Classification Notes

1. ClassificationA. Arrangement in classes or groups to improve communication

B. Four factors• Similar structure• Behavior• Food needs• Chemical make up

Kingdoms

2. Six kingdoms of living things:A. Kingdom Archebacteria

1. Prokaryotic a. Single-celled

b. No true nucleus (no membrane) 2. Live in extreme environments 3. Anaerobic 4. Example: Bacteria living in hot

springs

Kingdoms

B. Kingdom Eubacteria

1. Prokaryotic

a. Single-celled

b. No true nucleus (no membrane)

2. Live in less extreme environments

3. Mostly aerobic

4. Examples: cyanobacteria, yogurt bacteria

Kingdoms

C. Kingdom Protista

1. Eukaryotic

a. Complex cell structure

b. Membrane bound organelles

c. True nucleus

2. Single-celled or many-celled

3. Some plantlike, animal-like, or

funguslike

4. Examples: Amoeba, paramecium, diatoms, euglena, algae

KingdomsD. Kingdom Fungi

1. Most are many-celled2. Body made of hyphae3. Saprophytes (obtain food by absorbing

dead or decaying tissues of other organisms)

4. Reproduce by spores5. Decomposers 6. Examples: Club (mushrooms), sac

(yeast) zygote (bread mold), imperfect (penicillin)

Kingdoms

E. Plant Kingdom 1. Many-celled

2. Photosynthetic – make their own food3. Examples: Pine tree, rose, corn

F. Animal Kingdom1. Many celled2. Consume other organisms for

food3. Examples: Scorpion, cat,

jellyfish, sponge

Subdivisions of kingdoms

3. Subdivisions of kingdom

Using the columbine as an example

A. Kingdom – Plant

B. Phylum – Tracheophyta

C. Class – Angiospermae

D. Order - Dicotyledon

E. Family - Ranunculaceae

F. Genus – Aquilegia

G. Species - cearulea

Naming Organisms

4. Naming organisms

A. Common names are those given in your language and are often confusing or over-

lapping

B. Scientific names are those given in Latin

which describes only one organism – no

confusion

Animal Kingdom

1. Animals are made of many cells. Different kinds of cells carry out different functions such as sensing the environment, getting rid of wastes, and reproducing.

2. Animal cells have a nucleus and specialized structures inside the cells called organelles.

3. Animals depend on other living things in the environment for food. Some eat plants, some eat other animals, and some eat plants and animals.

Animal Kingdom

4. Animals digest their food. The proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in foods are broken down into simpler molecules that can move into the animal’s cells.

5. Many animals move from place to place. They can escape from their enemies and find food, mates, and places to live. Animals that move slowly or not at all have adaptations that make it possible for them to take care of these needs in other ways.

6. All animals are capable of reproducing sexually. Some animals also can reproduce asexually.

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Porifera

1. Phylum PoriferaA. PoresB. Sessile (permanently attached as adults) C. Two cell layersD. Marine (salt) and fresh waterE. Respiration - Oxygen absorbed by inner cell

layer

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Porifera

F. Digestion – Food

absorbed by inner

cell layer

G. Circulation

1. Flagellum

create a current of

water

2. No blood

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Cnidaria

2. Phylum Cnidaria- Jellyfish, Coral, Anemones

A. Stinging Cells

B. Tentacles

C. Some sessile / some free swimming

D. Respiration - Oxygen absorbed by

inner cell layer

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Cnidaria

E. Digestion

1. Food absorbed

by inner cell layer

2. Single-opening

system

F. Circulation - Water current distributes gas/food

Polyp Form

Medusa Form

Animal Kingdom _ Phylum Platyhelminthes

3. Phylum: Platyhelminthes – Flatworms

A. Parasites (live off of live host) B. Can regenerate if broken

C. Respiration - Oxygen absorbed through

skin

D. Digestion

1. Nutrients absorbed into inner cell layers

2. Single-opening system

Animal Kingdom _ Phylum Platyhelminthes

E. Circulation - nutrients/gas circulated by

host

F. Examples – planarian, fluke, tapeworm

TapewormPlanarian

Animal kingdom – Phylum Nematoda

4. Phylum: Nematoda - RoundwormsA. Many are parasites/some free-living

B. Respiration - Oxygen absorbed through skin

C. Digestion

1. Nutrients absorbed by inner cell layer

2. Complete system (two openings)

D. Circulation - Food/gas absorbed through cells

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Mollusca5. Phylum: Mollusca

A. Mostly shell-buildersB. Mantle - fleshy covering that secretes the

shell C. Well developed sense organsD. Respiration - gills for gas exchangeE. Digestion - complete with specialized organsF. Circulation - hearts for pumping bloodG. Mostly aquatic (live in water)H. Examples: octopus, squid, snails, clams

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Mollusca

I. Classes of Mollusca

1. Class Gastropoda

a. “Stomach foot”

b. Most have shells

c. Examples: snails, conch, slugs

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Mollusca

2. Class Bivalvia

a. “two shells”

b. Hinged, two part shell

c. Examples: clam, oyster, and

scallops

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Mollusca

3. Class Cephalopodaa. “head foot”b. Large, well developed headc. Most have tentaclesd. Closed circulatory systeme. Jet propulsion f. Examples: octopus, squid, cuttlefish

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Annelida6. Phylum: Annelida - Segmented Worms

A. Segmented body

B. Respiration - Gas exchange through skin

C. Digestion

1. Specialized organs

2. Complete system

3. Nutrients absorbed by inner cell layer

D. Circulation - Pairs of “hearts” circulate blood

– Example: earthworm, leeches

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Arthropoda7. Phylum: Arthropoda

A. Exoskeleton (outside)

B. Jointed legs

C. Segmented body

D. Circulation - open, hearts for pumps

E. Respiration

a. Vents and spiracles (land arthropods)

b. Gills (aquatic arthropods)

F. Digestion - complete system with specialized organs

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Arthropoda

G. Classes of Phylum Arthropoda

1. Class: Crustacea (Crabs, lobsters)

a. Mostly marine (salt water) b. Cephalothorax and abdomen

(Two body regions)

c. Five pairs of appendages

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Arthropoda

2. Class: Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites)

a. Many are poisonous

b. Two body regions

c. Four pairs of legs

3. Class: Insecta (grasshoppers, bees)

a. Many fly

b. Three body regions

c. Three pairs of legs

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Arthropoda

4. Class: Chilopoda (centipedes) a. Many segments b. One pair of legs per segment c. Poisonous

5. Class: Diplopoda (millipedes) a. Many segments b. Two pair of legs per segment c. Not poisonous

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Echinodermata

8. Phylum: Echinodermata A. Spiny skin

B. Radial design

C. Example: starfish

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Chordata

9. Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates with spinal cord)A. Circulation

1. Closed (veins and arteries)

2. Multi-chambered heart

B. Digestion - complete system with

specialized organs

C. Respiration

1. Lungs (land)

2. Gills (water)

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Chordata

D. Classes of Phylum Chordata

1. Class: Cyclostomata (jawless fish)

a. Cold blooded

b. Cartilage skeleton

c. No jaws

d. Example: lamprey, hagfish

Lamprey feeding on host fish

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Chordata

2. Class: Chondrichthyes (jawed cartilaginous fish)

a. Cold blooded

b. Sharp teeth

c. Jaws

d. Cartilage skeleton

e. Example: sharks, rays

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Chordata

3. Class: Osteichthyes (bony fish)

a. Cold blooded

b. Bone skeleton

c. Two chambered heart

d. Scales

e. Example: perch, bass

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Chordata 4. Class: Amphibia

a. Live in water and on land

b. Smooth, moist skin (exceptions: toads)

c. Cold blooded

d. Breathe through gills as babies

e. Breathe through lungs/skin as adult

f. Lay eggs in water

g. Three chambered heart

h. Metamorphisms (tadpole to frog)

i. Examples: newt, salamander, frogs

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Chordata 5. Class: Reptilia

a. Cold blooded

b. Scales

c. Lay eggs on land

d. Incomplete four chambered heart

e. Breath with lungs from birth

f. Examples: Snakes, lizards, turtles

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Chordata

6. Class: Avesa. Warm blooded

b. Complete four chambered heart

c. Streamlined (aerodynamic) body

d. Feathers

e. Lay eggs on land

f. Light weight skeleton

g. Examples: Eagles, seagulls, turkeys

Animal Kingdom – Phylum Chordata 7. Class: Mammalia

a. Warm bloodedb. Hairc. Live birth (placentals)

Placenta - nourishes baby while developing in Mom

d. Mammary glands 1. Produce milk 2. Nurse young

e. Two pairs of limbsf. High functioning brain and sense

organs

THE END!

Whew