class 4 review

--Born near Milan in 1571 as --Born near Milan in 1571 as Michelangelo MerisiMichelangelo Merisi--Known as Caravaggio because --Known as Caravaggio because that city, a small farming that city, a small farming community east of Milan, was community east of Milan, was the family home the family home --His father died in 1577, leaving --His father died in 1577, leaving him to be raised by his mother him to be raised by his mother --Apprenticed to the painter --Apprenticed to the painter Simone Peterzano in Milan in Simone Peterzano in Milan in 1584; Peterzano claimed to 1584; Peterzano claimed to have studied under Titian inhave studied under Titian in VeniceVenice--Unknown if Caravaggio --Unknown if Caravaggio completed his apprenticeship, completed his apprenticeship, and no art work from this and no art work from this period is attributed to himperiod is attributed to him

CARAVAGGIOCARAVAGGIO

Caravaggio by Ottavio LeoniCaravaggio by Ottavio Leoni

by Simoneby SimonePeterzanoPeterzano

--In late 1580s left Milan; he may --In late 1580s left Milan; he may have fled the city because hehave fled the city because he killed someone, and there are killed someone, and there are notations indicating that he had notations indicating that he had spent a year in a Milanese spent a year in a Milanese prisonprison--In the early 1590s, his mother --In the early 1590s, his mother died and her property was sold;died and her property was sold; Caravaggio took his part of the Caravaggio took his part of the inheritance and went to Romeinheritance and went to Rome

CARAVAGGIOCARAVAGGIO

Caravaggio by Ottavio LeoniCaravaggio by Ottavio Leoni

by Simoneby SimonePeterzanoPeterzano

--Worked for minor painters who --Worked for minor painters who sold small devotional images sold small devotional images and portraits on the streetsand portraits on the streets--Went to work for Giuseppe --Went to work for Giuseppe Cesari (the Cavalier d’Arpino), a Cesari (the Cavalier d’Arpino), a well-known artist who had well-known artist who had worked for Pope Clement VIIIworked for Pope Clement VIII--It was noted that Cesari --It was noted that Cesari employed Caravaggio to paint employed Caravaggio to paint fruits and flowers; unknown fruits and flowers; unknown whether he participated in whether he participated in Cesari’s papal commissionsCesari’s papal commissions

CARAVAGGIO: EARLY DAYS IN ROMECARAVAGGIO: EARLY DAYS IN ROME

Still life (1590s)Still life (1590s)

CARAVAGGIO: EARLY WORKS—Cardinal del MonteCARAVAGGIO: EARLY WORKS—Cardinal del Monte

Cardsharps (c.1594-95)Cardsharps (c.1594-95)

--Sold through a dealer --Sold through a dealer to Cardinal Francesco to Cardinal Francesco Maria del MonteMaria del Monte--Del Monte was from a --Del Monte was from a powerful, wealthy, and powerful, wealthy, and influential family. He was influential family. He was a known connoisseur of a known connoisseur of the arts and practitioner the arts and practitioner of alchemy. His public of alchemy. His public reputation was good, but reputation was good, but in fact he was known to in fact he was known to cavort with women of cavort with women of ill-repute, and was also ill-repute, and was also a homosexual pedophile.a homosexual pedophile.--Del Monte becomes --Del Monte becomes Caravaggio’s first Caravaggio’s first important patronimportant patron

Concert of Youths Concert of Youths (c.1595)(c.1595)

““Love is always in Love is always in the company of the company of music.”music.”

Cupid (wings) Cupid (wings)

Grapes: wine Grapes: wine


Unused violin and sheet Unused violin and sheet music: invitation to the music: invitation to the viewer to join them viewer to join them


Boy Bitten by a Lizard Boy Bitten by a Lizard (c.1596)(c.1596)

Rose Rose behind behind

ear: ear: solici- solici- tation tation

Cherries: sexual connotationsCherries: sexual connotations

Lizard (biting Lizard (biting the boy’s finger)the boy’s finger)

CARAVAGGIO: BAROQUE REALISM CARAVAGGIO: BAROQUE REALISM

Supper at Emmaus (c.1600) Supper at Emmaus (c.1600)

