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ARMYSERVICE FORCES

MANUAL M60-7

CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

AUSTRIA

SECTION 7: AGRICULTURE AND FOOD

_ __



ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL M 60-7

CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

AUSTRIA

SECTION 7: AGR ICULTURE AND FOOD



NUMBERING SYSTEM OF

ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUALS

The main subject matter of each Army Service Forces manual is indicated by

consecutive numbering

Ml- M99

M100-M199

M200-M299

M300-M399

M400-M499

M500-M599

M600-M699

M700-M799

M800-M899

M900-up

within the following categories:

Basic and Advanced Training.

Army Specialized Training Program and Preinduction

Training.Personnel and Morale.

Civil Affairs.

Supply and Transportation.

Fiscal.

Procurement and Production.

Administration.

Miscellaneous.

Equipment, Materiel, Housing and Construction.

HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES

WASHINGTON 25 , D. C., 30 June 1945

Army Service Forces Manual M360-7, Civil Affairs Handbook, Austria, Sec-

tion 7, Agriculture and Food, has been prepared under the supervision of The

Provost Marshal General, and is published for the information and guidance of

all concerned.

[SPX 300.7 (25 Jun 45) ]



This study on Agriculture and Food in Austria was prepared in the

OFFICE OF FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL RELATIONS

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OFFICERS USING THESE HANDBOOKS ARE REQUESTED TO MAKE

SUGGESTIONS AND CRITICISMS INDICATING THE REVISIONS OR



INTRODUCTION

Purposes of the Civil Affairs Handbooks

The basic purposes of civil affairs officers are (1) to assist the commanding general

by quickly establishing those orderly conditions which will contribute most effec-

tively to the conduct of military operations, (2) to reduce to a minimum the human

suffering and the material damage resulting from disorder and (3) to create the

conditions which will make it possible for civilian agencies to function effectively.

The preparation of Civil Affairs Handbooks is a part of the effort to carry out

these responsibilities as efficiently and humanely as is possible. The handbooks do

not deal with plans or policies (which will depend upon changing and unpredictable

developments). It should be clearly understood that they do not imply any given

official program of action. They are, rather, ready reference source books con-

taining the basic factual information needed for planning and policy making.

- -



CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOKS

TOPICAL OUTLINE

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Geographical and Social Background

Government and Administration

Legal Affairs

Government Finance

Money and Banking

Natural. Resources

Agriculture

Industry and Commerce

Labor

Public Works and Utilities



CONTENTS

Page

I. GENERAL BACKGROUND.

A. Country and population ................................................. 1

B. Topography .................... .................................. 1

C. Climate............................................................. 2

1. The Middle European climate ................. .................... .22. The Alpine climate......... ....................................... 23. The Pannonian or Continental climate................................. 3

D. Soils .............................................. ................. 3

E. Land use .... ........................................... 3

1. Gen eral........................................................... 32. Natural regions ............... ...... ............................... 5

a. The Alpine Reg ion ..................................... 6b. Wald- and Muehiviertel.......................................... 6

c. Flat and hilly land ............ .... ............................. 6

F. Livestock ............... :............................................ 7

1. Cattle ................ .............................. 72. Horses ................................... ....................... 8

3. Hogs ........... ................ ................................ 94. Sheep.......................................................... . 9-5. Goats ............................................................ 9



Page

III. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD DURING WAR YEARS ............................. 23

A. General review ........................................................... 23

B. Factors of production ........................ ........................... 24

1. Labor ............ ....... ............. ............ ............ ... .... 24

2. Draft power and machinery............................................ 24

3. Fertilizer............................................................. 24

C. Production, trade, and consumption......................................... 24

1. Production..................... ......... ............................ 24

2. Trade................................................................ 25

3. Consumption ......................................................... 25

4. Estimates of prospective food deficit 1945-46............................... 25

a. Assumptions ....................................................... 27

b. Deficits ........................................................ .. 27

APPENDIX A. AUSTRIA: ANNOTATED STATISTICS BY STATES ..................... 28-51

'APPENDIX B. MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS AND INFORMATION ................... 52-54

LIST OF MAIN REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING......................... 56

MAPS ................................ ....................................... 58-60



LIST OF TABLES

Page

I. Land us e in Austria an d Hungary (1932)...................... ..... 4...

II. Land use categories in percent of total area (1913-1936)................. ................................. 4

III. Land use by states ............. ............ ............. .. ............. ............ 5

IV. Land use by regions............................................................................... 6

V. U se of machines and installations on farms 1930 (b y states) an d 1939.....................................12

V I. Consumption of commercial fertilizer ..... .......... ................ ................. .... 14

VII. Food supplies, consum ption, and degree of self-sufficiency, average 1933-37.................................. 17

VIII . Sugar supply and consumption (1932/33--1937/38)..................................................19

IX. Consumption of milk and milk products for human nutrition .............................................. 21

X. Comparison of per capita consumption in selected countries (1933-37)...................................... 22

XI. Prewar an d wartime food balance ........................... ....... ......... ................. .... 26

XII. Food supply available fo r human consumption from domestic sources (August-July 1945-46)....................27

XIII . Calculation of food deficits fo r August-July 1945-46 .................................................... 27

APPENDIX A. ANNOTATED STATISTICS BY STATES ............................................................. 31

1. Land use (1936)

2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, an d agricultural population by size of farms (1930)

3. Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for major crops (193,3-36)

4. Livestock (1934)

fo r each of the following states:

Lower Austria ......... .................. .................................. ............... 31

Upper Austria ................................ ................... ........ 33



I. GENERAL BACKGROUND

A. Country an d Population

Austria, as defined for purposes of this handbook, isthe country that emerged, as one of the "Succession

States" of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy,

under the Peace Treaty of Saint-Germain in Sep-

tember 1919, with the so-called Burgenland added

in 1922. This definition, therefore, gives the coun-

try in its 1937 frontiers, before it was annexed by

Germany. It has a total area of 83,868 square

kilometers (32,373 square miles).1

Austria lies between 90 30' and 17° east longitude

and between 46° 30' and 49° north latitude. If

superimposed, at this latitudinal position, on the

State of Maine, the northern part of the country

would overlap into Canada, its southern part cover-

ing the north of Maine.

Austria is truly a land of the middle. Locatedin the heart of Europe, it borders on seven countries

-Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Germany,

Yugoslavia and Bulgaria (1937). The United

States in 1940 had 44 persons per square mile.

According to the 1934 census, 32 percentof the

country's working population was employed in agri-

culture and forestry. With the share of working

family members especially large among the farm

population, the percentage of the population whose

livelihood depended on agriculture and forestry, in-

cluding those employed and temporarily unemployed

as well as dependents, as a share of the total popu-

lation was only about27

percent. In 1923 it hadstill been 30 percent.

,An entirely different picture is obtained if the

urban area of Vienna with its 1.9 million inhabitants

is separated from the rest of the country. If the

oversized capital that once was the center of a

country with a population of 50 million is excluded

from the statistics, the largely rural character of the

rest of Austria becomes strikingly evident. The em-ployment in agriculture averaged 45 percent of the

total working population in Austria exclusive of

_C:~-~



mountain massif. The mountainous partitself. alli , bridge to the Bohemian massif. Most im-

into three parts, a central zone consisting of primary"' ~r is the Danube valley with its alluvial deposits

rock paralleled both to the north and south by a

range of limestone mountains.

