CLASSIFICATION

= the grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of

criteria.

TAXONOMY

= A branch of biology that groups and names organisms

TAXONOMYTAXONOMY= = A branch of biology A branch of biology that groups and names that groups and names organisms.organisms.

I. History A.  Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C.) ◦ Greek philosopher ◦ 1st method of classification ◦ 2 groups: plants and animals

I HistoryI HistoryI. HistoryI. HistoryA. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)( )�Greek philosopher�1st method of classification�1 method of classification•2 groups: plants & animals

I. History

B. Carolus Linneaus (1707 – 1778) ◦ Swedish botanist ◦ System we still use today ◦ Binomial nomenclature (2 words

naming system) ◦ Every living organism has a genus name

and a species name!

I. HistoryI. HistoryB. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

yy�Swedish botanist�System we still use today�Binominal nomenclature (2 word

naming system)g y )�Every living organism has a genus name and a species name!name and a species name!

Genus & Species Name: � Genus species: ◦ Scientific name Ex: Homo spaiens � Common name Ex: = human beings ◦ Scientific name Ex: Acinonyx jubatus � Common name Ex: = Cheetah

Genus & Species Name:Genus & Species Name:� Genus species:

i ifi E H pi • scientific name Ex: Homo sapiens ocommon name Ex: = human beings• scientific name Ex: Acinonyx jubatusocommon name Ex: Cheetahocommon name Ex: Cheetah

Genus & Species Name: � Writing scientific names (genus and

species) ◦ The genus name is capitalized; the

species name is lowercase ◦ Both genus and species names are

always � Underlined or italicized

II. Why are living things organized?

� Provides logic and organization � Universal understanding - useful tool �  Important to economy – discoveries! ◦ New sources of lumber, medicines,

energy, etc…

II. Why are living things organized?II. Why are living things organized?

� Provides logic and organization

� Universal understanding-useful toolg

I t t t econom di i !� Important to economy- discoveries!oNew sources of lumber, medicines, energy, etc…

II. Why are living things organized?II. Why are living things organized?

� Provides logic and organization

� Universal understanding-useful toolg

I t t t econom di i !� Important to economy- discoveries!oNew sources of lumber, medicines, energy, etc…

III. How are living things organized?

� A. Taxa – series of categories, each one larger than the precious one ◦ Species (only one) ◦ Genus ◦ Family ◦ Order ◦ Class ◦ Phylum ◦ Kingdom ◦ Domain (very broad category)

III. How are living things organized?

B. Classified by similarities in: 1.  Developmental stages 2.  Biochemical analysis (DNA) 3.  Behavioral patterns

III. How are living things classified?III. How are living things classified?

B. Classified by similarities in:1 D l t l t1. Developmental stages2. Biochemical analysis (DNA)3. Behavioral patterns

III. How are living things classified?III. How are living things classified?

B. Classified by similarities in:1 D l t l t1. Developmental stages2. Biochemical analysis (DNA)3. Behavioral patterns

III. How are living things classified?III. How are living things classified?

B. Classified by similarities in:1 D l t l t1. Developmental stages2. Biochemical analysis (DNA)3. Behavioral patterns

IV. Domains: � Organisms are classified into domains

according to cell type and structure � Organisms are classified into kingdom

according to cell type, structure, and nutrition.

2 Cell Types: 2 Cell Types2 Cell Types::

1) Eukaryotic cells = have membrane bound have membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; usually more complex usually more complex than prokaryotic cellsP k i ll 2) Prokaryotic cells = does NOT have a

l h nucleus or other membrane-bound

llorganelles

1) Eukaryotic cells = have membrane-bound nucleus and organelles usually more complex than prokaryotic cells. 2) Prokaryotic cells = does NOT have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