Baroque Realism:Baroque Realism:--High degree of realism in --High degree of realism in textures, forms, effects, textures, forms, effects, characterizationscharacterizations--Lack of idealization of --Lack of idealization of figures; appear as lower-figures; appear as lower- class or common types class or common types --Penchant for drama --Penchant for drama --Dark and shallow spaces --Dark and shallow spaces penetrated by a hard, penetrated by a hard, exterior spotlight exterior spotlight --Frequently austere, somber --Frequently austere, somber --Even mystical events given --Even mystical events given a visceral, physical reality a visceral, physical reality --Interest in the psychology of --Interest in the psychology of an event an event --Lack of traditional symbolism--Lack of traditional symbolism

CARAVAGGIO: CONTARELLI CHAPEL CARAVAGGIO: CONTARELLI CHAPEL

--Cardinal Matteu Cointrel (Contarelli)--Cardinal Matteu Cointrel (Contarelli) died in 1585; left money to decorate died in 1585; left money to decorate a chapel in San Luigi dei Francesi a chapel in San Luigi dei Francesi (St. Louis of France), the French (St. Louis of France), the French national church in Rome.national church in Rome.--The will stipulated that the work was --The will stipulated that the work was to be finished under the supervision to be finished under the supervision of a member of the Crescenzi family, of a member of the Crescenzi family, and a contract had been signed for and a contract had been signed for paintings involving St. Matthew (the paintings involving St. Matthew (the cardinal’s patron saint) with the cardinal’s patron saint) with the artist Girolamo Muziano. artist Girolamo Muziano. --Muziano never completed the --Muziano never completed the work; a contract was signed with a work; a contract was signed with a Flemish sculptor, but his works Flemish sculptor, but his works were not considered satisfactory.were not considered satisfactory.

CARAVAGGIO: CONTARELLI CHAPEL CARAVAGGIO: CONTARELLI CHAPEL --In 1591, a contract was signed with --In 1591, a contract was signed with Giuseppe Cesari (Cavalier d’Arpino). Giuseppe Cesari (Cavalier d’Arpino). He completed the vault with prophets He completed the vault with prophets and scenes involving St. Matthew.and scenes involving St. Matthew. Drawings were made for the side Drawings were made for the side walls but the artist was increasingly walls but the artist was increasingly involved in papal and other involved in papal and other commissions, and by 1599 had commissions, and by 1599 had completed nothing more in the completed nothing more in the chapel.chapel.--The priests of San Luigi became --The priests of San Luigi became annoyed at the delays and annoyed at the delays and asked the pope to intercede. He asked the pope to intercede. He put the work under Vatican put the work under Vatican jurisdiction and, with the influence of jurisdiction and, with the influence of Del Monte, Caravaggio in 1599 signed Del Monte, Caravaggio in 1599 signed a contract to complete the paintings.a contract to complete the paintings.

By GiuseppeBy GiuseppeCesariCesari

CARAVAGGIO: CONTARELLI CHAPEL CARAVAGGIO: CONTARELLI CHAPEL

The Martyrdom of St. Matthew The Martyrdom of St. Matthew

CARAVAGGIO: CERASI CHAPEL CARAVAGGIO: CERASI CHAPEL

--In 1600 (a papal jubilee year), --In 1600 (a papal jubilee year), Caravaggio received another Caravaggio received another important commission for a important commission for a private chapel, from Tiberio private chapel, from Tiberio Ceraso (the papal treasurer), in Ceraso (the papal treasurer), in Santa Maria del Popolo Santa Maria del Popolo --Commission obtained through --Commission obtained through the influence of Vincenzo the influence of Vincenzo Giustiniani. who had been Giustiniani. who had been superseding Del Monte as superseding Del Monte as Caravaggio’s most important Caravaggio’s most important patron and protector patron and protector --The commission also involved --The commission also involved Annibale Carraci, who painted Annibale Carraci, who painted the vault and altarthe vault and altar


The Conversion of Saul (Paul)The Conversion of Saul (Paul)


The Crucifixion of Peter The Crucifixion of Peter

CARAVAGGIO: VIOLENCE, LEGAL PROBLEMS CARAVAGGIO: VIOLENCE, LEGAL PROBLEMS

--May have left Milan and the north --May have left Milan and the north for Rome because he killed for Rome because he killed someone; apparently spent a year someone; apparently spent a year in prison in Milan.in prison in Milan.--In Rome, initially stayed with a --In Rome, initially stayed with a priest named Monsigner Pucci, priest named Monsigner Pucci, but he had to leave after he beat the but he had to leave after he beat the priest up because he didn’t like the priest up because he didn’t like the salad he was fed.salad he was fed.--Part of a street gang in Rome, but --Part of a street gang in Rome, but was protected from legal charges was protected from legal charges by his patrons. The gang’s motto by his patrons. The gang’s motto was “without hope or fear” and was “without hope or fear” and they were led by a notorious felon. they were led by a notorious felon. The gang was famous for street The gang was famous for street fights, duels in brothels, and fights, duels in brothels, and singing bawdy songs at old ladies.singing bawdy songs at old ladies.


