Unit 06 - Overview How We Learn and Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Operant Conditionings Applications, and Comparison to Classical ConditioningOperant Conditionings Applications, and Comparison to Classical Conditioning Biology, Cognition, and Learning Learning By Observation How Do We Learn? Learning Habituation Stimulus Associative learning Classical conditioningClassical conditioning Operant conditioningOperant conditioning Cognitive learningCognitive learning Observational learning How Do We Learn? Classical Conditioning How Do We Learn? Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson BehaviorismBehaviorism Classical Conditioning Pavlovs Experiments Ivan Pavlov Background Experimental procedure Classical Conditioning Pavlovs Experiments Parts of Classical Conditioning Neutral Stimulus (NS)Neutral Stimulus (NS) Unconditioned stimulus (US)Unconditioned stimulus (US) Unconditioned response (UR)Unconditioned response (UR) Conditioned stimulus (CS)Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR)Conditioned response (CR) Classical Conditioning Pavlovs Experiments Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Acquisition Acquisition Higher-order conditioningHigher-order conditioning Classical Conditioning Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Extinction Classical Conditioning Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Spontaneous recovery Classical Conditioning Generalization Generalization Classical Conditioning Discrimination Discrimination Classical Conditioning Pavlovs Legacy: Applications of Classical Conditioning John Watson and Baby Albert Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning Respondent behavior Operant conditioning Actions associated with consequences Operant behavior Skinners Experiments Edward Thorndikes Law of Effect B.F. Skinner Behavioral technology Behavior control Skinners Experiments Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)Operant Chamber Reinforcement Skinners Experiments Shaping Behavior Shaping Successive approximations Discriminative stimulusDiscriminative stimulus Skinners Experiments Types of Reinforcers Reinforcer Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcement Skinners Experiments Types of Reinforcers: Primary and Secondary Reinforcers Primary reinforcer Conditioned reinforcer Secondary reinforcer Immediate vs delayed reinforcers Skinners Experiments Reinforcement Schedules Continuous reinforcement Partial (intermittent) reinforcement Schedules Fixed-ratio scheduleFixed-ratio schedule Variable-ratio scheduleVariable-ratio schedule Fixed-interval scheduleFixed-interval schedule Variable-interval scheduleVariable-interval schedule Skinners Experiments Punishment Punishment Positive punishment Negative punishment Skinners Experiments Punishment Negatives of using punishment Skinners Legacy Controversies surrounding Skinners Operant Conditioning Application of Operant Conditioning At school In sports At home For self- improvement Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning Module 29: Biology, Cognition, and Learning Biological Constraints on Conditioning Biological Constraints on Conditioning Limits on Classical Conditioning John Garcia Conditioned Taste Aversion Biologically primed associations Natural Selection and Learning Genetic predisposition Biological Constraints on Conditioning Limits on Classical Conditioning Biological Constraints on Conditioning Limits on Operant Conditioning Naturally adapting behaviors Instinctive drift Cognitions Influence on Conditioning Cognitive Processes and Classical Conditioning Predictability of an event Expectancy Stimulus associations Cognitions Influence on Conditioning Cognitive Processes and Operant Conditioning Latent learning Cognitive mapCognitive map Insight Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation Influences on Conditioning Biological Cognitive Learning and Personal Control Cope Problem-focused coping Emotion-focused coping Learning and Personal Control Learned Helplessness Learned helplessness Who? What? Learning and Personal Control Learned Helplessness: Internal Versus External Locus of Control External locus of control Internal locus of control Learning and Personal Control Learned Helplessness: Depleting and Strengthening Self-Control Self-control Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain Observational learning Social learning ModelingModeling Banduras Bobo Doll Experiment Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain Mirror neurons Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain Cognitive Imitation Applications of Observational Learning Prosocial versus Antisocial Effects Prosocial effects Antisocial effects