classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling,
TRANSCRIPT
Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Modeling,
LEARNING
Pavlov labeled things in his experiment:• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): An
event/object that causes a predictable response WITHOUT training (the food)
• Unconditioned Response (UCR): The reaction that occurs automatically when the UCS is present (salivating)
*These occur NATURALLY and require NO conditioning!!!
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
PAVLOV
Pavlov added things to his experiment:• Neutral Stimulus: An event/object that DOES NOT
cause the UCR (bell BEFORE conditioning)• Conditioned Stimulus (CS): the neutral stimulus
AFTER conditioning. Causes the CR (the bell AFTER conditioning)
• Conditioned Response (CR): the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (salivation at the BELL, not food)
*Be aware that the CR and the CS are AFTER conditioning even though they are similar to the UCR and UCS
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
PAVLOV
Generalization: occurs when an animal response to a second stimulus similar to the original CS (dog salivates to ALL bells regardless of tone)Discrimination: occurs when an animal can tell the difference between stimuli (dog only salivates at large bells, but not small ones)Extinction: occurs when an animal no longer responds to the CS (bell is rung too many times without giving food)
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Operant Conditioning: learning from the consequences of behavior. Designed by B.F. Skinner• Uses a combination of rewards and
punishments• Subject can affect their environment, unlike
classical conditioning
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Positive/Negative: In OC, positive=adding(+) and negative=subtracting(-). REMEMBER THIS!!!Reinforcement: a stimulus or event that INCREASES the likelihood of a behavior occurring again (↑). DOES NOT MEAN REWARD!!!• Positive Reinforcement: Adding a good stimulus
(reward)
EX: Do the dog trick, get a doggy treat• Negative Reinforcement: Subtracting a bad stimulus
(escape)EX: Child whines, remove the punishment (spoiling)
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Punishment: a stimulus or event that DECREASES the likelihood of a behavior occurring again (↓).• Positive Punishment: Adding a bad stimulus
(punishment)
EX: If you bark, you get shocked• Negative Punishment: Subtracting a good
stimulus (penalty)EX: Being grounded from the TV
OPERANT CONDITIONING
(REWARD) (ESCAPE)
(PUNISHMENT) (PENALTY)
Big Bang Theory: Operant Conditioning
BIG BANG THEORY EXAMPLE
Positive/Negative? Reinforcement/Punishment
OPERANT CONDITIONING HELP
Adding = Positive
Subtracting = Negative
Repeat behavior? = Reinforcement
No repeat? = Punishment
Primary Reinforcers: satisfy or reduce a basic human need, such as hunger
EX: Food, water, or shelter
Secondary Reinforcers: a stimulus that becomes reinforcing through its link with a primary reinforcer
EX: Money, good grades, poker chips
TYPES OF REINFORCERS
Feedback: finding out the results of an action or performance
EX: Getting advice from a coach
Transfer: the effects of past learning on the ability to learn new tasks• Positive Transfer: when previous skills help
learn new tasksEX: Playing a new video game w/ the same skills
as an old one
• Negative Transfer: when previous skills hurt the learning of new skills
EX: Driving in England
LEARNING FACTORS
Practice: the repetition of tasks in order to make the skill/action more smooth and fluent• Physical Practice: physically repeating a
task/actionEX: Shooting from the free throw line over and
over
• Mental Practice: imagining yourself doing a task/action
EX: Imagining taking a three pointer
LEARNING FACTORS
Feedback Transfer Practice
PRACTICE
Social Learning Theory: A theory by Albert Bandura. People learn by observing others and “model” their behavior.Bandura’s Experiment:1. Show children a video of an adult
demonstrating violent behavior to a doll2. Put children into a room with the doll3. See if the children behave violently
Bandura Experiment
MODELING
Three kinds of Modeling:1. Follower: you do what everyone else is doing.
NO learning takes place.EX: Clapping during a speech if everyone
does it2. Imitation: Also called Observational Learning.
You watch a behavior and imitate it. You can now do something that you previously could not. LEARNING takes place
EX: Learning a magic trick3. Disinhibition: observing someone doing a
threatening activity with no punishment, the observer is more likely to try the activity
EX: Snake phobia
MODELING
Follower Imitation Disinhibition
PRACTICE