The archaic range has the highest elevations and

reaches 3,798 meters above sea level at the Gross-

glockner. In the Gneiss (banded granite) zone the

mountain forms are sharp, in the slate and shale

zone more rounded. Because of its abundant water

supply the archaic range forms the basis for some

of the best alpine pastures. Thus in spite of the

very high elevations, the total high mountain desert

occupies only 12 percent of this area.

The limestone Alps reaching 2,996 meters above

sea level in the northern range (Dachstein) and

2,141 meters in the southern (Hochobir) are, as

stated, lower than the central range. Mountain

forms are very sharp in both ranges. The high

plateaus are deficient in water because of the porous

nature of limestone. The valley bottoms have many

springs. The mountain desert in these ranges is

more extensive, in spite of the lesser altitude, and

amounts to about one-fifth to one-fourth of the total

area.

The open parts of Austria bordering on the moun-

tain massif consist of some plains and a larger

stretch of hilly country. The northern prealpine

country of Salzburg and Upper and Lower Austria

which forms the basis of a thriving agriculture. The

eastern part of Austria joins on the Hungarian plain.

Parts of the Burgenland must even be considered a

continuation of the Hungarian plain area.

C. Climate

The climate of Austria falls into three distinct

types: the Middle European, the Alpine, and the

Pannonian or Continental climate.

1. THE MIDDLE EUROPEAN CLIMATE. Under

the influence of the Central European climate is thewhole of the prealpine area and the Bohemian mas-

sif. It reaches into many of the alpine valleys ap-

proaching the timber line. Precipitation varies be-

tween 700- and- 2,000-mm. The number of frost

days lies between 185 and 200 in the subalpine area.

In the large longitudinal valleys and the cross can-

yons, the phenomenon of temperature reversal is

common; that is, in the winter the bottom of the

valleys is filled with cold masses of air while the

surrounding heights show a higher average tempera-

ture. This is the case in the valleys of the Puster,

Enns, and Salzach, as well as the basin of Carinthia.

The average temperatures in the different quarters

of the year at various stations is shown in the fol-

lowing tabulation.

Average temperature in C.0

Yearly



tation is a common occurrence owing to thin soil.

The following average temperatures were recorded

in 10 alpine mountain stations:

Yearlyaverage

Altitude above Average temperature in C.o

temperature

sea level I/III IV/VI VII/IX X/XII in Co.o

2,190 meters 0.9 2.5 7.3 0.6 0.8

The highest areas of the Alps agriculturally still

usable are utilized only for mountain pastures. The

very short growing season prevents the growth of

trees, but alpine meadows and pastures can be util-

ized to different degrees even above the timber line.

3. THE PANNONIAN OR CONTINENTAL CLIMATE.

To this climatic zone belong the three great basins

to the East: the basin north of the Danube, that

situated south of Graz, and the Vienna basin south

of the Danube, which holds intermediate position.

An altitude of about 400 meters is not exceeded any-where in this area. Frost days vary between 60

and 80 days. As in the Middle European climate,

a distinctive winter is characteristic. Heat waves ap-

pear between the end of June and the beginning of

July. Average temperatures are recorded in the

following tabulation:

Average temperature in C.°

Number Meters ________ ____Yearly-average

Location of above temperatutre

stations sea level I/III IV/VI VII/IX X/XII in C.°

Vienna Basin and "oestl.

Pforte." ............ 8 258 2.0 9.1 19.5 9.6 8.9

Styrian Hill country..... 10 315 2.8 9.4 19.3 9.6 8.7

Graz ................. .. 344 2.2 9.7 19.9 10.1 9.2

Lake of Neusiedl ...... .. 225 1.4 9.9 20.4 10.5 9.6

In contrast to the Middle European and the Alpine

type of climate, crops ripen early. Winter rye, for

example, is ready for harvesting between June 24

and July 1.

A true Mediterranean climate is nonexistent

though southern Styria and Carinthia are on the

border of its zone.

In Austria's climate, winds play a considerable

role. Thus in certain seasons there appears on the

the limestone mountains tend to dry out, especially

in the eastern limestone Alps exposed to continental

winds. Many of the alluvial accumulations of the

valleys are wet if not swampy as for instance in the

valleys of the Enns, Salzach, upper Drau, and lower

Gail. Where drainage conditions are good there

appear soils of high fertility as in the Mur and

Muerz Valley, the plain of Graz, and the Klagen-

furt basin.



(23 percent, gardens (1 percent), an d vineyards

(2 percent) occupy only about one-fourth of the

land. The remaining area (11 percent) is unpro-

ductive.

Table I, comparing Austria with its neighbor

State of Hungary, impresses th e peculiarity of the

Austrian features by strong contrast. While Aus-

tria is a mountainous country with characteristic

predominance of forest and pasture land, Hungary

is primarily an area of plowland (60 percent). In

proportion to total area Hungary has only one-third

of Austria's share in forests, with lumber deficits

in th e former and surpluses in the latter country.

The relationship among the various broad cate-

gories of land use has changed very little during

the past 25 years. The only striking change oc-

curred during World War I when th e area in

meadows an d pastures increased by about 10 per-

cent at th e expense of the plowland. By 1936, how-

ever, the relationships had returned to about th e

prewar basis. This is not surprising since, despite

the slowly modifying influences of agricultural poli-

cies and techniques, the distribution of land uses is

largely determined by invariable natural conditions.

In fact, th e natural conditions of the country ar e so

rigid as to permit only minor variations in land use.

The relationships among land uses can to any larger

extent be changed only through costly projects of

amelioration. The forests, especially in Styria and

Carinthia, might possibly be pushed back somewhat

and perhaps have been through th e years of Nazi

rule; also forests which formerly were plowland an d

some pastures might be returned to th e use fo r field

crops. These areas, however, are small. The pos-

Table I. Land use in Austria and Hungary (1932).

Arable land.......... .................................

Gardens......... ........................ ..........

Vineyards .........

Meadows and pastures.. ...... .. .....................

Total productive area............... ................

Forest......................................Reed land..... ............. .........................

Total productive area...............................

Austria

Hectares Percent

1,949,102 23.2

91,112 1.1

30,206 0.4

2,281,240 27.2

4,351,660 51.9

3,138,881 37.4

7,490,541 89.3

Hungary

Hectares Percent

5,594,917 60.1

.109,836 1.2

212,395 2.3

1,668,841 17.9

7,585,989 81.5

1,095,799 11.8

30,494 0.3

8,712,282 93.6'



sibility of letting major areas of plowland be utilized

as pastures-a shift which has taken place in some

European countries, especially France-cannot be

expected in Austria unless there are considerably

increased possibilities of nonagricultural employ-

ment.

Land use by broad categories and years is shown

in table II, and a further breakdown of the plow-

land is given in the tables in the appendixes, by years

and for the average of the 1933-36 period. All the

grains combined occupied roughly 60 percent of the

plowland or 1.2 million hectares. The largest area

was planted to rye (381,000 ha.) followed by oats

(299,000 ha.), wheat (237,000 ha.), and barley

(166,000 ha.) ; corn occupied only 64,000 ha. Rela-

tive to each other, the grains have changed little bu t

for the period after 1933 when the wheat area began

to increase at the expense of rye, oats, and barley.

All but 6.6 percent of the wheat are fall-sown.

There is little summer rye (4.4 percent). Barley

is a spring sown crop. The area sown to barley inthe fall was 6.2 percent in 1936.

Potatoes were planted on over 10 percent of the

plowed area and sugar beets on 24 percent. These

row crops had expanded considerably since 1923

when their combined area was less than 9 percent

of the total plowland. About 1.4 percent of the

plowland are in early potatoes.

