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Peatscapes: Monitoring of Hydrology and Water Quality at Geltsdale and Priorsdale
Report of Phase 1: Nov 2007 – Mar 2009
Dr Jennine Jonczyk, Dr Mark Wilkinson, Dr David Rimmer and Dr Paul Quinn
Some of the features in the catchment
Upper Belford Burn
R2 R3 BEL
1.35km 1.15km 1.85km
“Pilot pond”Features 1 to 3
R1
PILOT POND
Overland flow following gradient of slope
STREAM
SPILL
Belford Burn
Woodland
Diversion structure
Overflow
Leakage
Roughly 200m
R1 stream gauge
Pilot pond stream gauge
Leaky wooden barrier
Some of the features in the catchment
Upper Belford Burn
R2 R3 BEL
1.35km 1.15km 1.85km
“Pilot pond”Features 1 to 3
R1
Some of the features in the catchment
Upper Belford Burn
R2 R3 BEL
1.35km 1.15km 1.85km
“Pilot pond”Features 1 to 3
R1
…but that was last week!
Lower Lady’s well feature
Outline
1.Questions to answer
2.Hydrology
3.WQ
4.Peatscapes II
Questions to answer
How does grip blocking effect :-
1. Water table 2. Water colour (& Dissolved Organic Carbon; DOC)3. Suspended sediment
HOW are we investigating this?
1. (Water table) using pressure transducers in the peat
2. (Colour) grab samples taken from grips and downstream pts and measuring DOC and absorbance in lab.
3. (SS) Filtering grab sample
Working Hypothesis
ARE grips like open drainage ditches?
What happens when it rains?
Q
WT
Generic
experimental
Lay-out
Blocked Grip
Unblocked Grip
Unblocked Grip
Blocked Grip
Dip-wells with pressure transducers upslope and downslope of grips Dip-wells at mid-point between grips Water quality sample from grips.
Geltsdale Hydrology: Grips
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
25/0
9/20
07 0
0:00
14/1
1/20
07 0
0:00
03/0
1/20
08 0
0:00
22/0
2/20
08 0
0:00
12/0
4/20
08 0
0:00
01/0
6/20
08 0
0:00
21/0
7/20
08 0
0:00
09/0
9/20
08 0
0:00
Re
lati
ve
wa
ter
lev
el
in g
rip
s (
cm
s)
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
15
-min
ra
infa
ll (
mm
)
Grip 1 Grip 2 (Blocked) rainfall
Geltsdale Hydrology: Water table
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
25/09/200700:00
14/11/200700:00
03/01/200800:00
22/02/200800:00
12/04/200800:00
01/06/200800:00
21/07/200800:00
09/09/200800:00
Dep
th o
f w
ater
tab
le f
rom
su
rfac
e (c
ms)
Downslope of grip1 Upslope of grip 1 Downslope of grip 2 Upslope of grip 2
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Grip w
ate
r le
vel (
cm)
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
grip 3 grip 2 (blocked) Temp - 850mAoD (°C)
E.g. Data anomalies
Geltsdale Hydrology:- Response in grips in May 2008
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
02/0
5/20
08 0
0:00
07/0
5/20
08 0
0:00
12/0
5/20
08 0
0:00
17/0
5/20
08 0
0:00
22/0
5/20
08 0
0:00
27/0
5/20
08 0
0:00
01/0
6/20
08 0
0:00
Rel
ativ
e w
ater
lev
el in
gri
ps
(cm
s)
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
15 m
in r
ain
fall
(mm
)
Grip 1 Grip 2 (Blocked) rainfall
Geltsdale Hydrology: Water table response in May 2009
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
02/05/2008 00:00 07/05/2008 00:00 12/05/2008 00:00 17/05/2008 00:00 22/05/2008 00:00 27/05/2008 00:00 01/06/2008 00:00
De
pth
of
wa
ter
tab
le f
rom
su
rfa
ce
(c
ms
)
Downslope of grip 1 Upslope of grip 1 Downslope of grip 2 Upslope of grip 2
Geltsdale Hydrology: Response in grips during Sept 2008
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Re
lati
ve
wa
ter
lev
el
in g
rip
s (
cm
s)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
15
-min
Ra
infa
ll (
mm
)
Grip 1 Grip 2 (Blocked) Rainfall
Geltsdale Hydrology:- response in water table during Sept 08 storm
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
30/08/200800:00
01/09/200800:00
03/09/200800:00
05/09/200800:00
07/09/200800:00
09/09/200800:00
11/09/200800:00
13/09/200800:00
Dep
th o
f w
ate
r ta
ble
fro
m s
urf
ace (
cm
s)
Downslope of grip 1 Upslope of grip 1 Downslope of grip 2 Upslope of grip 2
Observations in unblocked grips
No response in water table position - no matter where they areFlashy spiky flow in grips.
