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End-Term Exam Reviewer

2nd

Term: Philosophy

- The Is-Ought Problemo Made by David Humeo Deals with the ff:

Prescriptive Statements things that should bey Ex: You ought not to steal

Descriptive Statements things that are real/factualy Ex: You stole.

o You cant make an ought statement from an is statement You cant connect A person died to Dying is bad This is called Humes Guillotine

- Views on how good something is:o

Emotivism A.J. Ayer Good is linked with our emotions

y When something bad happens, we express our emotions in the formof actions or words, i.e. Ouch. Ouch doesnt mean I feel pain, its a

direct expression of your emotions.

o Prescriptivism R.M. Hare Something is good if you are willing to do the exact same thing, given the

exact same scenario

y Statements have a You should have formato Cognitivism

G.E.Moore Good is as real and undefinable as the color blue It is observed, but not definable, kind of like intuition

y Moore uses two types of questionso Open questions about identity

Is A = B?o Closed anything else

Are you finsished?o The RealMeaning of Good

Unobservable, but real Exists, but as a relative property (qualia)

y Act + Standard Code = Good/Bady The relationship is neither good nor bad; its just there

If Act = is, Standard = ought- Standards Of Good

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STANDARD CHARACTERISTICS WEAKNESS

Utilitarianism -Most good for the most number

- Considers the outcome

Anything goes

Kants Ethics -Only theWill is controllable;

- Considers the will and means

-U

ses theC

ategorical Imperative* something is good only if you can universalize it

* never use someone else as a means

No control over outcome

Natural Law -Standard in respect to nature

- Considers means and outcome

Ambiguous interpretation

Christian Ethics -Natural Law in Gods Eyes

-Everything in the scenario is considered

- claims that conscience is our link to Gods law

The Euthyphro

Dilemma (1st

term)

- Abortiono

The killing of anU

nbornC

hildo Was legalized in America after the Roe vs WadeCase

Allowed abortion of the child in the first trimester (3 months) Roe

y claimed the child was human only when the cerebral cortex (part of thebrain) forms

y Mothers were not required to be subjected to carrying a baby theydidnt want

y The 14th amendment (a law) did not include unborn people Wade

y claimed that the child was human the moment it was conceivedo Everything human is already there in potency (it will be)

- Evangelium Vitaeo The gospel of lifeo Created by the late Pope John Paul IIo Includes the ff:

Christ coming to this world is the foundation for life, and every birth is sacredy I came so that they may have abundant life

It is natural for humans to preserve human life This encyclical condemns Whatever opposes life itself as a supreme dishonor

to the Creator (wow)

Goes back to Cain and Abely Cain was the first murderer, and was damned to walk the world

aimlessly by God Himself

o Shows how serious murder truly is The family must be a sanctuary of life, not the opposite

y Even a widow and her unborn child are considered family

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Abortion promotes a structure of sin, and sooner or later, a culture of deathy The state approves the murdering of the very people they pledged to

protect

y Health care performs the murder of the sick they promised to curey Foundations laws that have been corrupted in favor of few personsy Family have thrown away their previous title and have become

destroyers of others

Remember, Thou shall not KILL- Euthanasia

o The legal term for mercy killing Ending the life of a person diagnosed of PVS (persistent vegetative state)/coma

o Two types of euthanasia Active

y Forcibly killing the patient with a poisono Ends the pain

y This is not allowed by the churchy A utilitarianism approach would be to kill the patient ASAP because he

cant do anything anymore

Passivey Cutting the patients life support

o Can prolong the painy Allowed in cases of incurable patients

o Christians are born through suffering, and are born again neardeath

o

A utilitarianism approach would be to kill the patient

Godspeed, JF