The remaining plowed area is. planted to fodder

crops: fodder beets 3.6 percent, red clover 7.3 per-

All oilseeds and fiber plants together accounted

for less than 0.4 percent of the plowland. Flax for

fiber, poppy, mustard, rape, and colza were more

important than hemp. The cultivation of tobacco

and hops was negligible.

Intensification of agriculture has led to doubleutilization of an increasing share of the plowland.

This was accomplished by the planting of stubble

crops, such as stubble red clover, water beets, buck-

wheat, fodder grain, and green manure or through

intertilling, for example, cabbages between rows of

corn and secondary utilization of crops, for example,

in letting the last cutting of a fodder crop (alfalfa,

clover, etc.) go to seed. The latter tw o forms oc-

cupy 10, the first 10 of the land in double utiliza-

tion.

In percent of total plowland the twice cropped

area increased as follows:

1913 1922 1925 1929 1931 1934 1936

Percent

4.88 5.65 8.10 9.06 9.94 9.62 11.01

2. NATURAL REGIONS. In view of the great dif-

ferences in natural conditions, land use among the

various regions of Austria varies a great deal. Abreak-down by States (Bundeslaender) (table III)

shows arable land to vary from over 50 percent of

the total area in Burgenland to 1.7 percent in Vorarl-

bei-g. The inverse relationship is found in meadows

and pastures which occupy 61 percent of the total



Table IV. Land use by regions.

Land use

Total area ............. ..........................

Plowland .....................................................

Grassland (meadows, Hutweiden and Alps).................

Forests ............. .............. .................

Wheat area ...... ....... ........ .......

Rye area ......... ............... ................ .

Barley area .. . . ....... ...... ...... ......

Oats area ................... .............. ..........

Corn area .......................................

Grain, including corn. .............. .......................

Potato area ................... .... .................

Sugarbeet area ......................... ...........Fodder beet area................. .................. .......

Root crops together.......................... .............

Field vegetables .. . .. .......... ............... . ........

Pulses .................. .............. ....... .

Oil and fiber plants area..................................

Field fodder, excl. fodder beets ...... ........ ..........

Source: Gruenseis, F., Oesterreichs Land- und Forstwirtschaft undwirtschaft, Wi

Aside from its division by States Austria has also

been divided, for purposes of the agricultural cen-

sus, into 38 zones with more or less uniform agri-

culture. These zones lie within the boundaries of

the various States and do not overlap with the latter.

(See map of agricultural zones at end of manual.)

To simplify the description to be given here three

natural regions will be distinguished: (a) the Alpine

region, (b) the Wald- and Muehlviertel situated

Alpineregion

56.9

17.8

69.9

71.8

14.5

13.2

11.3

15.4

6.213.4

11.8

1.29.1

9.918.4

9.611.0

36.3

Wald- undMuehlviertel

8.816.0

6.48.1

7.823.8

4.4

25.0

0.217.0

20.3

1.519.8

17.9

14.3

21.7

47.3

10.4

Flat andhilly land

34.3

66.2

23.7

20.1

77.7

63.0

84.3

59.6

93.6

69.6

67.9

97.371.1

72.2

67.3

68.7

41.7

53.3

deren Interesse am Auslaendischen Agrarmarkt. Oesterreichs Land-ien 1934.

of proper soil and difficult climatic conditions. In

general, field crops have not even sufficed to supply

the farm population. An exception is only the po-

tato which in a few climatically favored valleys is

produced also for the market.

b. Wald- und Muehlviertel. In this area the two

states, Upper and Lower Austria, share in the rela-

tionship of 58:42. Forestry and livestock even in

this area are the major agricultural branches. How-



the whole of Burgenland, parts of Lower Austria

(50 percent), Upper Austria (43 percent), the

Flachgau of Salzburg (9.3 percent), Styria (about

40 percent), Carinthia (10 percent), and Vienna.

The region shows within itself large variations with

regard to its agricultural character and land utili-

zation.

Roughly 70 percent of Austria's grain production

comes from this area. The interest in the grain mar-

ket and the prices for wheat, barley, rye and oats are

therefore almost entirely restricted to the farmers of

this region. Corn also comes almost wholly from

this section, but is consumed largely on the farm.

The Austrian sugar-beet cultivation is also centred.

here. The expansion in sugar beets and the con-

struction of processing plants in Lower Austria, the

Burgenland, and Upper Austria gradually made it

possible to supply all of the sugar needs of the coun-

try's population.

No less important is the potato of which this re-

gion, together with the Wald- und Muehlviertel, sup-plies not only the whole of the internal market

demand with the exception, of some early potatoes,

but it provides likewise quantities of seed potatoes

for export. Another portion of the crop is used for

alcohol, and a small fraction for starch manufacture.

Table IV shows only field vegetables, not, how-

ever, the garden area, whose importance on the vege-

table market is by no means to be underestimated.

Both branches of the vegetable production are closely

siderable importance. Necessary additions to the

livestock are obtained chiefly from the Alpine region

so that the farms of the flat and hilly land are large

buyers on the cattle markets of the Alpine and

Wald- und Muehlviertel regions. Hogs and poultry,

though much less tied to natural conditions and com-

mon to all areas, are relatively most important in this

region. The production of hogs of the meat type and

of eggs is rather general all over Austria.

F. Livestock

Livestock more than any other branch epitomizes the

character of Austrian agriculture. The form of ani-

mal keeping and management is both peculiar to this

area and rather unusual to persons accustomed to

animal husbandry as practiced in the United States.

In March 1934 Austria had 262,000 equine ani-

mals of which less than 1,000 were asses and mules;

2,350,000 cattle (1,210,000 cows); 2,823,000 pigs;

263,000 sheep; 326,000 goats, and 8,680,000 chick-

ens.2 For every 100 human beings there were roughly

42 hogs, 35 cattle, 128 chickens, 4 horses, 4 sheep,

and 5 goats. Hogs numbered about 65 per 100 hec-

tares of land in agricultural use; cattle 54; horses 6;

and chickens 200. As compared to the previous cen-

sus of 1923 horses, sheep, and goats had been re-

duced in number while cattle and chickens had

increased. Hogs had almost doubled in number.

The census of 1938, not quite comparable because

of a change in the census date from March to De-



Breed"

Fleckvieh ..... .... .. ............

Pinzgauer ............ ..............

Murbodner .............................

Blondvieh . . ............... ..... ...

Graubraunes Gebirgsvieh ...................

Bergschecken ...........................

Oberinntaler ............ ............

Z illertaler ..............................

Tuxer ................ ..... . ..

Crosses of these breeds ...................

Others ...................... ...T otal ....................... .....

Population(percent)

24.1

18.3

10.7

10.4

9.8

2.5

1.6

0.2

0.1

16.0

6.3100.0

SAll of the breeds specifically named are highland cattle. The Fleckvieh in type and

Graubraunes Gebirgsvieh corresponds to the Brown Swiss.

b Country average, not strictly comparable with above sample averages by breeds.

Almost all of these breeds are triple purpose types

providing draft power in addition to milk and meat.

The emphasis on one or the other of these lines mayvary. Thus, for example, the Oberinntaler is more

specifically a milk producer while the Blondvieh of

the Waldviertel and Carinthia is better for draft and

meat production. The breeding for multiple pur-

poses is best adapted to the economic conditions o'f

Austria. Cattle are raised in the alpine regions, sold

to the milk-producing areas of the plains, are fat-

tened after one or several lactation periods, and soldfor slaughter. It is estimated that about 13 percent

of all cows and 48 percent of the oxen over 1 year of

Estimates for 1934

Average Average'.ilk production fat content

(kg year) (percent)

2,500 3.9

2,300 3.8

2,300 4.0

2,000 4.0

2,800 3.7

1,900 4.1

2,500 3.8

n.a.