3 Domains: 1)  Bacteria 2)  Archea 3)  Eukarya

3 Domains3 Domains::3 Domains3 Domains::1) Bacteria2) Archea (pronounced- ar KEE uh)3) Eukarya3) Eukarya

A. Bacteria � Prokaryotes � Cell walls contain peptidoglycan (polymer

of sugars) � Contains Kingdom Bacteria

AA. . BacteriaBacteriaAA. . BacteriaBacteria� Prokaryotesy� Cell walls contain peptidoglycan (polymer

of sugars)o suga s)� Contains Kingdom Bacteria

E.�coli

B. Archea � More ancient than bacteria � Prokaryotes � Cells wall DO NOT contain

peptidoglycan � Live in extreme environments ◦  Boiling hot springs, salty lakes, thermal vents

on the oceans’ floors, mud of marshes where there is NO oxygen

B. B. ArcheaArcheaB. B. ArcheaArchea� More ancient than bacteria � Prokaryotes� Cell walls DO NOT contain peptidoglycan� Cell walls DO NOT contain peptidoglycan� Live in extreme environments• Boiling hot springs, salty latkes, thermal

vents on the oceans’ floors, mud of marshes where there is NO oxygen

C. Eukarya � Eukaryotes � Contains Kingdom Protists, Kingdom

Fungi, Kingdom Plants, Kingdom Animals

C. C. EukaryaEukarya� Eukaryotes

C t i Ki d P ti t �Contains Kingdom Protists, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plants, Kingdom Animals

V. THE SIX KINGDOMS: 1.  BACTERIA 2.  ARCHAEA 3.  PROTISTS 4.  FUNGI 5.  PLANTS 6.  ANIMALS

VV. THE SIX KINGDOMS:. THE SIX KINGDOMS:

1. BACTERIA2. ARCHAEA3 PROTISTS3. PROTISTS4. FUNGIPLANTS5. PLANTS

6. ANIMALS

Flow Chart of Domains & Kingdoms Flow Chart of Domains & Kingdoms:

3 Domains 6 Kingdoms

Bacteria Bacteria

Archaea Archaea

Protists

Pl tEukarya

Plants

Fungi

Animals

A. BACTERIA � Cell type – prokaryote � Cells walls with peptiodglycan � Unicellular � Autotroph (organism that makes their

own food) or heterotroph (organism that gets its nutrients by feeding on other organisms)

A. A. BACTERIABACTERIAA. A. BACTERIABACTERIA� Cell type –prokaryote

C ll ll h � Cell walls with peptidoglycan� Unicellular� Autotroph (organism that � Autotroph (organism that

makes their own food) or h h ( i h heterotroph (organism that gets its nutrients by feeding on other organisms)

A. BACTERIA

� Common bacteria ◦ Ex: bacteria you would find on your skin ◦ Ex: streptococcus bacteria causes strep

throat ◦ Ex: E. coli

BACTERIA (continued)BACTERIA (continued)C b i� Common bacteria• Ex: bacteria you would find on your y yskin• Ex: streptococcus bacteria causes • Ex: streptococcus bacteria causes strep throatE E l• Ex: E. coli

Streptococcus E. Coli

BACTERIA (continued)BACTERIA (continued)C b i� Common bacteria• Ex: bacteria you would find on your y yskin• Ex: streptococcus bacteria causes • Ex: streptococcus bacteria causes strep throatE E l• Ex: E. coli

Streptococcus E. Coli

B. ARCHAEA � Cell type – prokaryote � Cell walls DO NOT contain

peptidoglycan � Unicellular � Autotroph or heterotroph

B. ARCHAEAB. ARCHAEA� Cell type –prokaryote� Cell walls DO NOT contain � Cell walls DO NOT contain

peptidoglycan� Unicellular� Autotroph or heterotroph p p

Hot Springs Deep Sea Vents

B. ARCHAEAB. ARCHAEA� Cell type –prokaryote� Cell walls DO NOT contain � Cell walls DO NOT contain

peptidoglycan� Unicellular� Autotroph or heterotroph p p

Hot Springs Deep Sea Vents

C. PROTISTS � Most diverse group � Cell type – eukaryote � Unicellular and multicellular �  Some plant-like, animal-like and

fungus-like � DO NOT have organs � Usually live in moist environment � Ex: paramecium, slime mold, kelps

