BookmakingBookmakingFrom around the world!From around the world!

The History of BookmakingThe History of Bookmaking

Bookmaking really began with the invention Bookmaking really began with the invention of writing. of writing.

The first forms of writing were ideas The first forms of writing were ideas expressed through pictorial forms such as expressed through pictorial forms such as hieroglyphics, inscriptions on rocks and clay hieroglyphics, inscriptions on rocks and clay tablets. tablets.

There are many examples There are many examples of such early forms of writing.of such early forms of writing.

Chauvet Cave, FranceChauvet Cave, France

Early forms of writing:Early forms of writing: Early writing techniques began with the Early writing techniques began with the

Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Mayans and Chinese.Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Mayans and Chinese. These early forms of writing gave birth to all other These early forms of writing gave birth to all other

styles of writing.styles of writing. For example, For example, MesopotamiansMesopotamians kept great libraries kept great libraries

of records using cuneiform writing on clay tablets.of records using cuneiform writing on clay tablets. Egyptians and Mayans Egyptians and Mayans developed forms of picture developed forms of picture

writing called hieroglyphics.writing called hieroglyphics. Chinese Chinese developed writing from a few developed writing from a few

brushstrokes of a pictorial symbol to represent an brushstrokes of a pictorial symbol to represent an idea or object.idea or object.

Cuneiform WritingCuneiform Writing Some of the earliest Some of the earliest

writings come from writings come from Mesopotamia and Mesopotamia and Egypt. (3000 BC) Egypt. (3000 BC) Mesopotamians Mesopotamians

wrote in cuneiform wrote in cuneiform on clay tables.on clay tables.

1. pictorial example, 2. Cuneiform clay tablet, 3. Cuneiform Epic of Gilgamesh clay tablet, 4. Assyrian cuneiform in rock

Mayan HieroglyphsMayan HieroglyphsMayan Mayan culture culture began began around around 1800 BC 1800 BC and and developed developed through through 1500 CE. 1500 CE. The Mayan The Mayan people people became the became the people in people in Mexico Mexico today.today.

The Egyptian ScrollThe Egyptian Scroll The first book to be made was theThe first book to be made was the scroll. scroll. This This

was made from many sheets of papyrus which were was made from many sheets of papyrus which were glued together in a long strip, then rolled up and glued together in a long strip, then rolled up and stored in a jar. stored in a jar.

The Egyptians had official scribes that were trained in writing The Egyptians had official scribes that were trained in writing hieroglyphs on papyrus scrolls. hieroglyphs on papyrus scrolls. In 300 B.C. there was a great In 300 B.C. there was a great library in Alexandria, Egypt that was said to contain over library in Alexandria, Egypt that was said to contain over 500,000 papyrus scrolls.500,000 papyrus scrolls.

The papyrus scrolls below are from the Egyptian Book of the The papyrus scrolls below are from the Egyptian Book of the Dead!Dead!

The Papyrus PlantThe Papyrus Plant The word The word "paper""paper" is is

derived from the word derived from the word "papyrus,""papyrus," which was a which was a plant found in Egypt along plant found in Egypt along the lower Nile River. the lower Nile River.

About About 5,000 years ago5,000 years ago, , Egyptians created Egyptians created "sheets" of papyrus by "sheets" of papyrus by harvesting, peeling and harvesting, peeling and slicing the plant into slicing the plant into strips. The strips were strips. The strips were then layered, pounded then layered, pounded together and smoothed to together and smoothed to make a flat, uniform sheet.make a flat, uniform sheet.

Chinese Characters and scrollsChinese Characters and scrolls• While the Egyptians used While the Egyptians used

papyrus, the people of Asia used papyrus, the people of Asia used several different materials to several different materials to write on and preserve their write on and preserve their thoughts; silk, palm leaves, birch thoughts; silk, palm leaves, birch bark and stems of bamboo were bark and stems of bamboo were made into scrolls.made into scrolls.

1.1. Chinese characters, 2. Chinese document, 3. Chinese scrollChinese characters, 2. Chinese document, 3. Chinese scroll

The Chinese Invent Paper!!The Chinese Invent Paper!!It was the Chinese that were given credit for It was the Chinese that were given credit for inventing paper about the 2nd century A.D.inventing paper about the 2nd century A.D.

According to According to Chinese historical Chinese historical accounts, paperaccounts, paperwas first invented was first invented by Ts'ai Lun by Ts'ai Lun (about 104 CE), (about 104 CE), who lived in the who lived in the Eastern Han Eastern Han Dynasty. He tookDynasty. He tookthe inner bark of a the inner bark of a mulberry tree and mulberry tree and bamboo fibers, bamboo fibers, mixed them with mixed them with water, and water, and pounded them pounded them with awith a

wooden tool. He then poured this mixture onto a flat piece of coarsely wooden tool. He then poured this mixture onto a flat piece of coarsely woven cloth and let the water drain through, leaving only the fibers on woven cloth and let the water drain through, leaving only the fibers on the cloth. the cloth.