2,500 3.8

n.a.

n.a..

2,100b 3.9

appearance is similar to the Simmenthal, while the

wide expanse of alps while the opposite case is com-

mon to the prealpine regions where the lower alti-

tude of the ranges restrict the area in natural moun-

tain pastures. Both cases either restrict the number

of animals that can be kept or increase the cost of

livestock production.

In the plains and hilly lands wherever field cultiva-

tion predominates, animal husbandry has a wholly

different form. Animals are sometimes raised to re-

place the farmer's own herd but more generally new

stock is brought from the alpine regions. The den-

sity of livestock is greater per hectare than in the



3. HOGS. The number of hogs is greatest in the

plains with their large fodder production and by-

product utilization. In the alpine regions the pig is

kept more for the self-supply of the farmer. The

hogs kept are medium-heavy. The German Edel-

schwein and the improved Landschwein are the only

important breeds with a numerical relationship to

one another of 4:6. Lard hogs are supplied from the

countries to the east.

4. SHEEP. In the interwar period the sheep popu-

lation has declined considerably. Sheep are com-

mon only in the mountains where natural pastures

provide favorable conditions. The most important

sheep area has always been Carinthia. The Carin-

thian "Bergschaf" of the higher altitudes and the

Carinthian "Seelandschaf" of the plains are the best

native breeds and have spread through all alpine

valleys. Their rough wool is used for "Loden"3

and

in home industry. Wool prices have been too low to

encourage increased production, and sheep meat is

so little in demand that, in spite of the smallness of

the quantities produced, exports at times exceed im-

ports.

5. GOATS. Like the sheep population, goat num-

bers have declined, though at a much slower rate. In

fact, while goats were only two-thirds the number of

sheep in 1923, they outnumbered them by 15 percent

in 1938. Apart from the very small holdings, as for

example in the vineyard regions, theyare found in

larger numbers only in the Pinzgau of Salzburg,

where their milk is converted into cheese. The an-

the biggest problem in poultry production was en-

countered in the collection and marketing of eggs.

Before the war only few egg collection centers ex-

isted in Lower and Upper Austria, in the Burgen-

land, and .Carinthia.

G. The Farms4

Austria in 1930 has about 430,000 agricultural and

forestry holdings with a total area of roughly 7/

million hectares (18/2 million acres), including all

woodland and gardenland.5 Of this area over 4 mil-

lion hectares (10 million acres) were in agricultural

use, about 3 million hectares (7/2 million acres) in

forests. Austria is a country of family-sized, owner-

operated farms, and the small peasant farm predomi-

nates. Strip-farming is widespread, and substantial

gains in farm land and particularly in economy of

farm operations could still be made by proper con-

solidation of scattered holdings.

There are few large agricultural estates (mostly in

Burgenland and Lower Austria) ; it is estimated that

such estates-with hired managers-occupy only

about 6 percent of the total area in agricultural use.

On the other hand, of the total forest area about one-

half is in large estate holdings.

In all of Austria holdings of more than 100 hec-

tares (250 acres)6

comprised 46 percent of the total

area in farms, but only about one-third of their land

was in agricultural use (of which 90 percent in pas-

tures and meadows), the remainder being forests

arid waste land. These holdings occupied about 26



cent of the total area in agricultural use in Burgen-

land, 542 percent in Lower Austria, and 46

percent in Upper Austria-as against an average of

40 pecent for Austria as a whole. Upper Austria is

characterized by a large share of medium to medium-

large farms, with fully 50 percent of the agriculturalland in farms of from 50 to 250 acres (average for

Austria 34 percent). Conversely, Burgenland has

fully 42 percent of its agricultural area in small

farms of from 5 to 25 acres (average for Austria 18

percent).

Austrian farmers ow n most of their land. Only

42 percent of the, total area in farms or an esti-

mated 6 to 7 percent of the area in agricultural useis rented. Some pasture land, notably in Carinthia

and Tirol, is in communal ownership. For Austria

as a whole, the largest proportions of rented land are

to be found in the holding groups of under 5 acres

(20 percent of the group's total farm area) and 5 to

25 acres (10 percent). In Lower Austria and Bur-

genland the proportions of rented land in the size

group over 25 0 acres, into which the large estates

fall, are 8 and 22 percent, respectively. It may be

assumed that much of the rented land in this size

group is not in forest but in agricultural use so that

the share of rented land in the agricultural area of

the farms is considerably larger than indicated.

1. A NOTE ON TYPES OF FARMING. The results

of farm accounting, which was carried out by the

Chambers of Agriculture (Landwirtschaftskam-

mern) of the individual States and in the Ministry

percent of the productive land was under the plow,

13 percent in meadows and pastures, and 15 percent

in forest.

On the other hand, so-called "mixed forest farms"

located at an average altitude of about twice that of

the group designated as plowland farms had fully 62

percent of their productive area in forest, 23 percent

in pastures and meadows, and only 15 percent in

plowland. The average size of the farms investigated

in this mixed forest farm group was 42 ~ hectares.

The pure "forest farms" investigated had an average

size of over 140 ha. with over 80 percent of the pro-

ductive land in forests and only 5 percent under the

plow. In the "plow-grassland farms with Alps" in-

vestigated, pastures and meadows predominated with

46 percent of the total productive area in meadows

and pastures, 35 percent in forest, and 20 percent

in plowland; the average size of the farms investi-

gated in that group was just under 20 hectares, their

average altitude 650 meters, and precipitation

1,100-mm.

The intensity of farming varied greatly as among

the various types of farms. Labor input per hectare

of productive area was highest on the small "wine

farms." Next in the survey came the "mixed wine

farms" with less than half the labor input per ha.

of productive area compared to the wine farms.

Then follow the plowland and plow-grassland farms

with about one-third of the labor input compared to

the wine farms, but still about 50 percent more input

than the "grassland farms" and four times as much



veyed by the Chambers of Agriculture the share of

hired labor in the total work performed was only

about 7 percent on the wine farms, about 37 percent

on the plowland farms, and 53 percent on the forest

farms.3. FARM MACHINERY. Considering Austrian agri-

culture's natural environment, which in many regions

does not favor mechanization, Austria has a fair

number of agricultural machines and power equip-

ment. (See table V.) The German census of 1939

indicates that the "Ostmark" (the former Austria

plus a small part of southern Moravia and Bohemia

taken by Germany under the Munich Sudetenland

settlement) had 23.8 threshing machines per 100

farms of over / hectare, compared to 30.2 in Ger-

many, 48.9 straw cutters (52.1), 8.4 drills (22.4),

and 8.6 mowers, reapers, and binders (49.3). Aus-

trian agriculture averaged over 18 electro-motors per

100 farms, compared to over 50 in Germany. There

was only a small number of tractors: 2,150, includ-

ing motor mowers and garden tractors, or 4.3 per

1,000 farms of over /z hectare, compared to 20.6 in

Germany. Over one-half of these tractors average

more than 22 hp (belt).



Table V. AUSTRIA: Us e of machines and installationson farms 1930 (by states) and 1939.

