Class and Functions

Reusable codes

Object Oriented Design

First concept of object oriented programming is emerged at 60‘s.

Smalltalk language which is introduced at 1972 was first object oriented programming language.

Smalltalk has defined essentials and rules of object oriented programming.

In 80’s C++ came out and made object oriented programming a de-facto standard.

C# and Java programming languages which are successors of C++, has widespread usage nowadays.

Object Oriented Design

Concepts and Design Process

OOP – Essential Concepts

OOP – Essential Concepts

OOP – Essential Concepts

OOP Procedural Programming

Collection of interacting objects List of subroutines

Data is private, accessed by using methods

Data is global

Generally bugs are local Bugs can span anywhere within a program

Reusable objects Reusable functions

OOP – Essential Concepts

Objects

Classes

They are the model of

real objects in software

They are the templates of the

objects.

Object OrientedDesign

Objects

Real World

Computer

Components that are required to run a car:

Motor, wheels, steering wheel, wiper etc. etc.

Classes

A class is a construct that has code and data sections which are used for modeling real life objects.

Makes programming modular.

Both code and data may reside in a class.

Modeling is the base of coding.

Object – Class ?

Class is a definition of an object. It is an abstract concept.

Object is an instance of a class. It is a quantity of concrete.

Example; Human class is a definition set but, every one of us is an instance of Human class.

static void Main(string[] args){

Car c = new Car(1999,"Honda");

if(c.getGear() != 0) {

c.changeGear(0);

}

c.startEngine();

c.pushClutch(0);

c.changeGear(1);

.....

.....

}

Classes

• The basic function of

a class is defining

data and procedures

that are used in an

object.

• Class is a abstract

correspondence of an

object.

• Abstraction is a

fundamental element

in OOP design.

Class name/Type

Object

Classes

Every C# class defines a new type.

Object is an instance of a class that is created in memory.

Classes has interfaces and code sections. Interfaces are accessible functions and member variables, code sections defines what can this class do.

Design of interface is a critical point.

Classes hide their data and functionality by using “private” keyword.

“public” defines interfaces.

public class Point{

// private section// restricts access to itselfprivate double x;private double y;

// interface: accessible from// any code

// procedure that finds distance//from originpublic double getDistanceOrigin(){

return Math.Pow(x*x+y*y,0.5);}

}

public class Point{

// private section// restricts access to itselfprivate double x;private double y;

// interface: accessible from// any code

// procedure that finds distance//from originpublic double getDistanceOrigin(){

return Math.Pow(x*x+y*y,0.5);}

}

Classes: Access control

Class name

Variables within a

class

Function within a class

public class Point{

// private section// restricts access to itselfprivate double x;private double y;

// interface: accessible from// any code

// procedure that finds distance//from originpublic double getDistanceOrigin(){

return Math.Pow(x*x+y*y,0.5);}

}

Classes: Access control

private: where internal data and functions resides

public: defines interfaces (data and functions) that are accessible from outside.

Classes: Access control

private: it is the section where internal member variables and functions resides, is not accessible from outside of the class.

public: it is the section where interfaces are defined. Member variables and functions are accessible from any other code.

protected: it is the section which includes member variables and functions that can be accessible from derived classes. It is not accessible from outside of class.

In C# language there are three mostly used keywords that are used for defining access levels to member variables and functions.

public class Point{

// private section// restricts access to itselfdouble x;double y;

// interface: accessible from// any code

// procedure that finds distance//from originpublic double getDistanceOrigin(){

return Math.Pow(x*x+y*y,0.5);}

}

Classes: Access control

• Default access level in a

class is private.

• If there is no explicit

access level keyword

then, access level is

implicitly defined as

private.

Structure of a C# program

public class Point {

double x,y,z;

public void distanceFromOrigin()

{

return ….;

}

}

public static void Main(string[] args)

{

Point n = new Point();

......

}

+Executable

program

Classes: Usage

Lets define a Car class. There will be two public member variables named Brand and Model and a public function class Run. Run function will display some motor sound to the display.

Classes: Usage

If we want to use class Car first we should crate an object with type Car. After definition we can call functions and set values to the member variables in the interface.

Class name

Object

Value assignment

Function call

Exercise

Write a class named Human.

Properties

Name

Surname

Age

Create an object instance of the class and assign values to it.

Print assigned values to the screen.

Classes - Functions

There are lots of functionality in OOP. Encapsulation

Polymorphism

Inheritance

Before diving into these properties lets look at functions

Functions

Functions are integrities of variables and expressions that are used to fulfill a job.

They take definite parameter types and have definite return types.

They can be called again and again from other code sections of a program.

Basic definition:

return_type Funtion_name (Parameters)

Functions

Functions should reside within a class.

We can not write a function that is not defined in a class.

public class MyClass{

public void function(){

do something;}

}

Functions

We used just one function till now, which is;static void Main(string[] args).

Notation:

static void Main(string[] args){

/* definitions */

/* expressions */

}

void keyword means that this function will not return a value.

Functions

() brackets implies that Main is a function. Parameters that are meant to be send to function will be written within these brackets.

In this example Main(string[] args) function could take string[] type parameters.

Generally functions use parameter lists. They perform and return output depending on the values of these parameters.

Functions

We use a function in two steps. These are;

Writing function itself (function definition + statements within this function)

Statement that calls the function.

Function definition

There is no “;” after function definition

private float add(int a, int b, int c)

Here, function named add requires three parameters named a, b and c. Function returns a value with float type.

