climate change and infrastructure in asian...

Climate Change and Infrastructure

in Asian Cities - A Survey for of Plans and Priorities

COUNTRY SUMMARIES

April 2012

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©2012 Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities Center (CAI-Asia) and Cities Development Initiative for Asia (CDIA).

All rights reserved.

CAI-Asia and CDIA 2012. “Climate Change and Infrastructure in Asian Cities”. Pasig City, Philippines.

This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part in any form for educational or non-profit purposes

without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgment of the source is made. CDIA

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Disclaimer

The views expressed in this publication are those of CAI-Asia and CDIA staff and management, and do not

necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Trustees of the CAI-Asia and CDIA. CAI-Asia and CDIA do not

guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and does not accept responsibility for

consequence of their use.

Acknowledgements

This study was a partnership between CAI-Asia and CDIA and with financial support from CDIA and GIZ.

Cover photo by Zulsam Kifli submitted to CAI-Asia’s Click for Clean Air competition 2010

About CAI-Asia www.cleanairinitiative.org

The Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) promotes better air quality and livable cities by translating

knowledge to policies and actions that reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from transport,

energy and other sectors. CAI-Asia was established as Asia’s leading air quality network in 2001 by the Asian

Development Bank, the World Bank and USAID.

Since 2007, this multi-stakeholder initiative is a registered UN Type II Partnership with more than 230

organizational members and eight Country Networks (China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri

Lanka, and Vietnam). The CAI-Asia Center is its secretariat, a non-profit organization headquartered in

Manila, Philippines with offices in China and India. Individuals can join CAI-Asia by registering at the Clean Air

Portal: www.cleanairinitiative.org. Its flagship event, the Better Air Quality conference, brings together over

500 air quality stakeholders.

About CDIA www.cdia.asia

The Cities Development Initiative for Asia (CDIA) is a regional initiative established in 2007 by the Asian

Development Bank and the Government of Germany, with additional core funding support of the

governments of Sweden, Austria and the Shanghai Municipal Government. The Initiative provides assistance

to medium-sized Asian cities to bridge the gap between their development plans and the implementation of

their infrastructure investments. CDIA uses a demand driven approach to support the identification and

development of urban investment projects in the framework of existing city development plans that

emphasize environmental sustainability, pro-poor development, good governance and climate change.

a) Bangladesh

Total Population: 148.7 million

Capital city: Dhaka

Cities included in this study and its population:

City Population City Population

Barisal 210,620 Khulna 770,498

Chittagong 2,023,489 Rajshahi 388,811

Dhaka * 7,000,940 Rangpur 251,699

Jamalpur 116,754 Sylhet 369,425

Noteworthy:

• Published by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in September 2008

• The Climate Change Action Plan (2009-2018) will be implemented under the

overall guidance of the National Environment Committee, chaired by the Chief

Adviser

• The total cost of programs commencing in the first 5 years is estimated at

US$5 billion

• Six Pillars of the Bangladesh’s Climate Change Action Plan:

o Food security, social protection and health

o Comprehensive disaster management

o Infrastructure

o Research and knowledge management

o Mitigation and low carbon development

o Capacity building and institutional

• Identified impacts of climate change:

o Frequent and severe tropical cyclones

o Heavy and erratic rainfall

o Higher river flows in warm months

o River bank erosion

o Increased sedimentation in riverbeds

o Increased saline intrusion

o Increasing droughts

o Sea level rising

o Warmer and more humid weather

• Infrastructure investments are focused on:

o Repair and rehabilitation of existing infrastructure (e.g. coastal and river embankments, drainage

systems)

o Plan, design and construct new infrastructure (e.g. cyclone shelters, coastal and river

embankments, water management systems, drainage systems, river erosion control works, flood

shelters)

ADB Country Partnership Strategy for Bangladesh (2011-2015):

Source: http://beta.adb.org/sites/default/files/cps-ban-2011-2015_0.pdf

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• Make the growth process more inclusive and greener by improving connectivity, building the country's

skills base, deepening its financial markets, boosting energy efficiency and access, investing to make

cities more livable, improving the management of water resources, and reducing flood risks.

• ADB’s public sector operations will focus on six sectors: energy, transport, urban, education, finance, and

agriculture and natural resources

• Climate change and environmental considerations will be integrated into sector interventions by

minimizing carbon footprints, climate-proofing infrastructure, and boosting climate resilience through

support for integrated water resource management, rural infrastructure development, riverbank

erosion mitigation, and flood control. ADB’s assistance will ensure adherence to good environmental

standards and safeguards, as well as help build government capacity in climate change mitigation and

adaptation.