Loe Upe Total Austria

Type Vienna r Austria Salzburg Styria Carinthia Tirol Vorarlherg Burgenland 1930 I 19399

AustrI Ir

Numhers

Primary motors........................... 24 9,160 4,274 1,366 8,317 7,664 1,548 70 1 1,359 33,782 n.a.

including:

(a) Water wheels ..................... .. 682 718 449 3,503 4,318 954 4 41 10,669 na.

(b) Water turbines .................... .. 32 7 220 171 373. 574 383 10 6 2,064 n.a.

(c) Steam engines........................5 421 143 16 34 22 ... ... 90 731 1,503

(d) Internal combustion engines..........16 7,149 2,932 686 4,183 2,611 133 39 1,143 18,892 33,580

Electromotors ........................... : 102 17,060 14,250 2,635 7,741 4,003 3,040 857 696 50,384 88,051

Trucks .............................. 6 115 40 10 42 16 10 5 13 257 n.a.

Tractorsb..:

........... .. . . . . . . . .. . ... .10 484 73 4 21 . 33 8* 6 81 720 2,087

Threshing machinery.....................35 44,535 4,942 6,286 26,226 12,527 7,480 - 178 12,260 114,469 116,203

Seed cleaners........................... 23 4,598 2,210 984 5,143 2,092 1,579 112 1,851 18,592 n.a.

Straw cutters ............................ 147 76,557 45,590 6,344 49,273 18,381 10,740 3,804 23,034 233,870 238,152

Feed grinders............................. 55 18,666 18,836. 1,011 16,563 1,570 1,535 137 992 59,365 80,937

Drills. ............................... 126 17,717 4,053 149 598 512 200 103 3,077 26,535 40,724

Mowers, reapers, binders...................52 13,877 5,496 545 1,163 1,144 998 1,034 557 24,866 41,679

Cream separators ......................... 17 19,889 - 49,984 8,997 15,620 11,632 17,563 4,717 3,427 131,846 n.a.

Special installations:

(a) Mills ............................. 2 1,140 979 1,643 5,087 6,489 2,107 36 38 17,521 n.a.

(b) Distilleries......................... 1 4,830 4,956 1,256 4,219 2,212 1,650 1,838 183 21,145 n.a.

(c) Cheese making ................... .. 56 56 311 115 160 579 386 4 1,667 n.a.

(d) Butter making ....................... 2 2,710 1,999 927 1,963 1,109 2,391 757 87 11,945 n.a.

Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Conpiled from official sources. (As per Statistisches HandbuchVol. 21, 1941.)

fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. XLV, 1933, p. 58 and Wirtschaft und Statistik,

G rom the German census of May 17, 1939, for the Ostmark which was 5.2 percent larger in area than Austria in 1930. Data not strictly comparable with 1930 figures.

b Also 33 caterpillars and 132 motor plows.



Austria's mobile power equipment (tractors plus

trucks) in 1930 generated only 6.2 percent of the

farm-produced mechanical power. Roughly 60 per-

cent of the remainder came from electro-motors, 40

percent from water wheels and turbines, stationary

steam and internal combustion engines. No com-

parable data are available for 1939.

Austria has a relatively high degree of rural elec-

trification. Already in 1930 there were few commu-

nities which were not linked to the electric network.

Per head of the farm population 40-50 kwh were

consumed annually, including lighting and the power

used for mills, saws, etc.8 This figure compared with

about 60 kwh for Germany. 9 Much further prog-

ress has since been made.

Austria has made good progress toward increased

mechanization during the thirties; increases were

considerable in the case of electro-motors, internal

combustion engines, as well as tractors, drills, mow-

ers, reapers, and binders. With regard to other farm

equipment the most remarkable advance was made in

the case of silos which increased from 691 in 1930 to

21,384 in 1939. Apart from the machines enumer-

ated in the table, the 1939 census also showed about

3,300 manure spreaders, 11,350 hoeing machines,

6,200 potato harvesters, 2,700 beet lifters, and 3,400

straw and hay balers. Combines were unknown.

The most highly mechanized states were quite ob-

viously Lowerand Upper Austria followed by Sty-

ria, Carinthia, and Burgenland. A large share of all

Austrian water wheels and turbines are found in

per unit of area. In this size group are also the vast

majority of both primary and secondary (electro-)

motors.

Austrian industry produced a considerable share

of the country's farm machinery supply in 5 large

and about 25 smaller manuafcturing concerns. 10 Itwas important in the production and export of cer-

tain types of equipment such as threshers, plows,

harrows, rakes, scythes, etc., specializing in models

adapted for use in hilly country. No tractors were

produced. Farm machinery prices in Austria on the

whole were considerably higher than in Germany.

Trade in farm machinery was on a net import

basis. In 1936 and 1937 the major import items

were cream separators, tractors, and threshing ma-

chines. Approximately two-thirds of total exports

consisted of threshing and other seed-separating and

cleaning machines. Germany, Italy, Czechoslovakia,

and Yugoslavia were the major export markets for

Austrian agricultural implements and machinery,

while Germany furnished about half of the equip-

ment imported into Austria, with Sweden, the

United States, and Czechoslovakia supplying most of

the remainder. The United States' share of the trade

consisted almost entirely of tractors, the Swedish of

cream separators, while Germany predominated as a

source of supply for all other types of farm imple-

ments and machines.

4. FERTILIZERS. The consumption of commercial

fertilizers was rather low. According to one state-

ment the following quantities were consumed per



per hectare in Austria was only a fraction of that in

Germany.

The gap between German and Austrian fertilizer

consumption is partly explained by a difference in

price relationships. Thus, the Austrian farmer ob-

tained in exchange for one quintal of rye 1.5 quintals

of superphosphate in 1933 and 2 quintals in 1937, as

against 2 quintals and 3.3 quintals the German

farmer could buy for a quintal of rye.

Consumption in the individual states of the Aus-

trian Republic varied widely. The relatively largest

application was made in Lower Austria, Vienna, and

also in Upper Austria, followed by Vorarlberg, Bur-

genland, Tirol, Salzburg, Styria, and Carinthia.

About four-fifths of all nitrogen was imported,

one-fifth produced domestically (1,225 m. tons in

1935-37). Cyanamide was the principal source of ni-

trogen (33 percent of consumption), followed by cal-

cium nitrate to the extent of 26 percent, ammonium

sulphate (the only nitrogen combination produced in

Austria) 21 percent, sodium nitrate 12 percent, and

ammonium nitrate 8 percent. Superphosphate is pro-

duced from imported rock and sulphur. It consti-

tutes about 55 percent (7.086 m. tons in 1935-37)

of the consumption of phosphoric acid. The remain-

ing 45 percent are supplied by imported basic slag.

Natural phosphates were imported mainly from the

United States and Algeria, pyrites from Greece,

Italy, and Cyprus, and sulphur from Italy. All pot-

ash was imported. Austria's main supplier was Ger-

many, followed by Poland and France.

economic improvement, 1928 and 1929, to 107,000

tons in the year of prolonged depression, 1933.

Application of organic manure has not compen-

sated for the insufficiency of fertilizer input. The

density of the livestock population in Austria per

hectare of agricultural land, in spite of its impor-

tance in the country's agriculture, is less than in

Germany. Much manure is lost on roads and poor

pastures. Also many farms do not have proper fa-

cilities for the collection of manure, especially

liquid manure. Thus in a survey of 75,000 live-

stock farms in Styria, less than 5,000 were found to

have proper manure pits.

Field tests in a number of areas have shown con-

siderable deficiencies of the soil in phosphoric acid,

potash, as well as lime. While much of the subsoil

is rich in lime, the top-soil is often deficient, the cal-

cium having been washed out by plentiful rains.

There is ample room for agricultural improvement

if fertilizer can be supplied at a lower price and the

farmer be made more aware of its importance.

5. PESTICIDES. According to Hamscha, 11 the fight

against plant diseases made good progress in the

interwar period. The disinfection of seed grain, in

the early twenties practiced on only a few large es-

tates, is general today and has contributed much to

the increase in grain yields. Weeds which often

made it unprofitable to harvest summer grains are

now kept down through the application of chemicals.

Mice plagues reoccur every third or fourth year in

Austria. In bad years the damage done to crops is



the more advanced farmers. Most general and best

understood by the farmers was the application of

pesticides in the vineyards.

There are no detailed statistics for either produc-

tion, trade, or consumption of pesticides in Austria.

The only exception is copper sulphate which was

consumed at the rate of 700 m. tons in the 1933-35

period. All of it was produced in Austria.

6 GROSS INCOME AND MARKET DEPENDENCE OF

FARMS.12

The bookkeeping studies made by the

Chambers of Agriculture also permit a measure of

insight into the relative importance of the major

sourcesof the income and into the market depend-

ence of Austrian farms.

Statistics of gross income of the farms sampled

indicate the overwhelming importance of livestock

products. Milk and milk products rank first, fol-

lowed by hogs and cattle. In almost all types of

farms livestock products account for between 50 and

60 percent of the gross income. The only exception

to this rule are the highly specialzed wine farms.Small, family-worked farm units are usually asso-

ciated with the concept of self-supplying subsistence

farms. This association does not apply in Austrian

agriculture with its preponderance of animal hus-

bandry. The Austrian farmer's market dependence

is very considerable. The prices of milk, cattle, and

12For statistics, see tables in appendix B.

hogs are of major concern to the peasant; grain

must be added for some types of farms, as well as

timber for grassland and forest farms and wine for

the specialized wine farms. On the farms sampled

by the Chambers of Agriculture from two-thirds to

three-fourths of the gross income was derived from

sales on the market.

Statistics compiled from the same accountancy

data to show farm expenditure and net income are

somewhat doubtful as to their results. This is mainly

due to the difficulty of an appropriate valuation of

"wages" for the farmer and his family and of the

farm household'sconsumption off the farm. Never-

theless, it seems clear that the "mountain farmers"

were infinitely worse off than the plowland and

plow-grassland farmers of the flat and hilly country,

not to mention the highly intensive wine farms in the

neighborhood of the consuming centers. This dif-

ference in economic position is at the root of the age-

old political conflict between 'the farmers of intensive

units in the flat land (Koerndlbauern) and the live-stock farmers of the mountains (Hoerndlbauern).

The Koerndlbauern are relatively well-to-do, thor-

oughly organized and politically influential. The op-

posite is true of the mountaineers; if they stay where

they are, they require state help and protection. Only

a change in the economic structure of Austria could

permit their transfer to more profitable occupations.



II. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND FOOD SUPPLIES IN PREWAR PERIOD

A. Food Self-sufficiency

In prewar years (1933-37) Austria's population con-

sumed annually 6.9 trillion calories of which 1.3 tril-

lion or about 19 percent were imported directly.

However, the foodstuffs of animal origin domesti-

cally produced depended in part on imported feed-

stuffs. If allowance is made for the food equivalent

of the feed imports (6-7 calories of feed produce

about 1 calorie of food), Austria's self-sufficiency

appears to have been about 75 percent. The country

thus was dependent on imports for 25 percent of its

food supply. (See table VII.)

In terms of energy, about two-thirds of Austria's

direct imports were cereals which is not surprising

in the case of a country in which grassland and for-

es t predominate and extensive plain areas are lack-

ing. About one-sixth of the calories imported

directly were fats and oils and about one-eighth were

meats. The calorie value of the imports of fruits,

especially citrus, dry legumes, fish, and eggs was

B. The Food Balance

Production, trade, and crop utilization for the va-

rious items that enter the food balance are shownin table XI for both the average 1933-37 and the

wartime season 1943-44. The table is partly based

on estimates in the absence of special surveys inquir-

ing into the utilization of foodstuffs. The develop-

ment of acreages, yields, and production for the

main crops, 1922 to 1937, is given in a separate table

in appendix B.

1. GRAINS. Wheat and rye are the only important

food grains produced and consumed in Austria. In

order of acreage as well as production, rye precedes

wheat and oats precedes barley to a considerable ex-

tent. Grain yields average about 16 metric quintals

per hectare or about 80 percent of those in Germany.

Aside from corn, which is grown only to a small ex-

tent (Styria, Carinthia), barley is the highest-yield-

ing grain in Austria, closely followed by wheat.Yields of oats and rye are 10 to 15 percent lower



Table VII. AUSTRIA: Food supplies, consumption, and degree of self-sufficiency, average 1933-37.

Supl offo

Foodstuffs

Cereals (incl. rice) as flour....................... .

Potatoes .....................................

Sugar.......................................

Dry legumes.. ... ...........................

Fruits'.... ...........................

Vegetables, fresh"......................................

Fats and oils (as products).......................

Meats (incl. poultry, rabbits, offals, etc.)............... .

Fish.........................................

Eggs".......................................

Fresh milk ...................................

Skimmed milk........... ....................

Cheese................ ......... .......... ......

Subtotals:

Food of vegetable origin......... ............ .....

Food of animal origin............................

Grand totals' ... ................

Correction for produce resulting from feed imports"........

Corrected totals................. ....

Percent.. ................................

Caloriesper kg.

3,400

650

4,000

3,050

400

150

8,810

1,980

900

1,380

620

340

From domestic sources

1,000 Trillion.metric tons calories.

603 2.050

586 0.381

160 0.640

11 0.034

300 0.120

430 0.065

78 0.600

312 0.618

2.5 0.002

35 0.048

1,470 0.911

40 0.014

30 0.090

3.300

2.273

5.573

-0.400

5.173

75'

Supply of food

1,000metric tons

2534

14

40

114

28

26

70

7.5

5

-2

Trillioncalories

0.860

0.009

0.012

0.046

0.004

0.208

0.160"

0.007

0.007

-0.000

1.054

0.253

1.307

+0.400

1.707

25

Office of Foreign Relations.

0 Itwas

assumed that a share of the imports of wheat, rye, and legumes was used for feed.

b Retail weight, excluding distribution losses.CFo r fats in terms of pure fat.

" 50,000 tons pork at 2,600 calories per kg.; 20,000 tons other meat at 1,500 calories.° Whole milk: 3,080; partly skimmed: 1,670.

f Excluding alcoholic beverages.

1 Roughly estimated food equivalent of imported feedstuffa for productive livestock.

&Equivalent to about 2,800 calories per person (excl. alcoholic beverages) for 6,760,000 people.

t Percentage of true self-sufficiency.

Consumption

1,000metric tons

856

600

160

15

414

458

104

382

1040

1,470

40

28

Trillioncalories

2.910

0.390

0.640

0.046

0.166

0.069

0.808

0.778

0.009'

0.055

0.911

0.014

0.084

4.354

2.526

6.880

6.880"

100

From imports



Rye imports (which in 1933-37 made up 15 per-

cent of the total supply) varied greatly from year to

year compensating for considerable variations in

yield, as is shown in the following tabulation:

1928-32 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937

SupplyI

1,000 metric tons

Production ........ 513 687 575 620 473 477

Net imports ....... 100 17 40 59 106 206

Total supply.... 613 704 615 679 579 683

Rye was imported mainly from Poland and Hun-

gary, to some extent also from Lithuania, Argentina,Latvia, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. Almost 80 per-

cent of the total rye supply was consumed in the

form of bread. The rest disappeared as seed, feed,

and waste. The flour extraction rate in the prewar

period was 73 percent.

