individual hardcopy purchase orders

Wand readers ................................... Devices used for reading bar codes

Where-used list ................................. A listing of every parent item that calls for a given component, and the respective quantity required, from a BOM file.

Withdrawal Kanbans ......................... Define the quantity that the subsequent process should withdraw from the preceding work centre. Each card circulates between two work centres only

Work assignment .............................. The process of allocating work to work centres.

Work authorization ............................ The process of authorising the start of work on individual orders.

Work centre scheduling .................... The process of scheduling the operations which are to be carried out in a particular work centre.

Work centre ...................................... An individual machine or group of similar machines located in a particular area.

Work in progress ............................... Products in various stages of completion throughout the plant

Work order ........................................ An order to the machine shop for tool manufacture or equipment maintenance; or, an authorisation to start work on an activity (e.g. maintenance) or product.

Work-to list ........................................ A sequence of work to be completed by a particular work centre.

Yield ................................................. The ratio of usable output from a process to its input.

Zero defects ...................................... The methodology which states that if people commit themselves to watching details and avoiding errors, they can move closer to the goal of zero defects. The performance standard that must be set is "zero defects", not "close enough".

COATINGS GLOSSARY OF TERMS & ACRONYMS General Hand Tools

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General Hand Tools Return to top Listing of Tools used by production

The employee is only responsible for the tools listed on the “GM-MFG-0083_Technician Job Tool Requirements” per their individual job operation. Any tool listed below that is not on their respective list requirements, shall be ignored.

Adjustable wrench is used with a "jaw" of adjustable width, allowing it to be used with different sizes of fastener heads.

Cordless screwdriver performs the same tasks as a screwdriver but it is electrically powered by a DC current source. Many of these devices have such options as torque control, forward and reverse spinning and adjustable bit holders to name a few options.

Files (metal) is a metalworking tool used to cut fine amounts of material from a workpiece. Its construction is of a hardened steel bar with a series of sharp, parallel ridges, called teeth. Most files have a narrow, pointed tang at one end to which a handle can be fitted.

Flashlight (or table lamp) is a is a electric-powered light source, and the flashlight is a hand-held device. Typically its used for aiding visual constraints in low light areas.

Hammer is a tool meant to deliver an impact to an object. The most common uses are for driving nails, fitting parts, forging metal and breaking up objects. Hammers are often designed for a specific purpose, and vary widely in their shape and structure.

Hex keys are also known as an Allen key or wrench, is a tool of hexagonal cross-section used to drive bolts and screws that have a hexagonal socket in the head.

Machinist square is used to identify where a 90 degree angle occurs or better known as a right-angle. Degree is defined as a measurement of plane angle, representing 1⁄360 of a full rotation. Something considered out-of-square can not produce a quadrilateral object (a four sided object with four equal side and four equal corners).

Magnifying glass is a convex lens which is used to produce a magnified image of an object.

Microscope is an instrument to see objects too small for the naked eye.

Nut driver is a tool for tightening nuts and bolts. It essentially consists of a socket attached to a shaft and cylindrical handle and is similar in appearance and use to a screwdriver. They generally have a hollow shaft to accommodate a shank onto which a nut is threaded. They are typically used for lower torque applications than wrenches or ratchets.

Pliers (also to include wire cutting pliers) are used to hold objects firmly, or for cutting and bending tough materials. Generally, pliers consist of a pair of metal levers joined at a fulcrum, positioned closer to one end of the levers. This arrangement creates a mechanical advantage, allowing the force of the hand's grip to be amplified and focused on an object with precision.


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Open-end wrench

(box or combination included) is used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn objects such as rotary fasteners (nuts or bolts).

Ruler (and tape rulers) is an instrument used in geometry, to measure distances. It is essentially a straightedge used for determining measurement called a "measure”, which is calibrated for making measurements. Tape rulers operate under the same measuring system but they are flexible and typically can measure greater distances.

Scissors are hand-operated cutting instruments. They consist of a pair of metal blades, connected in such a way that the sharpened edges slide against each other. Scissors are used for cutting various thin materials.

Screwdriver is a tool for driving screws and rotating other machine elements with the mating drive system. The screwdriver is made up of a head or tip, which engages with a screw, a mechanism to apply torque by rotating the tip, and some way to position and support the screwdriver (Philips, square drive, flat tip, etc.).

Tin Snips much like scissors there used to cut sheet metal and other tough webs.

Tweezers are tools used for picking up small objects that are not easily handled with the human hands. They are derived from pliers and are used to grab or hold objects. They come in a variety of tip styles to accommodate variuos gripping actiivties.

Utility knife (or an X-acto knife) is a single edge cutting tool used in various trades and crafts for a variety of purposes. This type of tool is routinely used to open boxes, packages, or cut through tape or cord. Its typically a short, sharp blade mounted on a holding device or a pen-like body with a replacable razor style blade attached to it.

Vernier caliper is a device used to measure the distance between two symmetrically opposing sides. The tips of the caliper are adjusted to fit across the points to be measured, the caliper is then removed and the distance read by measuring between the tips.


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Some basic tips when using hand tools • Select the right tool for the job. Substitutes increase the chance of having an accident.

• Use tools designed to allow wrist to stay straight.

• Keep tools in good condition at all times.

• Inspect tools for defects before use. Replace or repair defective tools.

• Keep cutting tools sharp and cover sharp edges with suitable covering to protect the tool and to prevent injuries from unintended contact.

• Replace cracked, splintered, or broken handles on files, hammers, or screwdrivers.

• Ensure that the handles of tools like hammers fit tightly into the head of the tool.

• Replace worn jaws on wrenches, pipe tools and pliers.

• Burred or mushroomed heads of striking tools will be forwarded to the maintenance department through your supervisor for redressing.

• Pull on a wrench or pliers. Never push unless you hold the tool with your palm open.

• Point sharp tools lying on worktables away from aisles and handles should not extend over the edge of the worktables.

• Wear safety glasses or goggles and well-fitting gloves appropriate for the hazards to which you may be exposed when doing various tasks.

• Keep the work environment clean and tidy to avoid clutter that may cause accidents.

• Do not use tools for jobs they are not intended to do. For example, do not use a flathead screw drivers as a chisel, pry bar, wedge or do not use wrenches as hammers.

• Do not cut towards yourself when using cutting tools.

• Do not hold the stock in the palm of your hand when using a cutting tool or a screwdriver.

• Do not wear bulky gloves to operate hand tools.

• Do not throw tools. Hand them, handle first, directly to other workers.

• Do not carry tools in a way that interferes with using both hands on a ladder, while climbing on a structure, or when doing any hazardous work. If working on a ladder or scaffold, tools should be raised and lowered using a bucket and hand line.

• Do not carry a sharp tool in your pocket. Return to top