C. C. PROTISTSPROTISTS� Most diverse group� Cell type – eukaryoteyp y� Unicellular and multicellular

S l t lik i l lik d � Some plant-like, animal-like and fungus-like� DO NOT have organs� Usually live in moist environments� Usually live in moist environments� Ex: paramecium, slime mold,

k lkelps

C. C. PROTISTSPROTISTS� Most diverse group� Cell type – eukaryoteyp y� Unicellular and multicellular

S l t lik i l lik d � Some plant-like, animal-like and fungus-like� DO NOT have organs� Usually live in moist environments� Usually live in moist environments� Ex: paramecium, slime mold,

k lkelps

C. C. PROTISTSPROTISTS� Most diverse group� Cell type – eukaryoteyp y� Unicellular and multicellular

S l t lik i l lik d � Some plant-like, animal-like and fungus-like� DO NOT have organs� Usually live in moist environments� Usually live in moist environments� Ex: paramecium, slime mold,

k lkelps

C. FUNGI � Cell type – eukaryote � Most multicellular � Heterotrophic – absorb nutrients

obtained by decomposing dead organisms and wastes in environment

� Cell walls with chitin (polymer) � Ex: mushrooms, molds

C. FUNGIC. FUNGIC. FUNGIC. FUNGI

� Cell type – eukaryoteyp y� Most multicellular

H t t hi b b t i t � Heterotrophic - absorb nutrients obtained by decomposing dead organisms and wastes in environment� Cell walls with chitin (polymer)

Ex: mushrooms molds� Ex: mushrooms, molds

C. FUNGIC. FUNGIC. FUNGIC. FUNGI

� Cell type – eukaryoteyp y� Most multicellular

H t t hi b b t i t � Heterotrophic - absorb nutrients obtained by decomposing dead organisms and wastes in environment� Cell walls with chitin (polymer)

Ex: mushrooms molds� Ex: mushrooms, molds

C. FUNGIC. FUNGIC. FUNGIC. FUNGI

� Cell type – eukaryoteyp y� Most multicellular

H t t hi b b t i t � Heterotrophic - absorb nutrients obtained by decomposing dead organisms and wastes in environment� Cell walls with chitin (polymer)

Ex: mushrooms molds� Ex: mushrooms, molds

D. PLANTS � Cell type – eukaryote � Multicellular � Photosynthetic (autotrophs) � Most have cellulose in their cell

walls � Tissues organized into organs

(roots, stems, leaves)

D. PLANTSD. PLANTSD. PLANTSD. PLANTS

� Cell type – eukaryoteyp y� Multicellular

Ph t th ti ( t t h )� Photosynthetic (autotrophs)� Most have cellulose in their cell

walls � Tissues organized into organs� Tissues organized into organs

(roots, stems, leaves)

D. PLANTSD. PLANTSD. PLANTSD. PLANTS

� Cell type – eukaryoteyp y� Multicellular

Ph t th ti ( t t h )� Photosynthetic (autotrophs)� Most have cellulose in their cell

walls � Tissues organized into organs� Tissues organized into organs

(roots, stems, leaves)

E. ANIMALS � Cell type – eukaryote � Multicellular � Consumers that eat and digest

other organisms for food � No cell walls � Have tissues organized into complex

organ systems

E E ANIMALSANIMALSE. E. ANIMALSANIMALS� Cell type – eukaryote

M l ll l� Multicellular� Consumers that eat and digest g

other organisms for food� No cell walls� No cell walls� Have tissues organized into complex

organ systems

E E ANIMALSANIMALSE. E. ANIMALSANIMALS� Cell type – eukaryote

M l ll l� Multicellular� Consumers that eat and digest g

other organisms for food� No cell walls� No cell walls� Have tissues organized into complex

organ systems

E E ANIMALSANIMALSE. E. ANIMALSANIMALS� Cell type – eukaryote

M l ll l� Multicellular� Consumers that eat and digest g

other organisms for food� No cell walls� No cell walls� Have tissues organized into complex

organ systems

E E ANIMALSANIMALSE. E. ANIMALSANIMALS� Cell type – eukaryote

M l ll l� Multicellular� Consumers that eat and digest g

other organisms for food� No cell walls� No cell walls� Have tissues organized into complex

organ systems

Kingdom Characteristics

B t i A h E kDomain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Bacteria Archaea Protists Fungi Plants AnimalsKingdom Bacteria Archaea Protists Fungi Plants Animals

C ll T Prokaryotic EukaryoticCell Type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Cell Contains Does NOT t i

Some with Chitin Cell lose NO Cell Walls peptidoglycan contain

peptidoglycan cellulose Chitin Cellulosewalls

Number of Cells

UnicellularUnicellular

& Multicellular

Most Multicellul

arMulticellular

Nutrition Autotroph or heterotroph Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph