Cleavages Tibet-As economic growth eclipses any

pretense of egalitarian socialism, Tibetan working with CCP become even more disillusioned with relationship-breakdown of patron-client? Military Rule Enforced.

Inner Mongolia Ethnic cleavage, but less militarized than

Tibet. Parties-not recognized Some jailing of leaders Carrot and Stick-language and cultural days

left alone

Xinjang Province Largely Muslim Multiple Terror attempts: 2008-Thwarted Suicide Bombing of China

Flight 2008-Attack which killed 26 police officers

before Olympics 2009-2011-protests and riots.

Ughir People

Turkish/Russian

Unsure where loyalty lies

Ethnic Responses o Crackdown on protest by ethnic minorities and use

of military to maintain order o Restricting information into and out of ethnic

minority regions o Increased infrastructural/development projects in

ethnic areas (including water) o Improved access to education o Subsidies to ethnic/border regions (agricultural,

educational) o Incentives for foreign or domestic investment o Increased efforts to recruit more ethnic minorities

into the regional and national leadership

Great Western Development Plan onicle of Events[1]

1999: the "Western Development" guidelines are clarified 2000: the "Western Development" plan begins 2001: the official website of the "Western Development" program

is launched 2002: construction of the "West-East Gas Pipeline" begins 2003: the policy of "Returning Grazing Land to Grassland" comes

into effect 2004: the Law on Promoting Western Development is listed on the

legislative plan of the 10th National People's Congress 2005: compulsory education tuition and fees become exempt in

western areas 2006: the Qinghai-Tibet Railway begins operation 2007: the Ministry of Finance invests 280 billion yuan in the west

to support key projects 2009: Formation of the West Triangle Economic Zo

Geographic Shifting focus of development to the

West/Great Western Development program o Infrastructure, development and land

reclamation projects in the West (including water)

o Improved access to education o Incentives for foreign or domestic

investment in West to reduce disparities o Promotion of charity/donations

Class o Public spending to create jobs o Programs to help retrain unemployed, especially

from state-owned enterprises (SOEs) o Increased tolerance of localized protests as long as

they do not target the party o Arrests of workers, low-income people and migrants

who target the party o Crackdown on lawyers representing workers or low-

income people o Promotion of benefits for migrant workers o Community provisions of social services o Tax policies Shift to Consumer Spending

Gender

o New laws against/raising awareness about domestic violence and sexual harassment

o Criminalization of sex-selected abortion o Hosting of 1995 conference on women in

Beijing o Toleration of nongovernmental organizations

(NGOs) that target women’s issues o Efforts to reduce sex trafficking

Social Control Transparency Limited: No published budget Leaders selected behind closed doors Suppression of any info perceived as

damaging to the government

Political Participation – Political Parties CCP and Participation

Largest political party in world Only 8% of citizens age 18+ are members 2001 – capitalists allowed to become members

CCP’s Youth League More than 75 million members

CCP allows existence of eight “democratic” parties Each party has special group

it draws from (intellectuals, etc) Tightly controlled by CCP Advisory role only

Political Participation Discussion Question: Describe three different

forms of political participation in authoritarian systems.

Joining political parties, standing for office Voting Protests/demonstrations Civil disobedience Coups d’etat, revolutions, political violence Joining interest groups, NGOs, Citizens policy

meetings (mass line)

The Democracy Movement (1989), Fang Lizhi, and Tiananmen Square

Falun Gong

70 Million pracitioners by 1999/declared illegal (heretical) Thounsands imprisioned.

Police Power

Dissidents

Political Participation – Civil Society Non-existent under Mao Private organizations growing in recent years

Focus on social issues that do not directly challenge authority of state

1990s NGOs could register with govt China has thousands

(ping pong clubs, environmentalist groups)

Christianity and Buddhism rebounding

Govt keeps close control on these groups Esp Falun Gong (see student

presentation)

Feedback/ External Stimuli

Regime continues to control mass media Government mostly successful at

controlling access to Internet Millions find ways around Internet

controls China is world’s leader in pirated films,

music, and software WTO Member and G8 Participation=

Reform?

External Power

Foreign Policy: More change Entry into WTO changes relationships Olympics of 2008 create pressure for change Negotiated return of Hong Kong rewarded

Chinese efforts to join community of nations Refusal to endorse US-British invasion of Iraq in

2003 Major player in North Korean decision to

abandon nuclear technology Refusal to agree on Iranian nuclear threat

WTO NGO’s challenge China on Human Rights China devakues yuan, but open to trading on

markets under limited band.

Legitimacy/Information

Bird Flus and SARS Tinnamen Square Death’s

Economic Cleavages Urban V Rural Rights of Village and “ownership” vs. State ne

eds for devlopment.

East v. West Pollution Olympics Corruption-patronage Corruption-Regulation