The values of variables a, b and c are

assigned by the statement which calls that function.

Function definition

Function is composed of function definition, and statements surrounded by curly brackets:

private float add( int a, int b, int c)

{

float t;

t = a + b + c ;

return t;

}

Note: Curly brackets determines stating and ending point of a function.

Function definition

private float add( int a, int b, int c)

{

float t;

t = a + b + c ;

return t;

}

Variables a, b and c are valid only in function add.

Variable t which is defined in the function add is valid only in the function and deleted after function execution is finished.

Function definition

Functions use keyword return to return a result to calling. If return type is void, then we don’t need to use keyword return.

return keyword should return a value with a type that should exactly match with the type defined in the function.

private float add( int a, int b, int c)

{

float t;

t = a + b + c ;

return t;

}

Function calls

Function definition should be taken into account while calling a function.

Function parameters could be constants as well as variables.

Usually the value returned from function is assigned to a variable.

value = add( i, j, k );

or

value = add( 5, x, 2.7 );

Function call

main() data section

12

i

25

j

45

k

add() data section

copied

copied

copied

12

a

25

b

45

c

When add function is called from main() function, the values that resides

in main() data section are copied to the data section of add() function.

Exercise: Factorial Function

Write a class that has a function which calculates the factorial of a given number. This function will return 0 from numbers smaller than zero and returns 1 for numbers 0 and 1. Calculate the factorial of numbers by using a loop for numbers greater than 1.

Write a main function that prints the factorials of numbers between 1 and 10.

Remember that you should use the class and function that we wrote in our program.

Exercise: Factorial Function

Class name

Function name

Return type Parameter

Exercise: Factorial Function

Class name

Object

Function call

Exercise

Write a function that takes two parameters and returns the differences of factorials of these two numbers.

Function prototype:

int factorial_difference(int a, int b)

This function may call the factorial()function written before.

You may use the same class where factorial() function is defined.

Exercise

Usage of this function will be;

Example

Write a function that swaps the values of its two parameters.

It seems that first output should be “5 3" and second one should be“3 5".

Example

a and b are local

variables which

are defined only

in the function.

Function can

not perform

swap operation.

Why it didn’t work?

Functions accepts two types of parameters. value

Reference

By Value: Instead of actual parameters, copies of parameter values are used while calling a function.

By Reference: Addresses of parameters are send while calling a function. If function modified the variable at this address, then the actual value is modified (e.g. The main variable in main function)

Values - References

main() data section

12

i

swap() data section

Copy of

parameter 12

a

main() data seciton

12

&i

swap() data section

Actual

parameter 12

&i

Value

Reference

References

ref keyword is used for sending the actual parameter itself to a funtion as a parameter.

In the function definition, you should put refkeyword in front of the parameter which meant to be used as reference parameter.

Similarly, ref keyword is used before reference variable while function is called.

Example - Fix

Change the parameters of the function to reference type by adding refkeyword in front of them.

Example - Fix

When we call the function with ref keywod, you will see that funcion is working propely .

Classes: Constructor

Constructor functions are called during creation of object.

Constructor function and classes have same names. Constructors does not have a return type (even void)

There can be multiple constructors. Each should have different parameters (different signatures).

If there isn’t a constructor defined, then default constructor is used.

Classes: Constructor

There could be just one parameterless default contructor.

Constructor is called whan an object is created with new keyword.

Primitive types can be created without using contrutor and have default values.

public static void Main(string[] args)

{

MyPoint p = new MyPoint();

......

}

Constructoris called

Numeric (int,long…) -> 0

Bool -> false

Char -> ’\0’

Reference -> null

Classes: Constructor

While objects are created from classes, we should use contrutors and their parameters.

MyPoint constructor needs two

parameters.

Exercise

Write a MyTime class, with

• Two constructors

• A function that print time

• A function used for adding time

Use all methods of MyTime class in Main function

Classes: Static Members

• Static members that are defined in a class can be accessed without using an object instance of that class.

• Static members use only one memory location and one copy. A value change from one code section will affect all following uses of that member.

• Static members can be used for transferring data between objects.

• Static members defined by using static keyword.

Classes: Static Members

Assume that we are writing a computer game. In this game we are modeling an alien named Martian. Martians attack if there are at least 3 Martians, else they have no dare to attack. Question is: How each martial will know the number of Martians around?

Classes: Static Members

In addition of members, classes can also have static functions.

Static method

Function is called without using an object

Classes: Static Members

We don’t need objects to call static functions.

ToInt32 function is called without creating a Convert

object

Exercise

Write a class ConvertTemperature which makes convertions between different temperature units.

ConvertTemperature class will perform conversion betwreen Celcius, Fahrenheit ve Kelvin units.

Conversion functions should be static. In other words we shouldn’t need an object to make conversion.

Formulas: Tc=(5/9)*(Tf-32) Tc = Tk - 273.18

const and readonly members

C# language offers constant variables whose values can not be changed.

We use const or readonly keywords to define constant variables in a class.

We should assign values to const variables at the definiton phase.

We should assign values to readonly variables at the definiton phase or at the constructor of the class.

After these phases, we can not change values of these const and readonly variables.

const and readonly members

Error!Trying to change const

variable.

Enumerations

C# language has the feature of creating custom types.

It increases the readability of the program code.

As an example, we can create an enumeration that exists in a grub of people:

Enum Workers{ Laborer, Officer,

Director, Retired};