--Known for expert swordsmanship --Known for expert swordsmanship (and tennis playing).(and tennis playing).--Arrested frequently for charges of --Arrested frequently for charges of violence and concealed weapons.violence and concealed weapons.--Used even prostitutes as models --Used even prostitutes as models for religious figures.for religious figures.--Described by one by biographer as--Described by one by biographer as spending half his time painting and spending half his time painting and the other half out on the street with the other half out on the street with a sword looking for someone to a sword looking for someone to fight—said he was impossible to fight—said he was impossible to get along with.get along with.--Arrested and tried for libel (he --Arrested and tried for libel (he wrote scandalous verses about wrote scandalous verses about another painter), but released. another painter), but released.

CARAVAGGIO: VIOLENCE, LEGAL PROBLEMS CARAVAGGIO: VIOLENCE, LEGAL PROBLEMS --Arrested for beating up a waiter in --Arrested for beating up a waiter in a restaurant with a plate of a restaurant with a plate of hot artichokes, but released.hot artichokes, but released.--Arrested for throwing rocks at the --Arrested for throwing rocks at the police.police.--Assaulted a rival painter, slashed --Assaulted a rival painter, slashed his paintings, and stuck his head his paintings, and stuck his head through the hole in one of the through the hole in one of the canvases and started screaming canvases and started screaming obscenities at him.obscenities at him.--Fled to Genoa in contempt of --Fled to Genoa in contempt of court after beating up another man court after beating up another man after an argument about a after an argument about a prostitute; a pardon was arranged prostitute; a pardon was arranged but upon his return was evicted but upon his return was evicted from his apartment for throwing from his apartment for throwing rocks at his landlady.rocks at his landlady.


--In 1606, kills a man named --In 1606, kills a man named Rancuccio during an argument Rancuccio during an argument over a tennis match.over a tennis match.--In contempt of court, he flees --In contempt of court, he flees Rome for Naples as a wanted Rome for Naples as a wanted man.man.

1607: Goes to Malta; wants to 1607: Goes to Malta; wants to join the Knights of St. John join the Knights of St. John

CARAVAGGIO: ON THE RUN CARAVAGGIO: ON THE RUN

Alof de Wignacourt (GrandAlof de Wignacourt (GrandMaster) with a Page (1607)Master) with a Page (1607)

CARAVAGGIO: MALTA AND THE KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN CARAVAGGIO: MALTA AND THE KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN

Alof de Wignacourt Alof de Wignacourt (1607)(1607)

--Realizing the prestige that --Realizing the prestige that Caravaggio’s paintings could Caravaggio’s paintings could potentially bring his order, Alof potentially bring his order, Alof de Wignacourt start campaigning de Wignacourt start campaigning for his admittance. He even asks for his admittance. He even asks for and receives papal permission for and receives papal permission to overlook the murder.to overlook the murder.--After a 12-month novitiate, --After a 12-month novitiate, Caravaggio is accepted into the Caravaggio is accepted into the order. Most knights, who were order. Most knights, who were from noble families, were from noble families, were expected to pay a hefty initiation expected to pay a hefty initiation fee. Caravaggio cannot do this, fee. Caravaggio cannot do this, but instead paints for them an but instead paints for them an altarpiece of the order’s patron, altarpiece of the order’s patron, John the Baptist.John the Baptist.

CARAVAGGIO: MALTA AND THE KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN CARAVAGGIO: MALTA AND THE KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN

--Caravaggio runs afoul of, perhaps --Caravaggio runs afoul of, perhaps assaults, one of the leading assaults, one of the leading knights.knights.--He is stripped of his knighthood --He is stripped of his knighthood and thrown in a dungeon.and thrown in a dungeon.--He escapes the dungeon and, in --He escapes the dungeon and, in disguise, escapes the island of disguise, escapes the island of Malta.Malta.--Goes to Sicily.--Goes to Sicily.