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b) Bhutan

Total Population: 708,427

Capital city: Thimpu Population: 79,185

Noteworthy:

• Published by the National Biodiversity Centre, Ministry of

Agriculture and Forests in September 2011

• The National Action Plan (2012-2021) will be mainly

implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests

• The total budget for the programs is estimated at US$20

billion

• This action plan is guided by the following key goals:

o Strengthen documentation of biological diversity and

climate parameters to understand climate change

impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services

o Minimize impacts of climate change on biodiversity

to maintain ecosystem health and continuous flow of

ecosystem services

o Minimize impacts of other stressors of biodiversity

(invasive species, fire, pest and diseases, etc.) under

changing climate

o Enhance national capacity and resources to adapt to

climate change impacts

o Promote effective coordination of biodiversity and

climate change programs in the country

o Promote an enabling policy environment and

mainstream biodiversity and climate change into

national plans and programs

o Reduce the vulnerability of communities to climate

change impacts


o Increased surface air temperature

o Erratic rainfall

o Decreased snow cover and snow fall pattern

• Infrastructure investments are focused on:

o Green infrastructure developments within protected area systems

o Environment friendly wood/timber treatment plants

o Chemical and bio-hazardous waste treatment plants

• The Tenth Five Year Plan (2008-2013) by the Gross National Happiness Commission includes climate

change in relation to proneness to flash floods, glacial lake outbursts and landslides due to excessive rain.

An accumulative estimated amount of US$150,000 (6% of the total budget) is allocated to the National

Environment Commission and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, government agencies which may

include climate change in their mandates

• The National Disaster Risk Management Framework of the Ministry of Home & Cultural Affairs also

includes climate change as one of its area of concern

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ADB Country Strategy and Program for Bhutan (2006-2010):

Source: http://www.adb.org/documents/CSPs/BHU/2005/csp-bhu-2005.pdf

• ADB’s focus to support mplementation in (i) transport, (ii) power, including rural electrification, (iii) urban

development, and (iv) financial and private sector development.

• ADB will help the Government diversify its economic base by improving access through infrastructure

development (improving transport network, developing national highway system and feeder roads, and

rural electrification) and improving the enabling environment for small to medium enterprise

development.

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c) Cambodia


Capital city: Phnom Penh


City Population

Battambang 196,000

Kampong Thom 708,398

Phnom Penh 1,325,681

Noteworthy:

• Published in October 2006 and will be mainly implemented by the

Ministry of Environment


o Frequency and intensity of floods

o Successions and combinations of droughts and floods

o Sea level rising

o Widespread of vector-borne diseases

• NAPA priority projects relating to infrastructure:

o Repair of dikes and water gates

o Reconstruction of dams

o Develop and rehabilitate flood protection dikes

o Installation of water culverts

o Construction of open and pumping wells

o Rehabilitation of coastal protection infrastructures

o Construction of cement water tanks

o Upgrade existing and establish additional provincial

hydro/meteorological stations

Cambodia Plans and Strategies

• Based on the National Strategic Development

Plan (2009-2013) the Ministry of Environment

is preparing a Second National Communication

for the United Nations Convention on Climate

Change which includes plans for specific

sectors such as agriculture, energy, waste and

water resources

• World Bank and ADB is financing Cambodia's

Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience

(SPCR) (2010-2012) while Global Environment

Facility (GEF) and UNDP Trust Fund support

sustainable livelihoods, climate adaptation &

mitigation strategies, and biodiversity

conservation

Source: Gorin, Patricia. August 2011. Overview of Climate Change Financing Mechanisms in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and

Vietnam.

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ADB Country Partnership Strategy for Cambodia (2011-2013):

Source: http://www.adb.org/Documents/CPSs/CAM/2011-2013/cps-cam-2011-2013.pdf

• ADB aims to help reduce poverty and promote inclusive growth with an integrated approach to rural

development

• ADB will (i) mainstream climate change challenges in sector analysis and planning and project design, (ii)

continue to develop improved approaches to resource conservation in the Tonle Sap basin, (iii)

coordinate national and subregional programs on climate change and the environment, and (iv) access

finance from internal and external sources to support climate change activities in new and existing

projects

• The five priority sectors (and subsectors) are (i) transport (provincial and rural roads); (ii) water supply,

sanitation, and urban development (rural water supply and sanitation, and small towns along GMS

corridors and around the Tonle Sap); (iii) agriculture and natural resources (agriculture commercialization

and irrigation support); (iv) education and training (lower secondary education and TVET); and (v) finance

o Transport. Expand the provincial and rural roads network to promote connectivity and trade and

tourism activities in Cambodia and the GMS. Ensure sustainability of the road subsector and

address social issues, improve logistics, promote rural–urban linkages, and support policy and

regulatory reforms and institutional capacity

o Water supply, sanitation, and urban development. Improved water supply and sanitation for

the large number of people without access in urban and rural areas. In urban areas, ADB will

work to manage the challenges of rapid urbanization and provide basic services and

infrastructure to meet the needs of the poor and stimulate the growth of value chains. ADB will

develop urban environmental infrastructure (water supply and sanitation) in border towns and

growth centers in the Tonle Sap basin

o Agriculture and natural resources. ADB will (i) support sustainable natural resource use and

management; (ii) stimulate the growth of competitive farms and rural enterprises, and create

significant job opportunities; (iii) build sustainable rural infrastructure, including irrigation, to

promote productivity increases, market connectivity, and competitiveness; and (iv) improve food

security and climate resilience in agricultural production

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d) India

Total Population: 1.2 billion

Capital city: Delhi



Ahmedabad 5,570,585 Kolkata * 5,138,208

Bhubaneshwar 658,220 Pimpri 1,729,320

Chennai 7,547,000 Rajkot 1,003,015

Cochin 604,696 Ranchi 863,495

Delhi * 21,597,000 Sangli 601,214

Gorakhpur 3,769,456 Surat 4,168,000

Guntur 514,461 Tirupati 287,035

Guwahati 818,809 Vijayawada 1,491,202

Indore 2,173,000 Visakhapatnam 1,345,938

Noteworthy:

National Level

• India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) released by the Prime Minister's Council on

Climate Change on June 2008 running up to 2017

• Eight National Missions which form the core of the NAPCC:

o National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency

o National Mission on Sustainable Habitat

o National Water Mission

o National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem

o National Mission for a "Green India"

o National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture

o National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change

• Identified impacts of climate change on:

o Water resources

o Agriculture and foor production

o Health

o Forests

o Climate events (i.e. cyclones, floods, drought)

o Coastal areas

• The Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) by the Planning Commission

allocated a gross budgetary support to the Ministry of Environment and

Forests of US$190 million for climate change

• Climate change was also mentioned in other government plans such as the

National Environment Policy and the Strategic Plan of Ministry of Urban

Development

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City Level

• Climate Change Plan - Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata and Surat climate change plan either currently existing,

recently approved or in development

• Disaster Risk Management Plan – Delhi, Pimpri and Ranchi disaster management plan are drafted

• Urban Development Plan – City Development Plan (CDP) exists under the mandate of the city municipal

corporation as required by Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)

Cities in this study found with CDP

Ahmedabad Kolkata

Bhubaneshwar Kochi

Chennai Pimpri

Delhi Rajkot

Gorakhpur Ranchi

Guntur Surat

Guwahati Vijayawada

Indore Visakhapatnam

• Transport Master Plan - Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP) per city is a pre-requisite for seeking

financial assistance for urban transport projects under JNNURM. CMPs integrate city’s direction towards

strategic planning, city transportation and land use planning with special focus on pedestrianization, non-

motorized modes and public transport system.

Cities in this study found with CMP

Ahmedabad Pimpri

Chennai Rajkot

Guwahati Ranchi

Kochi Sangli

Kolkata Surat

ADB Country Partnership Strategy for India (2009-2012):

Source: http://www.adb.org/documents/CPSs/IND/2009/CSP-IND-2009.pdf

• One of ADB’s strategy is to support for inclusive and environmentally sustainable growth of India through

(i) continued focus on infrastructure development, (ii) enhancing agriculture and water resource

interventions (developing agribusiness and irrigation infrastructure, creating measures to increase

water use efficiency, flood protection, and the resilience of agriculture to climate change, rural roads

development), (iii) continuing focus on lagging states, (iv) maintaining environmental sustainability

(support for clean and efficient energy production and use, including an expansion of the railway

network and urban public transport), (v) strengthening gender mainstreaming, and (vi) mainstreaming

disaster management to ensure sustainability

• ADB’s assistance for the strategic priorities by Sector

o Transport. continue to establish seamless connectivity via roads at all levels: national highways,

state roads, and rural roads with greater emphasis on road safety and traffic operation

efficiency, review and strengthen road safety management and technical capacity, consider

priority infrastructure investments for rail transport capacity, bus rapid transit systems in

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medium-sized Indian cities, support to strengthen the efficiency of bus services through the

application of intelligent transport systems

o Energy. support the development of interstate and interregional transmission networks,

strengthen the transmission and distribution system, and support India’s efforts to shift onto a

low-carbon growth path.

o Urban. improve access to clean water, reduce water pollution, through expanded sanitation

services, lower urban-transportation-based pollution, and support sustainable urban

development in ecologically fragile states

o Agriculture and Water. increased marketing of high-value products, greater productivity and

sustainability of existing irrigation systems, less damage from flood and riverbank erosion, and

greater effectiveness and sustainability of coastal protection and management measures

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e) Indonesia


Capital city: Jakarta



Balikpapan 557,579 Malang 820,243

Banda Aceh 174,433 Medan 2,029,797

Bandar Lampung 790,057 Palembang 1,342,258

Bandung 2,394,873 Pekalongan 281,434

Banjarmasin 625,395 Semarang 1,555,984

Batam 616,221 Sukabumi 298,681

Bogor 950,334 Surabaya 2,765,487

Cilegon 374,559 Surakarta 499,337

Denpasar 788,445 Tangerang 1,798,601

Jakarta * 9,580,000 Yogyakarta 388,627

Makassar 1,194,583

Noteworthy:

National Level

• Published by the State Ministry of

Environment in November 2011


o Sea level rising

o Forest damage

o Natural disasters

o Extreme weather events

o Increase of temperature

o Increase risk of flood and drought

o Reduction of rice production

o Coral bleaching

o Spread of vector-borne diseases

• The National Development Planning Agency has also issued a National

Development Planning Response to Climate Change

• Agence Française de Développement is partnering with the Indonesian

government to fight against climate change, particularly by promoting energy

efficiency and renewable energy development

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• The National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction

(2010-2012), the National Disaster Management

Plan for Indonesia (2010-2014) and the Country

Programme Action Plan (2006-2010) talk about

climate change mitigation and adaptation

City Level

• Socio-Economic Plan – City governments would have the medium term development plan. Jakarta,

Bandar Lampung, Yogyakarta, and Banda Aceh are among the cities in this study found to have the city

medium term development plan

• Clean Air Plan – As part of GIZ’s Clean Air for Smaller Cities in the ASEAN Region Project

(http://www.citiesforcleanair.org) the city of Palembang drafted the Road Map towards a Clean Air Plan

wherein climate change is also a topic of relevance

ADB Country Strategy and Program for Indonesia (2006-2009):

Source: http://www.adb.org/documents/CSPs/INO/2006/csp-ino-2006-2009.pdf

• Strategic areas of engagement:

o improved infrastructure and infrastructure services, including rural infrastructure, with

increased public and private sector investment, and improved sector regulation as indicators

o deepened financial sector, with improved domestic resource mobilization

o improved decentralization, with increased regional spending and enhanced financial reporting as

indicators

o better water supply and sanitation, health, and education indicators

o strengthened environment and natural resources management, with enhanced water and

marine resources management and reduced pollution as indicators

ADB Country Operations Business Plan for Indonesia (2012):

Source: http://beta.adb.org/sites/default/files/cobp-ino-2012.pdf

• The Climate Change Program Loan has been dropped from the 2012 pipeline because the government

prefers to fund climate change reforms with domestic resources, as well as foreign grants. ADB will

continue to support the government’s climate change reforms with sector programs and technical

assistance

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f) Lao PDR


Capital city: Vientiane


City Population

Pakxe 70,000

Vientiane 754,000

Noteworthy:

• A National Strategy and Action Plan on Climate Change (2009-2020)

was approved by the government on March 2010

• Climate Change mainstreamed in the National Social-Economic

Development Plan(NSEDP7) for 2011-2015 and the Draft National

Disaster Management Plan (2012-2015)

• ADB finances Lao PDR's Capacity Enhancement for Coping with

Climate Change, Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) supports

Improving the Resilience of the Agriculture Sector in Lao PDR to

Climate Change Impacts (2010-2014) and USAID, GIZ, UNEP invests

on climate adaptation and mitigation strategies

• Clean Air Plan – As part of GIZ’s Clean Air for Smaller Cities in the

ASEAN Region Project (http://www.citiesforcleanair.org) the city of

Vientiane drafted the Road Map towards a Clean Air Plan wherein

climate change is also a topic of relevance

Lao PDR Plans and Strategies


Vietnam.

15

ADB Country Partnership Strategy for Lao PDR (2012-2016):

Source: http://beta.adb.org/sites/default/files/cps-lao-2012-2016.pdf

• The objective of the country partnership strategy is inclusive (development of road and energy

infrastructure, enhancing value chains, improving access to markets and social services, and forging

stronger rural-urban linkages) and sustainable economic growth (improved natural resource

management) and poverty reduction.

• Its focus will be on the four core sectors: (i) education, (ii) agriculture and natural resources, (iii) water

supply and other municipal infrastructure and services, and (iv) energy

• In transport, the emphasis will shift from the construction of major roads to capacity development

support for road maintenance planning and financing. Rural transport connectivity will occur largely

through the infrastructure investments under the agriculture and natural resources program

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g) Malaysia


Capital city: Kuala Lumpur


City Population

Kota Kinabalu 604,078

Kuala Lumpur 1,435,337

Kuching 658,549

Penang 1,520,143

Noteworthy:

Yusoff, Sumiani. Development of a National Policy on

Climate Change: Malaysia's Experience.

• The National Policy on Climate Change was formulated in 2009 by the Ministry of Natural Resources and

Environment

• The Tenth Malaysia Plan (2011-2015) includes climate change and allocating an estimate of US$ 475.5

million under the Green Technology Financing Scheme

• The National Physical Plan was approved in August 2010 which includes policies and measures related to

climate change, protection of biodiversity, green and new technology

• In 2009 Malaysia developed its National Clean Air Plan

ADB Interim Country Partnership Strategy for Malaysia (2011-2012):

Source: http://beta.adb.org/sites/default/files/cps-mal-2011-2012.pdf

• The country partnership is on an interim basis, it is the first time ADB will be engaging with Malaysia

since 1998

• The main thrusts of the interim partnership strategy are as follows:

o National anchoring of regional cooperation and integration effects

o Catalyzing private investments

o Highlighting knowledge in the partnership

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h) Mongolia


Capital city: Ulaanbaatar Population: 1,190,400

Noteworthy:

• Mongolia developed its National Action Programme on Climate Change (2000-2015) under the