Observations in blocked grip
Nice and smooth – less spiky and less flashy response in gripWater table position is again not responding to flow
Working Hypothesis
• Grips and Pipes are ‘off’ even though there may be a water table present
• Small additions of percolating rain – connect all the pipes and grip together
• What comes in goes out
• When rain stops, flow stops and pipes empty
WT
pipes
grip
Active flow paths in the acrotelm (top) layer
Water Quality
Colour
• Water colour is caused by the presence of dissolved organic compounds – predominantly humic and fulvic acids, which are the products of decomposition from organic soils.
• Current EU Drinking water standard for Water colour is :- 20 Hazen
• Colour of River Tees is: 60-120 Hazen
Colour
Colour (Hazen) Pre-blocking
Unblocked
Blocked
All Grips
23/11/2007 165 147 156bc 15/01/2008 105 164 135bc
07/02/2008 48 51 50de 25/03/2008 34 35 35e 01/05/2008 34 118 76cde 05/06/2008 185 216 200ab 01/07/2008 269 244 257a 02/10/2008 146 149 148bcd 13/11/2008 168 125 146bc 27/02/2009 97 139 118bcde 25/03/2009 109 95 102cde
Mean since blocking 121 122 122
Colour (Hazen)
Blocked
Unblocked
All grips
27/11/2007 77.0 77.4 77.2abc 15/01/2008 39.0 41.7 40.4bc 07/02/2008 10.9 20.7 15.8c 25/03/2008 frozen * * 06/06/2008 218.5 83.8 151.2a 01/07/2008 154.4 117.7 136.1ab 27/02/2009 123.5 57.0 90.3abc 25/03/2009 62.5 29.0 45.8bc Mean 98.0 61.1 79.5
Geltsdale
Priorsdale
DOC
• Dissolved Organic carbon is derived from organic matter and has a strong correlation with WATER COLOUR.
•DOC is an important component of the carbon cycle in streams and a primary food source.
•Evidence for upward trend in DOC concentrations related to atmospheric deposition changes. (Worrall et al, 2004; Evans et al, 2006)
DOC
DOC (mg/l) Pre-blocking
Unblocked
Blocked
All grips
23/11/2007 35.1 32.9 34.0bc 15/01/2008 24.0 25.3 24.6cde
Post-blocking 07/02/2008 17.8 18.0 17.9e 25/03/2008 15.6 17.3 16.5e 01/05/2008 15.6 27.7 21.7de 05/06/2008 38.0 42.2 40.1ab 01/07/2008 51.1 46.8 49.0a 02/10/2008 32.4 32.7 32.5bc 13/11/2008 36.6 29.3 33.0bc 27/02/2009 24.3 31.5 27.9cd 25/03/2009 26.5 24.2 25.4cde
Mean since blocking 28.7 30.0 29.3
DOC (mg/l)
Blocked
Unblocked
All grips
27/11/2007 21.6 21.8 21.7ab 15/01/2008 15.6 16.2 15.9ab 07/02/2008 12.4 13.2 12.8b 25/03/2008 06/06/2008 43.8 22.8 33.3a 01/07/2008 26.0 21.8 23.9ab 27/02/2009 29.0 18.5 23.8ab 25/03/2009 20.0 14.5 17.3b Mean 24.1 18.4 21.2
Geltsdale
Priorsdale
E4/E6 ratio
• Ratio of humic acid(E4) and fulvic acid(E6)
• Used to represent the degree of humification in peatHumification is decomposition of vegetation…..
