CLASSIFICATION OF PAVEMENTS1. In-situ paving2. Unit paving3. Soft paving

1. IN SITU PAVING Concrete• relatively easy to install• available with several finishes, many colors andvarious textures• durable surface• low life time maintenance cost• long lasting• hard, nonresillent surface• adaptable to curvilinear forms• joints are required• relatively low tensile strength Asphalt• low heat and light reflectivity• durable• dust free surface• can be made porous• will fray at edges, if not supported• can soften in warm weather• soluble in gasoline and kerosene

2. UNIT PAVING Brick unit paving• Non-glare surface• easily repaired• wide color range• High installation cost• Difficult to clean• Can disintegrate in freezing weather Granite unit paving• Hard and dense• Very durable under extreme weather conditions• Will support heavy traffic• Relatively expensive Slate unit paving• Durable• Wide range of colors• Slow to weather• Relatively expensive• Can be slippery in wet weather

3.Soft paving Turfgrass soft paving• Colourful• Relatively low installation cost• Dust free• Good drainage characteristics• Difficult and expensive to maintainTurf blocks soft paving• Same as turf alone but has addedstability to withstand light vehicularloads• Requires high level of maintenance.

DESIGN CRITERIAAPPLICATION• Loading –bearing Ability: Heavy, medium, & heavy

duty applications generally refer to the type ofvehicular and pedestrian traffic which a pavementsmust accommodate.

• Durability: Pavement design must accommodatesustained pavement loading as well as maintenancemethods and natural weathering effects.

• Safety: Both vehicular and pedestrian pavementsare required to be universally accessible and safe,therefore constrained by texture, joinery, slope,drainage and associated with site finishing.

CLIMATE:• Regional climate factors of daily temperature extremes,

precipitation rate and frequency, and frost/thaw cycles heavilyinfluence pavement details and finishes.

• Hot arid, hot humid, temperate, and cold.

SUBGRADE:• Well-drained or clay subsoil, rooftop gardens, or other

unique site Subgrade features play a significant role indetermining a structural pavement design strategy.

• Well drained soils are idea for construction with regardto permeability and bearing capacity.

• Clay soils are subjected to swelling thus have a highpotential for lateral shearing. MAINTAINANCE:• Annual maintenance for pavementtypically requires periodic coating,

pointing, cleaning, and sealing ofjoints, repair of broken segmentsor settled areas, re-sitting of unit

pavers, and general sweeping toremove accumulated fines and debris.

COST:• Initial installation cost is a function of material cost,

labour, business overhead and profit required toinstall the pavement and associated supportstructure.

• Every layer and associated operation carries adiscreet cost per m². Cost therefore may beconsidered as equal to the sum of each layerinstallation cost per m².

• Average, the cost per square foot for asphalt will runbetween $2.50 to $4.00 & concrete, on the otherhand, can run between $4.00 to $6.00 per squarefoot for basic installation and can cost moredepending on different finishes and detail.

DESIGN ASPECTSPavement design has several aspects that are typically identified by the creative expertise of

the designer and that are then definitively determined through a collaboration amongdifferent design disciplines working toward a common.

The structural, functional and aesthetical design aspects are interdependent ,and often involve the application of expertise from very difficult design disciplines.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN- Involves determination of structural composition of pavement’ Looks at entire pavement system,full depth of soil,base material and its resistance to

settling and material failure. Factors affecting –location, climate, soil conditions ,etc.

FUNCTIONAL DESIGN- Determines the arrangements of paved areas with respect to their intended use Includes highways, roads, streets, driveways, parking areas, sidewalks ,etc . Factors considered –safety and accessibility , circulation and traffic, parking and access

,etc.AESTHETICAL DESIGN- Mainly focuses on appearance of the pavement.Requires knowledge and expertise of design principles and characteristics.

DESIGN AND EXPRESSIONS

THIS ISSOMETHING“CRAZY”

Latest Technology for Pavements

The tiles were installed over a 25-metre distanceat the start point of the Paris Marathon, as wellas around spectator viewing platforms where itgenerated almost 5 Kilo Watts of energy whichcan light up a village in a developing nation foran entire day.

It’s not just big events that are benefiting frompavement power, some schools in London has apermanent Pavegen installation in its halls,harvesting power from the footsteps of students.

Pavegen ultimately hopes to maketiles as affordable as regular floortiles, and to see them installed inoffices, schools, pedestrianised areasand public spaces around the world.

Pedestrians around the world cangenerate energy simply by walking towork or taking an afternoon stroll,thanks to ‘kinetic pavements’ thatturn footsteps into electricity.

Solar RoadwaysStep onto the pavement on a hot day &

you might get a sense of the energy…….. The Idaho couple are thinking up a way

to pave the country's roadways withsolar cells, rather than asphalt orconcrete.

Translating that into a practical solutionhasn't been easy, as it isn't as simple astaking solar cells off of a rooftop andburying them into the pavement.

In Solar Roadways project, glass-covered solarpanels are strong enough to drive on whilegenerating enough power to light the road,melt ice and snow, and send extraenergy to cities.

Here, the glass is a half inch thick, andtempered, and laminated.

The textured surface means it isn't slippery, &since it can self-power small heaters inside tomelt ice in winter, it is supposedly safer thanan ordinary road.

It also powers small LED lights inside that canlight up dividing lines and spell out warningmessages.

They are strong enough tosupport a truck weighing asmuch as 250,000 pounds.

If the roads of whole countrygets converted to the solarpavement system, there'd beenough power to eliminatethe use of fossil fuelgenerators.

We can even provide electricpower through the roads topower battery vehicles.

These solar roadways emits small LEDlights at night as shown in the imagealongside.

“Solar panel roads can solve countlessenvironmental problems, but all theyneed is funding………”

Dazzling STARPATH Pavement UK-based company Pro-Teq has developed

a glow-in-the-dark product (liquid product)“STARPATH” that can be applied to virtuallyany pavement surface to provide energy-free lighting once night falls.

The material absorbs light during the dayto create a luminous glow at night, and itis also non-slip and water-resistant, so itcould reduce accidents whileincreasing visibility.

Different colours, aggregate sizes, andapplication bases are also available asshown in the image alongside.

Light Pavements Designed by Roberto

Paoli, this walkoverlighting system iscertainly innovative.

It’s a great way todecorate your garden.

Such type of light pavements gives avery fascinating look andappearance.

Some creative ideas

DAMAGE IN PAVEMENT

DAMAGE IN PAVEMENT

Depression formed

Broken Part

Improper labelling Cracks formation

FAULTS IN PAVEMENTCONSTRUCTION