CARAVAGGIO: SICILY CARAVAGGIO: SICILY

--While painting the Lazarus, forces --While painting the Lazarus, forces workmen to dig up a corpse so he can workmen to dig up a corpse so he can use it as a model, and forces them to use it as a model, and forces them to hold it in pose while he paints. When hold it in pose while he paints. When he unveils the painting it is criticized, he unveils the painting it is criticized, and he reportedly takes out a dagger and he reportedly takes out a dagger and slashes it to pieces, claiming it and slashes it to pieces, claiming it was not properly appreciated. He was not properly appreciated. He then paints a second version.then paints a second version.--A teacher sees him watching young --A teacher sees him watching young boys on a playground; the artist boys on a playground; the artist claims he is taking notes for a claims he is taking notes for a painting, but the teacher asks him to painting, but the teacher asks him to leave. Caravaggio bashes him over leave. Caravaggio bashes him over the head with a rock. the head with a rock. --Decides to return to Naples.--Decides to return to Naples.

CARAVAGGIO: LAST DAYS CARAVAGGIO: LAST DAYS

--In Naples, attacked by 4 men; badly --In Naples, attacked by 4 men; badly wounded, and his face reportedly so wounded, and his face reportedly so maimed as to be unrecognizable. maimed as to be unrecognizable. --Wants to return to Rome and the --Wants to return to Rome and the protection of his friends and patrons.protection of his friends and patrons.--Cardinal Fernandino Gonzago, a --Cardinal Fernandino Gonzago, a friend of Giustiniani and del Monte, friend of Giustiniani and del Monte, arranges a pardon on the murder arranges a pardon on the murder charge.charge.--Goes by boat to Port’Ercole, intending --Goes by boat to Port’Ercole, intending to go on from there to Rome; detained to go on from there to Rome; detained by the captain of the guard there, who by the captain of the guard there, who wanted to confirm his pardon and wanted to confirm his pardon and safe conduct pass.safe conduct pass.--Since his ship had departed, and his --Since his ship had departed, and his paintings were on board, he tried to paintings were on board, he tried to catch up with it by crossing a swamp.catch up with it by crossing a swamp.

CARAVAGGIO: LAST DAYS CARAVAGGIO: LAST DAYS

--Crosses 100 kilometers of swamp land --Crosses 100 kilometers of swamp land but misses his ship.but misses his ship.--In crossing the swamp, he had --In crossing the swamp, he had contracted an unknown disease and contracted an unknown disease and severe fever.severe fever.--July 18, 1610: in a small town south of --July 18, 1610: in a small town south of Rome died from the disease he had Rome died from the disease he had contracted in the swamp.contracted in the swamp.

DIEGO DE VELAZQUEZ Y SILVA (VELAZQUEZ)DIEGO DE VELAZQUEZ Y SILVA (VELAZQUEZ)

John the Evangelist (1618)John the Evangelist (1618)

Old Woman Frying EggsOld Woman Frying Eggs(c.1620)(c.1620)

VELAZQUEZ: SEVILLEVELAZQUEZ: SEVILLE

Seville Seville

--An important commercial--An important commercial center in southern Spain;center in southern Spain; by 1600, it was one of by 1600, it was one of Europe’s largest cities, Europe’s largest cities, with a population of over with a population of over 100,000100,000 --The only official Spanish --The only official Spanish port for shipping with theport for shipping with the New World; a cosmopolitanNew World; a cosmopolitan city which attracted city which attracted residents from all over residents from all over Europe Europe --As its commercial prestige--As its commercial prestige grew, it also became a grew, it also became a leading art center leading art center

Old Woman Frying EggsOld Woman Frying Eggs(c.1620)(c.1620)

VELAZQUEZ VELAZQUEZ

--Born 1599 in Seville, died --Born 1599 in Seville, died 1660 in Madrid.1660 in Madrid.--Little known about his early --Little known about his early life; evidence suggests bothlife; evidence suggests both sets of his grandparents maysets of his grandparents may have belonged to a lower have belonged to a lower order of nobility.order of nobility.--Apprenticed to Pacheco in --Apprenticed to Pacheco in 1610, and admitted into the1610, and admitted into the painter’s guild in 1617.painter’s guild in 1617.--Married Pacheco’s daughter--Married Pacheco’s daughter Juana in 1618Juana in 1618

VELAZQUEZ: EARLY GENRE PAINTINGS VELAZQUEZ: EARLY GENRE PAINTINGS

Velazquez Velazquez

Early CaravaggioEarly Caravaggio

VELAZQUEZ: BODEGONES VELAZQUEZ: BODEGONES

Old Woman Frying Eggs Old Woman Frying Eggs (c.1620)(c.1620)

