classification & diversity chapter 18 biology 112
TRANSCRIPT
Classification & DiversityClassification & Diversity
Chapter 18Chapter 18
Biology 112Biology 112
Importance of ClassificationImportance of Classification To study the vast number of living and fossil To study the vast number of living and fossil
organisms (est. up to 40 million different species)organisms (est. up to 40 million different species) Provide natural groupings of living thingsProvide natural groupings of living things TaxonomyTaxonomy – the study of naming organisms – the study of naming organisms Problems with “common” names ex: June Bug refers Problems with “common” names ex: June Bug refers
to over a dozen different beetlesto over a dozen different beetles Early scholars tried to standardize the system by Early scholars tried to standardize the system by
giving organisms a Latin name, “the universal giving organisms a Latin name, “the universal language of science”language of science”
Problem with Latin names – difficult to use, changed Problem with Latin names – difficult to use, changed regularly, and some had 15 namesregularly, and some had 15 names
Latin NamesLatin Names
One carnation like flower had the name:One carnation like flower had the name:
““Dianthus floribus solitariis squamis calycinis Dianthus floribus solitariis squamis calycinis subovatis brevissimus corollis crenatis”subovatis brevissimus corollis crenatis”
Biologists needed a single, stable concise way Biologists needed a single, stable concise way of naming thingsof naming things
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
Swedish Botanist Swedish Botanist Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus (1707- (1707-1787) devised a shorthand method of naming 1787) devised a shorthand method of naming organisms called the organisms called the system of binomial system of binomial nomenclaturenomenclature
Used worldwide Used worldwide Gives each species a unique two part Latin Gives each species a unique two part Latin
name known as the scientific namename known as the scientific name Carnation type plant: Carnation type plant: Dianthus caryophyllusDianthus caryophyllus
Binomial Nomenclature – Scientific Binomial Nomenclature – Scientific NamingNaming
Examples: Examples: Homo sapiens, Castor canadensis, Acer rubrumHomo sapiens, Castor canadensis, Acer rubrum First word = First word = genusgenus and it’s first letter is always and it’s first letter is always
capitalizedcapitalized and word and word italicizeditalicizedGenusGenus is usually a proper noun or common name used is usually a proper noun or common name used
by the Romans; ex: similar cats were in the genus by the Romans; ex: similar cats were in the genus FelisFelis, dogs in the genus , dogs in the genus CanisCanis
Second word = Second word = speciesspecies Species is usually a Greek or Latin adjective that Species is usually a Greek or Latin adjective that
describes a describes a significant characteristicsignificant characteristic of the species of the species
Naming cont….Naming cont….
Example:Example:
Campanula rotundifoliaCampanula rotundifolia
(campana means “bell”; rotund means “round”; (campana means “bell”; rotund means “round”; folia means “leaves”folia means “leaves”
A bell flower with rounded leavesA bell flower with rounded leaves
Classifying in Classifying in BiologyBiology
Linneaus’s Classification System:Linneaus’s Classification System:
Human Cougar Tiger Pintail Duck
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
Phylum/Division
Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata
Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Aves
Order Primate Carnivora Carnivora Anseriformes
Family Homindae Felidae Felidae Anatidae
Genus Homo Felis Panthera Anas
Species sapiens concolor tigris acuta
Dichotomous KeysDichotomous Keys
Classification manuals to conduct Classification manuals to conduct identification workidentification work
Constructed so that a series of choices must be Constructed so that a series of choices must be mademade
If choices are made correctly, the taxonomist If choices are made correctly, the taxonomist is led to the name of the organism being is led to the name of the organism being identified.identified.
HWK Time!!HWK Time!!
112 Hwk: guided reading HWK 18-1 112 Hwk: guided reading HWK 18-1
More Classifying Using More Classifying Using Dichotomoous KeysDichotomoous Keys
3 Keys – Go in lab Duotang!!3 Keys – Go in lab Duotang!!
Classification Classification
Section 18.2 & 18.3Section 18.2 & 18.3
Phylogeny:Phylogeny:
Evolutionary relationships among organismsEvolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that Biologists group organisms into categories that
represent lines of represent lines of evolutionary descentevolutionary descent, not just , not just physical similarities.physical similarities.
The strategy of grouping organisms together based on The strategy of grouping organisms together based on their their evolutionary history is called evolutionary history is called evolutionary evolutionary classificationclassification
Evidence for Evolution – Evidence for Evolution – Homologous Structures?Homologous Structures?
Evidence for Evolution – Vestigial Evidence for Evolution – Vestigial Structures?Structures?
Evidence for Evolution – Embryonic Evidence for Evolution – Embryonic Development?Development?
Evidence for Evolution – Evidence for Evolution – Physiology/Biochemistry?Physiology/Biochemistry?
Linnaean System vs. Evolutionary System Linnaean System vs. Evolutionary System of Classificationof Classification
KPCOFGS came way before scientists KPCOFGS came way before scientists understood that organisms evolved.understood that organisms evolved.