Barley was used in the brewing industry (15 per-

cent) and for feed (75 percent). The domestic out-

put of brewing barley about sufficed in the middlethirties to meet the needs of the local industry whose

output owing to reduced beer consumption had been

about halved. Feed barley had to be imported (66,-

000 m. tons in 1933-37). Almost all imported barley

came from Rumania. Small quantities of barley for

human consumption were used in soups and in

roasted form as coffee substitute.

Practically all of the net supply of oats was fedto animals, with less than 1 percent consumed as

food. Imports used to come from Rumania, Yugo-

37) imports were less than 1 percent and consisted

of early potatoes from Italyand

Egyptand of seed

potatoes from Germany and Poland. Domestic pro-

duction of early potatoes, too, has been increased by

expansion of the area planted from 9,000 to 31,000

ha. More than half of the potato crop was fed to

animals, less than one-quarter entered the human

household, 3 to 4 percent were industrially processed,

mainly in distilleries, the remainder (about one-

fourth of the crop) being taken up by seed needs andwaste. Per capita consumption of potatoes is low

as compared to consumption by Austria's northern

neighbors.

3. DR Y LEGUMES. Production and consumption

of pulses is small in Austria. In 1933-37 about 30

percent of the pulses were imported while domestic

production was only 22,000 m. tons. The area

planted to pulses was 28,000 hectares in 1913, 14,000ha. in 1922, 23,000 in 1929, and 11,600 in 1936.

Thus the prewar acreage was not attained again.



Table VIII. AUSTRIA: Sugar supply and consumption (1932/33-1937/38).

II [ Average

1932/33 1933/34 1934/35 1935/36 1936/3793667/38 1938 93/34-1937/38

Item

Metric tons of raw sugar

Production .......................... 164,899 170,458 223,159 205,870 146,473 156,984 180,589

Stocks Sept. 1 ..................... 6,999 14,332 8,946 64,473 92,237 55 652 47,128

Imports ...................... 18,715 3,607 7,289 661 586 541 2,537

Total supply .................. 190,613 188,397 239,394 271,004 239,296 213,177 230,254

Stocks Aug. 31 .................... 14,332 8,946 61,473 92,237 55,652 27,620 49,786

Deliveries .................. ....... 176,281 179,451 174,921 178,767 183,644 185,557 180,468

Export ........................... 292 224 59 5 1 ....... 58

Consumption ................. 175,989 179,227 174,862 178,762 183,643 185,557 180,410

Consumption in terms of refined sugar

(8/9 of raw) .................... 156,433 159,311 155,431 158,898 163,237 164,938 160,363

Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations.

Source: F. O. Licht, 1932-38.



level-still low as compared to countries like Eng-

land or Denmark which consumed more than double

this quantity, but high in relation to consumption in

southern and eastern Europe.

5. VEGETABLES. Out of a total supply of 568,000

m. tons of vegetables in 1933-37, only 35,000 m. tons

or 6.6 percent had to be imported. Roughly 20 per-

cent were assumed to be lost through spoilage and'

waste. The domestic vegetable supply consisted to

about one-half of cabbage, followed by pumpkin;

onions, cucumber and lettuce, tomatoes, green peas,

parsley and celery, green beans, and asparagus also

were produced and consumed in sizable quantities.

Imports consisted to one-third of early vegetables

which cannot for climatic reasons be produced do-

mestically. Major sources of import supplies were

Italy, Hungary, and Egypt.

Consumption of vegetables rose by more than 40

percent above levels existing prior to World War I,

in contrast to most other kinds of food. Production

kept pace with consumption. Both area planted to

vegetables and yields per hectare increased markedly.

6. FRUITS. The total fruit supply in 1933-37

amounted to 552,000 m. tons of which 161,000 m.

tons (29 percent) were imported. The fruit locally

produced consisted mostly of apples and pears; stone

fruit (plums, cherries, apricots, and peaches), ber-

ries and nuts (including some edible chestnuts) also

were produced. The chief sources of import supplies

were Italy, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. Roughly one-

third of the imports are tropical and subtropical

9. FATS AND OILS. Considering only direct im-

ports, Austria was about 75 percent self-sufficient in

fats and oils. A substantial share of the domestic fat

output, however, was produced from imported feed,

so that the genuine self-sufficiency degree was only

about 55 percent. Over 70 percent of Austria's fatproduction were slaughter fats, chiefly lard, fat back,

and some tallow, over 28 percent butter, and only

about 1 percent vegetable oils. Roughly 14,000 tons

each of slaughter fats and vegetable oils for human

consumption were imported. The former entered in

the form of fat hogs from Poland, Rumania, Yugo-

slavia, and Hungary. The latter consisted of imports

of oilseeds as well as soybean, coconut, and palm

kernel oil. Oilseeds imported were crushed in the

country. The chief item in this group was copra,

with imports in 1933-37 at 10,700 m. tons. Roughly

half of all imported vegetable oils (including oils

from imported seeds) were utilized in industry.

With somewhat more than 10 percent of the butter

produced exported (mainly to Germany and Great

Britain), Austrian consumption of fats and oils for

food consisted of about 85 percent animal fats (19

percent butter, 66 percent slaughter fats), and 15

percent vegetable oils.

10. MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS. In the 1933-37

period roughly 1.2 million milk cows with an annual

average production of 2,100 kg. per cow produced

2,538,000 metric tons of fresh milk. Of the total 58

percent was consumed as fresh whole milk, over 20

percent was used in butter manufacture, and approx-



products for human nutritian (converted to whole milk equivalent).

Year

1924 ............. ..

1925 .................

19268 ................

1929 . .... . ....

1930 .. ..........1931 ...............

1932 .................

1933 ........ ......1934 ............ ...

1935 ...... . ....

1936 ................

Total

consumption

From domestic

sourcesa

From

importsb

Million litres of whole milk equivalent

1,819

1,884

1,964

2,012

2,050

2,035

2,091

2,114

2,111

2,200

2,150

2,120

2,067

1,675

1,747

1,829

1,923

2,021

2,035

2,126

2,126

2,119

2,2402,240

2,215

2,211

_____________________________I_________________________________--------------_________________________________________--- -----------______--_--- - --

Source: Wutz , Anton, Alpenlaendische Milchwirtschaft, Berlin 1938, p. 79.

SIncluding production of milk from imported feedstuffs.

b Excluding production of milk from imported feedstuffs.

o Production from imported feedstuffs counted as domestic.

144

137.

13 5

89

29

0.3-35-12

- 8

-40-90

-95

-144

Production and consumption of milk and milk

products increased greatly in the interwar period as

shown in table IX.

By 1929 Austria had become self-sufficient, by

1930 even an exporter of milk and milk products.

In 1933 local milk consumption was at a maximum,

owing to a drop in milk prices. Many and diverse

measures were taken to counteract the flooding of

the domestic market, with only partial success. Ex-

corded so far, 1915, 146 million liters were produced,

while the poorest year, 1927, yielded only 22.6 mil-

lion liters. The Austrian wines are almost all white

wines, and the better ones are said to compare in

quality with Rhine and Moselle wines.