• Ratio below 5 classified as humic above 5 classified as fulvic
E4/E6 ratio E4/E6 Pre-blocking
Unblocked
Blocked
All grips
23/11/2007 8.90 3.60 6.25 15/01/2008 4.88 3.76 4.32
Post-blocking 0.00 07/02/2008 9.08 10.38 9.73 25/03/2008 3.83 7.25 5.54 01/05/2008 3.83 58.00 30.92 05/06/2008 9.54 10.40 9.97 01/07/2008 13.09 15.06 14.07 02/10/2008 6.02 6.70 6.36 13/11/2008 3.29 3.03 3.16 27/02/2009 16.50 10.45 13.47 25/03/2009 7.88 2.10 4.99
Mean since blocking 8.12 13.97 10.73
E4:E6
Blocked
Unblocked
All grips
27/11/2007 13.5 9.7 11.6a 15/01/2008 11.0 2.1 6.6ab 07/02/2008 10.0 7.9 8.9ab 25/03/2008 06/06/2008 5.4 7.0 6.2ab 01/07/2008 2.4 2.1 2.3b 27/02/2009 6.2 10.0 8.1ab 25/03/2009 4.1 5.5 4.8b Mean 7.5 6.3 6.9
Geltsdale
Priorsdale
Suspended Sediment
• Some studies on IMPACTS of suspended sediments from peatlands (Holden 2005, 2006; Rothwell et al 2005; Yeloff et al 2005; White et al 1996; Stewart 1963 )
• Little data on erosion rates or supply to main channels(Holden 2007)
• Ranges of SS from Holden 2007 at peak discharge were Undisturbed catchment (1) - 2.5 mg/lGrips (3) - 25-14 mg/lBlocked grips (2) - 0.2- 0.14 mg/l
SS (mg/l)
Blocked
Unblocked
All grips
Bottom slope
27/11/2007 6.5 77 41.75 1.00 15/01/2008 11.5 3 7.25 5.00 07/02/2008 6 5.5 5.75 14.00 25/03/2008 06/06/2008 01/07/2008 27/02/2009 25/03/2009 8 63.5 35.75 1.00
Mean 8 37.25 22.625 5.25
SS (mg/l)Pre-blocking Unblocked Blocked All grips Bridge
23/11/200715/01/2008 2.0 11.0 6.5 9
Post-blocking07/02/2008 23.5 17.5 20.5 725/03/2008 12.0 27.0 19.5 301/05/200805/06/200801/07/200802/10/2008 9.0 1.0 5.0 413/11/2008 3.0 14.5 8.8 127/02/200925/03/2009 4.0 1.0 2.5 2
Mean since blocking 10.3 10.2 10.2 3
Geltsdale
Priorsdale
Suspended sediments
Peatscapes II
• Moving pressure transducers closer to the grip edge to see if there are any edge effects from unblocked grips
• Mapping all observation sites to look at the effect of surface topography on the recorded depth to the water table
• Putting pressure transducers in the shallow acrotelm layer to study the activity of runoff within the layer. The layer could be producing a temporary perched water table and the instruments will pick this up.
• In Priorsdale we could move the flow gauge from one unblocked grip to the other to see if it has higher flow rates.
WT
Pipes in the catotelm layer
grip
Active flow paths in the acrotelm layer
New hydrological hypothesis
SummaryHydrology
• Unblocked grips respond rapidly to rainfall• RO smoothed in blocked grips• Some attenuation from blocked grip area and buffered by interaction with acrotelm area but still HIGH RO to main channels• New hypothesis- ON/OFF switch
WQ• No clear effect of blocking on colour and DOC at either site YET• Increase of colour and DOC in blocked (like Worrall et al , 2007 and Dodd, 2008)•Seasonality
Peatscapes II• Moving some instrumentation to test new hypothesis