Once dry, Ts'ai Once dry, Ts'ai Lun discovered Lun discovered that he had created that he had created a quality writing a quality writing surface that was surface that was relatively easy to relatively easy to makemake and and lightweight. He lightweight. He presented the presented the invention to invention to Emperor He Di in Emperor He Di in 105 CE, and 105 CE, and knowledge of knowledge of papermaking was papermaking was passed along to passed along to Korea, Samarkand, Korea, Samarkand, Baghdad, and Baghdad, and Damascus. Damascus.

The CodexThe Codex In the 4th century B.C. the In the 4th century B.C. the

Mayan, Greeks and RomansMayan, Greeks and Romans wrote on plaster or wax wrote on plaster or wax covered wooden tablets that covered wooden tablets that were hinged together with were hinged together with leather thongs or pieces of leather thongs or pieces of metal, and were called a metal, and were called a codex. codex. This style construction This style construction was the earliest form of what was the earliest form of what we would define as a book. we would define as a book. The Mesoamerican codex was The Mesoamerican codex was first. (The Mediterranean first. (The Mediterranean continued to use the papyrus continued to use the papyrus scroll as well.)scroll as well.)

Parchment & Vellum PaperParchment & Vellum Paper Christian monasteries Christian monasteries

produced hand made produced hand made books from 476 to 1453.books from 476 to 1453.

With a shortage of papyrus With a shortage of papyrus a new material was a new material was needed.needed.

The people of Europe, The people of Europe, Africa, and Asia for over Africa, and Asia for over 2,000 years used the skins 2,000 years used the skins of animals to reserve their of animals to reserve their thoughts. thoughts.

Sheep and goat skins were Sheep and goat skins were the first to be made into the first to be made into writing sheets called writing sheets called parchmentparchment. .

For a complete picture library see the web For a complete picture library see the web site: http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/Paper-site: http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/Paper-exhibit/Default.htmlexhibit/Default.html

It would take 12 sheep to It would take 12 sheep to make a 150 page book. It make a 150 page book. It was discovered the calf’s was discovered the calf’s skin would make an even skin would make an even finer type of parchment finer type of parchment called called vellumvellum. . 1515thth Cent. Spanish Vellum Cent. Spanish Vellum

From China to the world . . .From China to the world . . .

The Muslim bible, The Muslim bible, the the Koran, Koran, was compiled was compiled by copyists by copyists by by 651 A.D. 651 A.D.

These same copyists These same copyists worked to translate worked to translate the works of the the works of the Greek philosopher Greek philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle.

The KoranThe Koran

Cities like Damascus and Baghdad were centers Cities like Damascus and Baghdad were centers for book production. (Middle East)for book production. (Middle East)

The First The First Printed BooksPrinted Books

The first block printed scroll The first block printed scroll was a Buddhist document was a Buddhist document called the Diamond Sutra called the Diamond Sutra from China in 868.from China in 868.

Then printing with movable Then printing with movable type was invented by type was invented by Gutenberg during the Gutenberg during the Renaissance (15Renaissance (15thth century) century) and permanently changed and permanently changed the way books were made.the way books were made.

1. Diamond Sutra, 2. Gutenberg Bible

ResourcesResources

http://www.hass.usu.edu/~anthromuseum/writing.htmlhttp://www.hass.usu.edu/~anthromuseum/writing.html http://www.halfmoon.org/trans.htmlhttp://www.halfmoon.org/trans.html http://www.thebookbinder.com/html/samples.htmhttp://www.thebookbinder.com/html/samples.htm

http://www.bunzlfinepaper.co.uk/NewDesign/Information/History.htmhttp://www.bunzlfinepaper.co.uk/NewDesign/Information/History.htm http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/Paper-exhibit/Default.htmlhttp://rmc.library.cornell.edu/Paper-exhibit/Default.html http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/CUNEI.HTMhttp://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/CUNEI.HTM http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/Paper-exhibit/tguide.htmlhttp://rmc.library.cornell.edu/Paper-exhibit/tguide.html http://www.xs4all.nl/~knops/timetab.htmlhttp://www.xs4all.nl/~knops/timetab.html http://www.silk-road.com/artl/diamondsutra.shtmlhttp://www.silk-road.com/artl/diamondsutra.shtml http://www.ukans.edu/~bookhist/medbook1.htmlhttp://www.ukans.edu/~bookhist/medbook1.html