Netherlands Climate Change Studies Assistance Programme (NCCSAP)


o Increased temperature (extreme hot and cold weather)

o Increased melting of mountain glaciers

o Intense degrading of permafrost

o Increased occurrence of natural disasters (drought, dzud, flood and sand storms)

• National Development Strategy integrates climate change concerns

ADB Country Strategy and Program for Mongolia (2006-2008):

Source: http://www.adb.org/documents/CSPs/MON/2005/csp-mon-2005.pdf

• The strategy supports the implementation of the two major pillars of the Government’s strategy: (i)

stable broad-based growth and (ii) inclusive social development. The pillar of broad-based growth aims

to contribute to agricultural and associated growth, increase productivity in key industries, open

economic opportunities in rural areas, and widen the export base. The pillar of inclusive social

development aims to contribute to increasing economic opportunities and raising and stabilizing

incomes, reducing unemployment, and improving education, health, and living conditions among the

poor.

• ADB’s assistance for the strategic priorities by sectors:

o Agriculture. focus on components aimed at improving rural incomes with greater focus on

private sector development and the improvement of government programs

o Transport. Improve transport networks and regional transport integration

o Health. shifted the focus from hospital-based care to primary health care clinics

o Urban development. sector outputs include: upgrading low-income housing, services provision

to marginal urban areas, and urban sector strategy

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i) Myanmar


Capital city: Yangon Population: 4,348,000

Noteworthy:

• Although Myanmar has prepared its National Agenda 21, the issue on the integration of climate change

concerns into sustainable development plans and programs has not been addressed

• The National Environment Policy,

Myanmar Millennium Development

Goals, and Myanmar Agenda 21

integrates climate change

• The Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster

Risk Reduction (MAPDRR) mentioned

that there is a proposed National

Adaptation Plan of Action on Climate

Change (NAPA)

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j) Nepal


Capital city: Kathmandu


City Population

Biratnagar 859,000

Kathmandu 989,273

Lalitpur 162,991

Pokhara 350,000

Noteworthy:

• The National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate

Change published by the Ministry of Environment in September 2010

• Total cost for implementing adaptation measure is US$ 350 million


o Declining crop and livestock production

o Too much and/or too little water

o Lack of access to energy

o Climate induced disasters (flood, landslides and drought)

o Increased temperature and rainfall variability

o Higher incidences of pests and diseases

o Increased incidence of fire in forest land

o Seasonal changes in early sprouting, flowering and fruiting

o Depleting wetlands

o Spread of vector and water-borne diseases

• The Ministry of Environment and the climate change community of practice in Nepal established a web

based portal on climate change, the Nepal Climate Change and Development portal

(www.climatenepal.org.np)

• The Three Year Plan and the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management in Nepal includes climate

change concerns

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ADB Country Partnership Strategy for Nepal (2010-2012):

Source: http://www.adb.org/documents/CPSs/NEP/2010-2012/CPS-NEP-2010-2012.pdf

• The strategy has four pillars: (i) broad-based and inclusive economic growth, (ii) inclusive social

development, (iii) governance and capacity building, and (iv) climate change adaptation and

environmental sustainability

• ADB’s assistance will focus on six sectors:

o Agriculture and natural resources. Areas planned for future investments include rural roads,

irrigation, agricultural research, income generation for marginalized rural areas, information

technologies, market support, and extension services. Nepal has been identified as particularly

vulnerable to the effects of climate change and needs adaptation strategies, including policy

reforms, targeted investments in agriculture, and reallocation of investment within agriculture.

ADB and the Government will explore possible interventions to improve food security and

increase agriculture production

o Energy. ADB support will focus on (i) improving access to electricity in rural areas; (ii) increased

energy efficiency; (iii) clean power development; (iv) regional cooperation and integration; (v)

strengthening sector governance and financial restructuring; and (vi) promoting private sector

participation. ADB will support the strengthening of the transmission network across the country

to facilitate the development of hydropower and improve access to energy. It will support clean

energy development, cross-border transmission, and energy efficiency improvement

o Transport and information and communication technology. ADB support will finance new road

infrastructure and better operation and maintenance. The intended sector outputs will be (i)

better connectivity; (ii) stronger sector governance; and (iii) greater private sector participation.

ADB has supported information and communication technology (ICT) in the past but it will now

leave ICT investments for private sector interventions

o Water supply and other municipal infrastructure and services. ADB will continue to support the

Government in (i) improving urban infrastructure, including water supply and sanitation, and

urban transport; (ii) improving access to and the service level of water supply and sanitation; (iii)

supporting urban environmental improvement, including municipal waste management and

waste water treatment; and (iv) building institutional capacity to strengthen the operation and

management skills of local governments and water user and sanitation committees. ADB will

support mainstreaming climate change into planning, design and implementation of projects

• The strategy also has six thematic priorities: (i) gender equity; (ii) governance; (iii) environmental

sustainability; (iv) regional cooperation and integration; (v) private sector development; and (vi)

engaging civil society and nongovernment organizations (NGOs)