The Phylogenic (Evolutionary) System names The Phylogenic (Evolutionary) System names only only cladesclades
CladesClades are groups of organisms that are all are groups of organisms that are all descended from a common ancestordescended from a common ancestor
CladogramCladogram
Tree of LifeTree of Life
Five Kingdoms of ClassificationFive Kingdoms of Classification
Linnaeus – 2 Kingdoms (Animals and PlantsLinnaeus – 2 Kingdoms (Animals and PlantsLED TO:LED TO: 1.1. ProtistaProtista2.2. FungiFungi3.3. MoneraMonera4.4. PlantaePlantae5.5. AnimaliaAnimalia
Recent Years:Recent Years:
Six Kingdoms:Six Kingdoms:1.1. EubacteriaEubacteria2.2. ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria3.3. ProtistaProtista4.4. FungiFungi5.5. PlantaePlantae6.6. AnimaliaAnimalia
TODAY = 3 Domain SystemTODAY = 3 Domain System
DomainsDomains::
1.1. EukaryaEukarya (protists, fungi, plants, animals) (protists, fungi, plants, animals) (uni and multicellular/eukaryotic)(uni and multicellular/eukaryotic)
2.2. BacteriaBacteria (unicellular/prokaryotic)(unicellular/prokaryotic)
3.3. ArchaeArchae (unicellular/prokaryotic)(unicellular/prokaryotic)
So what is the difference between 2 &3?So what is the difference between 2 &3?
Guided Reading AssignmentGuided Reading Assignment
18-2/18-3 – HWk check on Thursday!!18-2/18-3 – HWk check on Thursday!!
Bio 111 AssignmentBio 111 Assignment
1.1. Read pages 451-461Read pages 451-461
2.2. Copy Page 459 on ONE FULL page for your Copy Page 459 on ONE FULL page for your notes***notes***
3.3. Answer questions 1-6 on page 461Answer questions 1-6 on page 461
4.4. Answer MC 1-10 on page 464Answer MC 1-10 on page 464
CLASSIFICATION REVIEWCLASSIFICATION REVIEW
BIOLOGY 112BIOLOGY 112
1. Why do Biologists assign each 1. Why do Biologists assign each organism a universally accepted organism a universally accepted
name?name?
To provide consistency and avoid confusionTo provide consistency and avoid confusion
What criteria are used to classify an What criteria are used to classify an organism?organism?
Evolutionary relationships as well as structural Evolutionary relationships as well as structural similarities of the organismsimilarities of the organism
What features of Binomial What features of Binomial Nomenclature make it useful for Nomenclature make it useful for
scientists?scientists? Each name is unique. Each scientific name Each name is unique. Each scientific name
(genus, species) is assigned to only 1 species, (genus, species) is assigned to only 1 species, so different species are not confusedso different species are not confused
Sequence Linnaeus’s seven Sequence Linnaeus’s seven taxonomic categories from smallest taxonomic categories from smallest
to largest:to largest:
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum and Kingdom and Kingdom
Explain the goal of evolutionary Explain the goal of evolutionary classification:classification:
Group organisms based on their evolutionary Group organisms based on their evolutionary history instead of grouping only according to history instead of grouping only according to physical similaritiesphysical similarities
How is a Cladogram used in How is a Cladogram used in classification?classification?
It is an attempt to trace the process of It is an attempt to trace the process of evolution in a group of organisms by focusing evolution in a group of organisms by focusing on unique shared derived features that appear on unique shared derived features that appear in some organisms but not othersin some organisms but not others
How Do Biologists use DNA and How Do Biologists use DNA and RNA to Classify Organisms?RNA to Classify Organisms?
They choose segments that are similar in all or They choose segments that are similar in all or many organisms and compare sequences many organisms and compare sequences within those molecules. The more similar within those molecules. The more similar between species, the closer the evolutionary between species, the closer the evolutionary relationships.relationships.
What is Phylogeny?What is Phylogeny?
Study of evolutionary relationships among Study of evolutionary relationships among organismsorganisms
Describe how a Molecular Clock is used to Estimate the Describe how a Molecular Clock is used to Estimate the Length of Tie that Two Related Species Have Been Evolving Length of Tie that Two Related Species Have Been Evolving
Independently:Independently:
Relies on a repeating process or MUTATION, Relies on a repeating process or MUTATION, and a comparison of DNA sequences in two and a comparison of DNA sequences in two species to see how alike or dissimilar the genes species to see how alike or dissimilar the genes are.are.
The degree of dissimilarity is, in turn, an The degree of dissimilarity is, in turn, an indication of how long ago the species shared indication of how long ago the species shared a common ancestora common ancestor
How do Domains and Kingdoms How do Domains and Kingdoms Differ?Differ?
A domain is more inclusive and larger than a A domain is more inclusive and larger than a kingdomkingdom
What characteristics are used to What characteristics are used to place an organism in the domain place an organism in the domain
Bacteria?Bacteria? Unicellular and ProkaryoticUnicellular and Prokaryotic Cell walls contain peptidoglycanCell walls contain peptidoglycan
Which domain consists of Which domain consists of prokaryotes whose cell walls lack prokaryotes whose cell walls lack
peptidoglycan?peptidoglycan?
Kingdom ArchaeaKingdom Archaea
Describe the 4 Kingdoms that Describe the 4 Kingdoms that comprise the Domain Eukarya:comprise the Domain Eukarya:
Protists, Fungi, Plantae, AnimaliaProtists, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What characteristic(s) differentiate the What characteristic(s) differentiate the kingdom Animalia from Plantae?kingdom Animalia from Plantae?
Unlike members of the Plantae kingdom, Unlike members of the Plantae kingdom, members of the Animalia kingdom are members of the Animalia kingdom are heterotrophic, do not have cell walls, and are heterotrophic, do not have cell walls, and are motile.motile.