--From “bodega,” which at the --From “bodega,” which at the time referred to a cheap inn time referred to a cheap inn or eating place or eating place --genre subjects involving food --genre subjects involving food with still-life elements and with still-life elements and lower class figures; typically lower class figures; typically kitchen, cooking, or eating kitchen, cooking, or eating scenesscenes--Popular form of genre --Popular form of genre painting in 17painting in 17thth-century Spain-century Spain--The word became expanded--The word became expanded and is sometimes used toand is sometimes used to refer to Spanish still-life refer to Spanish still-life painting in generalpainting in general

VELAZQUEZ: BODEGONES—Religious contentVELAZQUEZ: BODEGONES—Religious content


The Kitchen Maid with the Supper at Emmaus (c.1618)The Kitchen Maid with the Supper at Emmaus (c.1618)


The Kitchen Maid with the Supper at Emmaus (c.1618)The Kitchen Maid with the Supper at Emmaus (c.1618)

RecognitionRecognition of Christof Christ (faith)(faith)

Lack of recognition,Lack of recognition, absorbed in worldly absorbed in worldly cares (lack of faith)cares (lack of faith)


Kitchen Scene with Christ in the House of Mary and MarthaKitchen Scene with Christ in the House of Mary and Martha(c.1620)(c.1620)


Kitchen Scene with Christ in the House of Mary and MarthaKitchen Scene with Christ in the House of Mary and Martha(c.1620)(c.1620)

Reminding her, per theReminding her, per the example of Christ in the example of Christ in the house of Mary and house of Mary and Martha, not to be so Martha, not to be so preoccupied with preoccupied with worldly duties that sheworldly duties that she forgets spiritual onesforgets spiritual ones

SPANISH STILL LIFE PAINTING—Religious interpretationsSPANISH STILL LIFE PAINTING—Religious interpretationsSymbolic of Christ’sSymbolic of Christ’sPassion?Passion?

Darkness: creates a Darkness: creates a contemplative context tocontemplative context toexplore covert meanings?explore covert meanings?

Carrots: nails from theCarrots: nails from thecross; discolored like cross; discolored like rusted metal?rusted metal?

Cardoon: scourge; Cardoon: scourge; tinged red as if tainted tinged red as if tainted by blood?by blood?

Sanchez Cotan: orders Sanchez Cotan: orders as Carthusian in 1603as Carthusian in 1603

Still Life with Lemons by Zurbaran (1633): Marian meaningsStill Life with Lemons by Zurbaran (1633): Marian meanings

Roses: Roses: symbol of the symbol of the Immaculate Immaculate Conception Conception

Lemons: fidelity and Lemons: fidelity and love love

Orange blossoms: Orange blossoms: purity purity

SPANISH STILL LIFE PAINTING—Religious interpretationsSPANISH STILL LIFE PAINTING—Religious interpretations

VELAZQUEZ: MADRIDVELAZQUEZ: MADRID

--Had gone to Madrid in 1622,--Had gone to Madrid in 1622, trying to catch the attention trying to catch the attention of the new king, Philip IV; he of the new king, Philip IV; he was not successfulwas not successful--Returned to Madrid with the --Returned to Madrid with the same objective in 1623, but same objective in 1623, but with the backing of Seville with the backing of Seville natives who had assumed natives who had assumed prominent positions in the prominent positions in the king’s court king’s court --In October 1623 he is put on --In October 1623 he is put on the payroll as a royal painterthe payroll as a royal painter and moves permanently to and moves permanently to MadridMadrid

Madrid Madrid

THE COUNT-DUKE OLIVARES (GASPAR DE GUZMAN)THE COUNT-DUKE OLIVARES (GASPAR DE GUZMAN)

Equestrian Portrait of Equestrian Portrait of the Count-Duke Olivaresthe Count-Duke Olivaresby Velazquez (1634)by Velazquez (1634)

Las Meninas (1658-60)Las Meninas (1658-60)

Velazequez: dies in Velazequez: dies in 1660 1660

VELAZQUEZ: IN QUEST OF NOBILITY—Las Meninas VELAZQUEZ: IN QUEST OF NOBILITY—Las Meninas

VELAZQUEZ: IN QUEST OF NOBILITY—Las Meninas VELAZQUEZ: IN QUEST OF NOBILITY—Las Meninas

Las Meninas (1658-60) Las Meninas (1658-60)

The red cross: symbol The red cross: symbol of the Order of Santiagoof the Order of Santiago

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