• The environmental sustainability theme will introduce disaster screening; assist in strengthening the

capacity of agencies in managing disaster risks; and assist to implement ongoing flood damage

rehabilitation. ADB will help Nepal adapt to climate change through national and local planning,

investments in risk reduction, support for insurance and other risk-sharing instruments, and “climate-

proofing” projects. Sustainable management of forests, water, and other natural resources for provision

of clean water supplies, protection of biological diversity, and sequestration of carbon from the

atmosphere to offset greenhouse gas emissions will be part of ADB’s assistance. ADB will promote

alternative energy and energy efficiency. It will assist capacity strengthening in the context of the

Government's efforts to put in place a sustainable institutional framework for managing climate change

and the environment. ADB will also join forces with the World Bank to integrate climate risks and

21

resilience into core development planning through its Strategic Program on Climate Resilience.

Adaptation and risk mitigation will be included in ADB's new investments. The climate change and

disaster risks checklist will help to screen development projects and ensure risk mitigation is included in

ADB's interventions.

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k) P.R. China

Total Population: 1.3 billion

Capital city: Beijing



Beijing * 19,612,368 Nanning 2,272,000

Fuzhou 1,860,000 Ningbo 1,594,000

Guiyang 2,154,000 Pu'er 2,360,000

Handan 1,371,399 Qingdao 2,160,000

Hefei 1,984,000 Shijiazhuang 2,280,000

Jilin 1,823,725 Suzhou 2,063,000

Kunming 2,971,000 Taiyuan 4,201,591

Lanzhou 2,072,000 Urumqi 3,110,280

Mudanjiang 2,798,723 Xinyu 1,100,000

Nanchang 2,701,000 Yangzhou 4,459,760

Noteworthy:

• The National Climate Change Programme (2007-2010) was prepared by

the National Development and Reform Commission. A new version of

the plan is now being developed covering 2010-2020

• Evidence of climate change in P.R. China:

o Increased annual average air temperature

o Decreased annual precipitation

o Frequency and intensity of extreme climate/weather events

(drought and flood)

o High rate of sea level rise

o Depletion of mountain glaciers

• P.R. China’s National Five-Year-Plans are essentially socio-economic

plans and are supplemented with sectoral plans (transport, energy,

environment etc).

• Socio-economic plans of cities (by municipal Development and Reform

Commission, DRC) are in line with the national FYPs, and would at the minimum include lists of key

projects for construction and general investment amounts without detailed breakdowns (often more

detailed data is provided on websites or project-specific documentation rather than in plans). General

categories include road, water sewage, integrated transportation, logistics, housing, clean energy,

emerging industry, hydro, green/ecology, livable city, public welfare, tourism, culture.

• Urban development plans for cities may include

o Metropolitan Area Comprehensive Transportation System Plan (Development Goals; City in road

network; Railway development; Water shipping development; Airport Development)

o City in electrical engineering plan (Electricity load forecasting; Power source; Power grid)

o Outside the central city traffic plan (Railway station development; Port; Bus terminal; Road

freight station)

o Central city road system plan (Structure of road network; Form of road network)

23

o Central city rail transit system vision (Rail transit system; Bus Rapid Transport system;

Conventional public transport system)

ADB Country Partnership Strategy for P.R. China (2008-2010):

Source: http://www.adb.org/documents/CPSs/PRC/2008/CPS-PRC-2008-2010.pdf

• Four strategic pillars:

o Pillar I: Inclusive Growth and Balanced Development. support the investments in public

infrastructure needed to improve services and promote economic growth in rural areas,

including rural energy, rural roads, water supply, and sanitation. ADB will directly support the

sound and sustainable urban development, clean and efficient urban energy. ADB will continue

to assist investments in transport, including expressways and railways

o Pillar II: Resource Efficiency and Environmental Sustainability. efforts to increase efficiency in

transport by promoting railways, improving existing rail and road transport networks, and

introducing intelligent transport systems. In the energy sector, ADB will help the Government

introduce, demonstrate, and promote adoption of efficient and clean means of generating,

transmitting, and distributing energy to industry and households in urban and rural areas. ADB

will introduce and promote adoption of technologies to cut greenhouse gas emissions.

Improvements in water supply, wastewater treatment and management, solid waste

management, traffic management, and integrated urban development. ADB will also help

promote sustainable rural ecosystem management, manage scarce natural resources, and meet

environmental challenges by promoting river basin and ecosystem management, efficiency in

the use of natural resources, and the value chain of agricultural production.

o Pillar III: Regional Cooperation and Public Goods.

o Pillar IV: Enabling Environment for Private Sector Development.

