2009 deegan krause cleavages
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DifferenceDivide
and Cleavage
Kevin Deegan Krause, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
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Thinking about difference:
Gerald Frug: •“All things are alike in some
ways and different in other ways”
Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
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Thinking about difference:
Gerald Frug: •“All things are alike in some
ways and different in other ways”
Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
![Page 4: 2009 Deegan Krause Cleavages](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061201/54796812b4af9f2c1e8b47ab/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Thinking about difference:
Gerald Frug: •“All things are alike in some
ways and different in other ways”
Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
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There are different ways to be different
Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
EmpiricalAscriptiveDemographicInertialCensus
•Gender•Age•Residence•Education•Class•Denomination
•Ethnicity
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
BeliefValues<->Attitudes
SociologicalInternalSurveys
•Economy•Culture•Foreign Policy•“Materialism”•“Local” Needs
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
InstitutionalBehaviorPolitical
ExternalElection Results
•Political parties
•Christian Democrats•Social Democrats•Liberals•Conservatives•Communists•Radical right•Ecology movements•Agrarians•Regional/Ethnic5
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
InstitutionalBehaviorPolitical
ExternalElection Results
•Social movements
•Civil society•Militia/Army•Trade Unions
•Other organizations
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
EmpiricalAscriptiveDemographicInertialCensus
BeliefValues<->Attitudes
SociologicalInternalSurveys
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EmpiricalAscriptiveDemographicInertialCensus
Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
BeliefValues<->Attitudes
SociologicalInternalSurveys
•Gender•Age•Residence•Education•Class•Denomination
•Ethnicity
•Economy•Culture•Foreign Policy•“Materialism”•“Local” Needs
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
EmpiricalAscriptiveDemographicInertialCensus
InstitutionalBehaviorPolitical
ExternalElection Results
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
•Political parties
•Christian Democrats•Social Democrats•Liberals•Conservatives•Communists•Radical right•Ecology movements•Agrarians•Regional/Ethnic
•Gender•Age•Residence•Education•Class•Denomination
•Ethnicity
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
InstitutionalBehaviorPolitical
ExternalElection ResultsBelief
Values<->AttitudesSociologicalInternalSurveys
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•Political parties
•Christian Democrats•Social Democrats•Liberals•Conservatives•Communists•Radical right•Ecology movements•Agrarians•Regional/Ethnic
Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
•Economy•Culture•Foreign Policy•“Materialism”•“Local” Needs
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
Cleavage
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Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
Cleavage
Difference, Divide and Cleavage?
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Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
Cleavagecleavage croatia
Difference, Divide and Cleavage?
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Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
Cleavage
Difference, Divide and Cleavage?
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Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
parties croatia
Difference, Divide and Cleavage?
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Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
CleavageCleavage
Difference, Divide and Cleavage?
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Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
Cleavage
Difference, Divide and Cleavage?
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
Conflicts and controversies can arise out of a great variety of relationships in the social structure, but only a few of these tend to polarize the politics of any given system. There is a hierarchy of cleavage bases in each system and these orders of political primacy not only vary among polities, but also tend to undergo changes over time. Such differences and changes in the political weight of sociocultural cleavages set fundamental problems for comparative research: When is region, language, or ethnicity most likely to prove polarizing? When will class take the primacy and when will denominational commitments and religious identities prove equally important cleavage bases? Which sets of circumstances are most likely to favour accommodations of such oppositions within parties and in which circumstances are they more apt to constitute issues between the parties? Which types of alliances tend to maximize the strain on the polity and which ones help to integrate it?
Conflicts and controversies
in great varietyonly a few tend to
polarize
Which circumstances favor accomodation?Which constitute
“issues”?Which alliances maximize strain?
Which help to integrate?
region
ethnicity
languageclass
Lipset and Rokkan 1967
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
Center-Periphery
16th-17th
c. Reformation, Counter-Reformation
State-Church
18th c. National Revolutions
Urban-Rural
19th c. Industrial Revolution
Owner-Worker
19th-20th c.
