Class 4

Hold onto your hypothetical executive summaries. You should have 3 hard copies & 1 electronic copy.Please turn in your code book, spreadsheets and Work Logs at the front table.

Class Agenda

Dale Carnegie Speeches A Few Final Report Formatting TipsResearch Methods Paper Meet with Supervisors on Ex. Summaries

Dale Carnegie Presentations Today

Conor SullivanJack DonischNicholas ImpsonArianna RogersCelina BridgesEnith SanchezAsha ShirwaCatherine Warren

Research Methods

Any questions on questions 1-5?

Review of questions 6-8

Question 6- Misleading Graphs

Some statisticians manipulate the way data are presentedDepending on the y-axis scale you use, you can make the difference between 2 bars or a spike in a line graph appear larger/smaller to the readerThis effect is influenced by the following

Whether or not the y-axis begins at 0The size of the intervalsAny “jumps” in the y-axis scale

Question 6- Misleading GraphsThese 2 graphs present the same data but their scales are different.

A percentage is a way of expressing a number as a fraction out of 100Scaling numbers involves converting raw numbers into rates A rate is the one number divided by the total of cases.

Example, 5 out of 10 students are silly. It would read. 5 per 10 students are silly.

Question 7- Scaling Numbers

Total Traffic Deaths, Selected States, 1985

Source: National Safety Council. The World Almanac and Book of Facts. New York: Newspaper Enterprise Association, 1986. p. 781.

STATE DEATHS

California 4,999

New York 2,065

Alabama 939

Massachusetts 663

New Mexico 497

Scaling Numbers (not %) (ch.16)Allows you to compare items of different sizeExample

Raw values make NY appear more dangerous to drive in than NM. But when shown as deaths per 100 million miles driven NM has a considerably higher rate.

You may NOT use percentages.

Total traffic deaths in selected states 1985

State Deaths

California 4,999

New York 2,065

Alabama 939

Massachusetts 663

New Mexico 497

Traffic death rate per 100 million miles driven, 1985

State Deaths / 100 mil. miles

New Mexico 4.3

Alabama 3.1

California 2.9

New York 2.4

Massachusetts 1.7

Problem with Percentages % of accidents per total miles

New Mexico• .000000043

New York • .000000024%

State DeathsPer 100 mil.

milesTotal Miles

Per total miles

Percent per total miles

CA4999 2.9

172,379,310,345 0.000000029 0.000290%

NY2065 2.4

86,041,666,667 0.000000024 0.000240%

AL939 3.1

30,290,322,581 0.000000031 0.000310%

MA663 1.7

39,000,000,000 0.000000017 0.000170%

NM497 4.3

11,558,139,535 0.000000043 0.000430%

Question 8- Percentage Change

Pgs. 88-89 & 198-200 in Maxwell ManualIn order to see if a pattern exists in your data, you need to determine the percent change between yearsIt gives you a precise indicator of the amount of change from one time period to the next

Percent change = [(New figure – Old figure) / Old figure] x 100

Differences between two periods using percent change (show calculations) (ch.16)

Percent Difference shows change between time periodsExample: Number of felonies in NYC in 1981 was 637,451. There were 538,051 in 1984.

HOW TO CALCULATE PERCENT CHANGE:New Figure – Original Figure * 100 = Percent Difference

Original Figure

INCLUDE IN YOUR PAPER:1984 felonies – 1981 felonies * 100 = Percent Difference

1981 felonies

538,051 – 637,451 * 100 = -99,400 * 100 = -15.99% = -16%

637,451 637,451

Dale Carnegie 2/13

Coralis Rivera-AponteBrenda PalaciosAdam PelnerAllison AdamsEdward PalmerIasiah Jones

Meet with Supervisors

Review of Executive Summaries

Hypothetical Executive Summary

We’ll break into groups of two

Circle any mistakes you find

Choose best one to present to class

Go to MaxPal if you need to make major revisions to your executive summary Minor corrections can be written in by handTurn in your paper today in the PAF office in the PAF INBOX (to the right of the desk) by 4:00PM!

Hypothetical Executive Summary

RemindersRead Chapters 5-7 in “Is That a Fact?”

If it’s ready, turn in your Exec Summary as you leave

Due next class:Research Methods Paper (Complete using template)

Due in 2 weeks 2/20Revised/Updated Agenda & Contact Log