24

l) Pakistan


Capital city: Islamabad



Bahawalpur 543,929 Okara 2,232,992

Chiniot 201,840 Peshawar 1,439,205

Faisalabad 2,880,675 Rahim Yar Khan 353,203

Gujrat 512,000 Rawalpindi 1,991,656

Islamabad 1,330,000 Sahiwal 1,843,194

Jhang 372,645 Sargodha 600,501

Kasur 288,181 Shekhupura 657,000

Mardan 352,135 Sialkot 510,863

Muzaffargarh 3,504,000

Noteworthy:

• Pakistan’s National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (2011-2015) was published by the Pakistan

Environmental Protection Agency, Ministry of National Disaster Management


o Losses in biodiversity

o Rise in sea level

o Frequent cyclones, drought and abnormal shifts in weather pattern

• Both the National Disaster Response

Plan (2010) and the National

Environmental Policy (2005) cover

climate change concerns

• Most Pakistan cities have their Three

Year Rolling Plan (2010-2013). Cities in

this study to have been found with a

Three Year Rolling Plan: Bahawalpur,

Chiniot, Faisalabad, Gujrat, Jhang,

Kasur, Rahim Yar Khan, Sahiwal, and

Sheikhpura. However, it does not

include climate change concerns

25

m) Philippines

Total Population: 94 million

Capital city: Manila



Baguio 499,412 Makati 510,383

Batangas 432,262 Mandaluyong 278,474

Butuan 307,942 Marikina 496,205

Cagayan de Oro 1,121,561 Muntinlupa 379,310

Cebu 2,314,897 Naga 685,005

Dagupan 325,364 Pasay 403,064

Davao 1,530,365 Puerto Princesa 210,508

General Santos 679,588 Quezon 2,679,450

Iligan 318,040 San Fernando, Pampanga 269,365

Iloilo 789,080 Valenzuela 580,022

Lipa 260,568 Zamboanga 947,020

Noteworthy:

• National Framework Strategy on Climate Change (2010-2022) served

as the basis for a program for climate change planning, research and

development

• The recently approved National Climate Change Action Plan (2011-

2028) was formulated by the Climate Change Commission of the

Office of the President

• City governments will soon prepare its respective Local Climate

Change Action Plans

• The Philippine Development Plan (2011-2016) by the National

Economic and Development Authority and the National Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Framework by the National Disaster

Coordinating Council include climate change concerns

• National Environmental Sustainable Transport Strategy and Action

Plan and the Philippine Energy Plan (2009-2030) recognized the need

to integrate climate change concerns

• Other existing national plans but not necessarily covering climate

change concerns:

o National Framework for Physical Planning (2001-2030)

o Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework (IAQIF) and

the Air Quality Control Action Plan (AQCAP)

• At the city level, most will have a Comprehensive Development Plan

and a Comprehensive Land Use Plan

• City Clean Air Plans exists for Iloilo and Cagayan de Oro (both under

the GIZ’s Clean Air for Smaller Cities in the ASEAN Region Project

(http://www.citiesforcleanair.org). The city government of Cebu

drafted its own Clean Air Action Plan in February 2006

26

ADB Country Partnership Strategy for Philippines (2011-2016):

Source: http://beta.adb.org/sites/default/files/cps-phi-2011-2016.pdf

• ADB will strengthen partnerships through (i) intensified engagement in the Philippine Development

Forum and its working groups; (ii) stakeholder consultations; and (iii) establishment of an advisory board

of eminent people

• Improved investment climate and private sector development through the scaling up of transport and

energy infrastructure investments and through support for policy reforms

• More efficient, effective, and equitable social services delivery that will be aligned with the government's

new social protection reform agenda, in particular the development and implementation of an improved

social protection framework and a targeting system for the poor

• Reduced environmental degradation and vulnerability to climate change and disasters prioritizing (i)

strengthening ecosystem functions and the preservation of natural resources; (ii) enhancing climate

change adaptation and disaster risk management

• Strengthened governance and reduced corruption

27

n) Sri Lanka


Capital city: Colombo


City Population

Colombo 682,046

Galle 97,209

Noteworthy:

• The National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS) for 2011-

2016 as implemented by the Ministry of Environment allocated an

estimated total budget of US$ 418.7 million


o Increase in the frequency and intensity of disasters such as

droughts, floods and

o landslides

o Variability and unpredictability of rainfall patterns

o Increase in temperature

o Sea level rise

• The NCCAS supports Sri Lanka’s national development strategy, the

Mahinda Chintana: Vision for a New Sri Lanka, A Ten Year Horizon

Development Framework (2006-2016). The National Environment

Policy and associated action plan, as well as the National Action Plan

for Haritha Lanka Programme (HLP) have also been considered in

preparing the NCCAS

• The National Road Master Plan (2007-2017) and the National Physical Planning Policy and Plan (2030)

both include addressing impacts of climate change

• A National Action Plan for Air Quality Management (Clean Air 2015) and the National Energy Policy and

Strategies exist however no details found whether these include climate change issues

28

ADB Country Partnership Strategy for Sri Lanka (2012-2016):