Russian RevolutionsMaterialist-
Postmaterialist
20th c. Youth Movement, Feminism, Ecology
Parochial-Cosmopolitan
20th c. Globalization
Lipset and Rokkan 1967
Regional/Ethnic
Geographic
Religiosity
Socio-Economic
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Sartori’s Ladder
High ExtensionLow Intension
Low ExtensionHigh Intension
Some ExtensionSome Intension
Few characteristicsLots of cases
Lots of characteristicsFew cases
Some characteristicsSome cases
Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
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Up-Ladder
Hi-extension
Mid-Ladder
Down-Ladder
Hi-intension
Ascriptive or Value or Behavior
“Cleavage” Rae & Taylor
Ascriptive andValue or Behavior
“Social Cleavage”“Political
Cleavage”
“Cleavage”
KitscheltDalton
Whitefield
Ascriptiveand Value And Behavior
“Structural and
Political Cleavage”
“Political Cleavag
e”
“Cleavage”Bartolini and Mair
Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
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Up-Ladder
Hi-extension
Mid-Ladder
Down-Ladder
Hi-intension
Ascriptive or Value or Behavior
“Cleavage” Rae & Taylor
Ascriptive andValue or Behavior
Social Cleavage
Political Cleavage
Ascriptiveand Value And Behavior
Structural and
Political Cleavage
Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
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Up-Ladder
Hi-extension
Mid-Ladder
Down-Ladder
Hi-intension
Ascriptive or Value or Behavior
“Difference”
Ascriptive andValue or Behavior
“Divide”
Ascriptiveand Value And Behavior
“Structural and
Political Cleavage”
“Political Cleavag
e”
“Cleavage”Bartolini and Mair
Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
AscriptiveDifferenc
e
Attitudinal
Difference
Behavioral
Difference
PositionDivide
IssueDivide
CensusDivide
Full Cleava
ge
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
AscriptiveDifferenc
e
Attitudinal
Difference
Behavioral
Difference
PositionDivide
IssueDivide
CensusDivide
Full Cleava
ge
Full Cleava
ge
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
AscriptiveDifferenc
e
Attitudinal
Difference
Behavioral
Difference
PositionDivide
IssueDivide
CensusDivide
Full Cleava
ge
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
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Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University
AscriptiveDifferenc
e
Attitudinal
Difference
Behavioral
Difference
PositionDivide
IssueDivide
CensusDivide
Full Cleava
geWrong
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Limite
d
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high Resemblance to “Cleavage” Politics low
mass
elite
Level of CausalMechanism
short-term rationality
personal/candidate voting
collective action
family socialization
cleavage building personalities
mass party
presidentialization
focus on median voter
catch all strategy
growing influence of courts, central banks, experts
populism
marginalization of parties
direct democracy
party system fragmentation
polarized party system
clientelism
pillarization
group/based discourse
party centered electoral systems
performance voting
commercial media
territorialization of politics
Agent produced-cleavages
Pure structural cleavages
Pure value cleavages
“Translated” structural cleavages
Subcultural and milleu parites
corporatism
Cleavage Rivals: Cleavages and Related Non-Cleavage Phenomena
Main (but ambivalent) alternatives
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high Resemblance to “Cleavage” Politics low
mass
elite
Level of CausalMechanism
short-term rationality
personal/candidate voting
collective action
family socialization
cleavage building personalities
mass party
presidentialization
focus on median voter
catch all strategy
growing influence of courts, central banks, experts
populism
marginalization of parties
direct democracy
party system fragmentation
polarized party system
clientelism
pillarization
group/based discourse
party centered electoral systems
performance voting
commercial media
territorialization of politics
Agent produced-cleavages
Pure structural cleavages
Pure value cleavages
“Translated” structural cleavages
Subcultural and milleu parites
corporatism
Cleavage Rivals: Cleavages and Related Non-Cleavage Phenomena
Main institutional impediments
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high Resemblance to “Cleavage” Politics low
mass
elite
Level of CausalMechanism
short-term rationality
personal/candidate voting
collective action
family socialization
cleavage building personalities
mass party
presidentialization
focus on median voter
catch all strategy
growing influence of courts, central banks, experts
populism
marginalization of parties
direct democracy
party system fragmentation
polarized party system
clientelism
pillarization
group/based discourse
party centered electoral systems
performance voting
commercial media
territorialization of politics
Agent produced-cleavages
Pure structural cleavages
Pure value cleavages
“Translated” structural cleavages
Subcultural and milleu parites
corporatism
Cleavage Rivals: Cleavages and Related Non-Cleavage Phenomena
Other institutional impediments
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high Resemblance to “Cleavage” Politics low
mass
elite
Level of CausalMechanism
short-term rationality
personal/candidate voting
collective action
family socialization
cleavage building personalities
mass party
presidentialization
focus on median voter
catch all strategy
growing influence of courts, central banks, experts
populism
marginalization of parties
direct democracy
party system fragmentation
polarized party system
clientelism
pillarization
group/based discourse
party centered electoral systems
performance voting
commercial media
territorialization of politics
Agent produced-cleavages
Pure structural cleavages
Pure value cleavages
“Translated” structural cleavages
Subcultural and milleu parites
corporatism
Cleavage Rivals: Cleavages and Related Non-Cleavage Phenomena
Ambivalent institutional impediments
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INSUFFICIENT
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Identity / Values
Behavior/Institutions
Structure/Demographics
GroupnessValues
Structure Particiza
tion
Persiste
nce
Polit
iciz
ati
on
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GroupnessValues
Structure Particiza
tion
Persiste
nce
Polit
iciz
ati
on
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Cleavages@ - Enyedi and Deegan Krause, APSA 2008
Positional Structure
A Framework
=
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Cleavages@ - Enyedi and Deegan Krause, APSA 2008
Temporal Structure
A Framework
=t=1
t=2
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Cleavages@ - Enyedi and Deegan Krause, APSA 2008
++TemporalStability
--
Positional Stability++ --
A Framework
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Cleavages@ - Enyedi and Deegan Krause, APSA 2008
++TemporalStability
--
Positional Stability++ --
FreezingCleavage
DealignmentRealignment
A Framework
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Cleavages@ - Enyedi and Deegan Krause, APSA 2008
A Framework
Values
Group Consciousness
Socio-Demographics
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Cleavages@ - Enyedi and Deegan Krause, APSA 2008
A FrameworkPolitical System
Party Bloc
Party
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Cleavages@ - Enyedi and Deegan Krause, APSA 2008
A Framework
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