Source: http://beta.adb.org/sites/default/files/cps-sri-2012-2016.pdf

• The strategy will focus on three pillars: (i) inclusive and sustainable economic growth, (ii) catalyzing

private investment and enhancing the effectiveness of public investment, and (iii) human resource and

knowledge development

• Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth. ADB will support infrastructure development and

investments in the transport, energy, water supply and sanitation, and urban sectors to promote

inclusive and sustainable growth

o Transport. developing an expressway network with well-connected national and provincial

roads, and expansion of the rural roads network that links to the major growth centers. ADB will

also assist in pursuing a more environmentally sustainable integrated strategy by developing

viable multimodal transport systems, including railways and the public transport system. ADB

will continue to assist in developing Sri Lanka’s ports

o Energy. focus on renewable energy development (including wind and other clean energy

sources), energy efficiency improvement, the transmission and distribution system, and

improving energy access for lagging regions.

o Water supply and sanitation. focus on improving access to drinking water and sanitation,

reducing water pollution, building resilience to climate change impacts, and expanding the

coverage of urban sewerage to reduce environmental pollution.

o Urban. assist in building urban infrastructure and services including low cost housing, and

consider embarking on integrated urban renewal initiatives.

29

o) Thailand


Capital city: Bangkok


City Population

Bangkok 8,160,552

Chiang Mai 142,632

Korat 166,217

Noteworthy:

• The National Strategic Plan on Climate

Change Management B.E. 2551-2555

(2008-2012) was approved by the

government in January 2008

• A 10-year Strategic Plan on Climate Change

(2010-2019) including a three-year Action

Plan (2010-2012) has been drafted

• A National Master Plan on Climate Change

(2011 – 2050) is being drafted by the

Office of Natural Resources and

Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP)

• ADB is financing Climate Risk Management

Assessment for Agriculture in Thailand

Source: Thaweema, Chintana. National Strategy on Climate Change.

• The city of Bangkok has its own 5-year Action Plan for Climate

Change, the Action Plan on Global Warming Mitigation 2007-2012

prepared by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration

• Infrastructure investments identified:

o Expand mass transit rail system

o Develop more park and ride facilities

o Build more bike lanes

o Implement a bus rapid transit system

o Construct flyover bridges and underpass tunnels

o Improve pedestrian walkways

o Construct additional wastewater treatment plants

30

ADB Country Partnership Strategy for Thailand (2007-2011):

Source: http://beta.adb.org/documents/thailand-country-partnership-strategy-2007-2011

• The strategy includes three core strategic areas of partnership at the national level: infrastructure

development, capital market development, and environmentally sustainable development

• Infrastructure Development. focus on projects involving rail MRT systems, highway development, power

generation, urban water supply, and sanitation

• Environmentally Sustainable Development. introducing economic instruments for environmental

management, piloting integrated water resource management, and supporting energy efficiency and

clean energy initiatives

31

p) Vietnam Total Population: 90.5 million

Capital city: Hanoi



Can Tho 1,187,089 Nha Trang 350,375

Danang 887,069 Quang Ngai 1,217,159

Haiphong 1,837,302 Qui Nhon 280,900

Hanoi 6,448,837 Thanh Hoa 197,551

Ho Chi Minh 7,396,446 Tuy Hoa 262,000

Hue 340,000

Noteworthy:

• Vietnam has the following key strategies and plans: National

Strategy on Climate Change (planned for submission in 2011),

National Action Plan for Climate Change (planned for submission in

2011), National Target Program to Response to Climate Change

2009-2013 (launched in 2008)

• United States Agency for International Development (USAID)

provided Vietnam with US$ 34 million to its climate adaptation and

mitigation strategies (2010-2014) in relation to biodiversity

conservation

• GEF’s Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) for 2010-2014 and GEF

Trust Fund support Vietnam's climate-resilient development

planning and biodiversity

Vietnam’s Plans and Strategies


Vietnam.

32

City Level

Table below shows an overview of the objectives of the city climate change plans included in the study

except for HCMC and Hue.

Objective Can Tho Da Nang Qui Nhon

Application of clean production processes in the industrial

sector ��

Awareness raising ��

Building agriculture research center ��

Building solar energy plants ��

Building waste treatment plants ��

Capacity building ��

Climate change database ��

Decentralized system water reservoirs ��

Eco-city ��

Identify and prepare priority actions to strengthen the

resilience of the city to future climate hazards ��

Identify and provide support for vulnerable target groups

and sectors ��

Improve quality of disaster warning and forecast ��

Integration of climate change resilience activities into

approved programs and projects ��

Issue regulations related to climate change ��

Mapping of river banks ��

Resettlement ��

Table below shows an overview of the sectors for adaptation options in HCMC and Hue.

Objective HCMC Hue

Agriculture ��

Biodiversity/natural ecosystems ��

Buildings ��

Coastal zone areas ��

Energy ��

Industry ��

Population ��

Public health ��

Tourism ��

Transportation ��

Urban development and land use planning ��

Water supply and sanitation ��

33

ADB Country Strategy and Program for Vietnam (2007-2010):

Source: http://www.adb.org/documents/CSPs/VIE/2006/CPS-VIE-2006-02.pdf

• ADB will continue its involvement in the environment and biodiversity also improving rural water supply

and sanitation.

• Improve urban planning and infrastructure development to reduce environmental and social risks in

selected cities. ADB will support efforts to encourage private sector investments in mass transport, water

supply financing, and other initiatives that directly improve the urban environment.