The largest portion of the crop is consumed as

yearling wine. Imports of wine, mainly coming from

Italy, amounted to about 10 percent of consumption,

which increased steadily from a low of 13.3 liters per

Self-sufficiency'

Percent

92

93

93

96

99

100

102

101

100

102104

105

107

Table IX. Consumunption of mzilk and- mmilk



Germany and Italy highlights the fact that the Aus-

trian diet is largely intermediate between the stand-

ards that prevail in these two countries. (See table

X.) In regard to cereals the low consumer is Ger-

many; in potatoes and fats andoils

itis Italy. In

regard to fruits and vegetables Austria is very simi-

lar to Italy, in sugar and meat consumption its

dietary intake is more like that of Germany. It is

particularly high in fresh milk consumption and

characteristically low in the consumption of fish.

In prewar years the average consumer had a daily

intake of 83 grams of protein, 100 grams of fat,

and 400 grams of carbohydrate or about 2,800 calo-

ries excluding alcohol. More than half (53 percent)

of the proteins consumed and about 37 percent of

the calories were of animal origin.

Table X. Comparison of per capita consumption in selected

countries (1933-37).

Foodstuffs

Cereals (including rice) as flour.

Potatoes .....................

Sugar (refined) ..............

Fruits, fresh .................

Vegetables .................

Fats and oils .................

Meat (carcass weight) ........Fish ......................

Milk, whole .................

Cheese .......................

Eggs ............ ...........

Ger-

Italy Austria many

Kilograms

170 127 108

38 89 177

7 24 22

41 61* 42

53 68 48

11 15 26

20 57 46

6 2 12

36 218 1235 4 5

7 6 7

Source: Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations, partly fromofficial statistics, partly estimated.

* Including fruit for juices and cider.



III. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD DURING WAR YEARS

A. General Review

As in Germany proper, the wartime food situation in

Austria up until the very last months of the war re-

mained reasonably satisfactory. The Nazis had made

Austria an important source of industrial supplies

for their war machine, had developed industrially a

number of important areas, and supplied them with

foreign labor to maximize the country's contribution

to the German output. As a result, Germany also

had to see to it that the Austrian area was reasonably

well supplied with food and that the area's food

standard did not fall greatly short of that in the

Reich proper.

Much the same farm and food controls were in-

troduced as in the Reich, and even though they did

not function as smoothly and effectively in Austria

as they did in Germany, they contributed greatly to

attaining a fair degree of farm deliveries, efficient

crop utilization, and a reasonably fair food distribu-

tion among the native population. There is no doubt

that the Nazi-imposed farm and food controls made

equipment on Austrian farms is believed now to be

at least no smaller than it was before the Nazis took

over.

A third, and perhaps the most important, factor in

the Nazis' policy of maintaining a reasonably ade-

quate food standard in Austria during the war was

the fact that, up to the end of the fifth war year,

they supplied the country with substantial imports

of grain (both for food and feed) and fats.

Efforts at maintaining agricultural production,

however, could not prevent a substantial decline in

total farm output compared to prewaryears. Simi-

larly as in Germany proper the total acreage under

grain to 1944 may be estimated to have declined by

about 10 percent and yields per acre by about the

same percentage as against the prewar average. The

decline in the grain acreage was only partly offset

by some expansion in other crops, such as potatoes,

sugar beets, field vegetables, and especially oilseeds

(rape). Though partly caused by unfavorableweather conditions, the considerable decline in 1943

yields per acre for both potatoes and sugar beets

I



B. Factors of Production

1. LABOR. With a farm population of about 1.7

million in 1939, of which 1.4 million were classified

as actually employed in agriculture and forestry,

Austria still appears to have had a sufficient supply

of agricultural labor on its farms even though there

had been a significant decline in the thirties. With

the outbreak of war, the situation became more diffi-

cult. Large numbers of able-bodied men were gradu-

ally called to the colors so that the work-load for the

remaining family members was considerably in-

creased. It is true that, in Austria as well, foreign

workers and prisoners of war were drawn into agri-

cultural work, but it appears that this replacement

did. not fully offset, quantitatively or qualitatively,

the losses sustained. In some areas, notably the

mountainous regions and isolated valleys, foreign

workers, and prisoners of war could be used in agri-

culture only to a limited extent. Moreover, as the

war wore on and war industries as well as the forces

made additional demands upon the available labor

supply, Austrian agriculture suffered additional

losses of manpower.

2. DRAFT POWER AND MACHINERY. The loss in

draft animals, both horses and cattle, by 1943-44 had

not exceeded 10 percent. However, with a growing

scarcity in mechanized transport due to shortages of

rail and automotive equipment as well as fuel, horses

had to be used to an increasing extent for road

traffic.

the basically small Austrian consumption was further

reduced. Not considering the special allowances,

Reich quotas for the fertilizer year 1944-45 had

fallen to 34 percent of 1938-39 for nitrogen, 18 per-

cent for phosphoric acid, and 60 percent for potash.

C. Production, Trade, and Consumption

1. PRODUCTION. The Nazi agricultural program,

as in Germany proper, called for maximum produc-

tion. Particular emphasis was placed on an expan-

sion in the acreage of such high-yielding crops as

potatoes, sugar beets, feed beets, and vegetables, and

especially of rapeseed for the supply of much-

needed fat. These plans for expansion in acreageswere reasonably successful, particularly in the case

of oilseeds, at the expense, however, of the area

under grain. Yields per acre generally showed a de-

cline so that total agricultural production was re-

duced below prewar levels. Partly because of un-

favorable weather conditions the output of potatoes,

sugar beets, and grains in 1943 and 1944 was con-

siderably below the 1933-37 average.Both acreages and yields of grain were down

about 10 percent, reducing production by almost 20

percent. Potato and sugar-beet output in 1943

showed decline from 1933-37 by about 18 and 5 per-

cent, respectively, despite an estimated increase in

acreage by 5 and 25 percent. The considerable de-

cline in yields implied in these figures was partly due

to unfavorable weather and partly reflected the re-duction in productive capacity. There was some



forced a reduction in hog and poultry numbers. As

in Germany proper, up to 1944, when drastic steps

were taken to restrict the keeping of small livestock,

the numbers of rabbits kept in farm and nonfarm

households had rapidly multiplied. The following

table shows the development of livestock numbers

to the end of 1943 compared to the prewar average.

It is not known what additional losses have since

been sustained.

Type

Horses

Cattle

Herds of cowsHogs

Sheep

Goats

Poultry

Rabbits

Livestock numbers (1,000's)

Prewar End of 1943

250 230

2,500 2,400

1,200 1,1802,850 1,900

300 400

350 320

9,200 6,500

500 1,500

By 1943-44 total meat and egg output had de-

clined by about 25 percent (pork alone by about 40

percent), and slaughter fats (mainly hog fat) by

over 50 percent, compared to the 1933-37 average.

Total milk production was down about 12 percent,

mostly due to a decrease in milk yields. There was,

however, a very substantial increase in the output of

butter owing to a larger and strictly controlled di-

version of milk into butter making and to the skim-

ming to 2.5 percent blutterfat content of the "stand-ard milk" supplied to the urban population (mainly

children). The total supply for food of fat from

(9,000), and 10,000 tons of fat (26,000). These

imports were particularly necessary since the resi-

dent population by 1943-44 had risen to an estimated

total of 74 million compared to 64 million for the

1933-37 average. Thus, since the outbreak of war,

large numbers of foreign workers and Germans (in-

cluding evacuees had been brought to Austria; their

number far exceeded Austria's loss of male popula-

tion to the German forces.

3. CONSUMPTION. Consumption of food up to the

sixth year of war was maintained at relatively satis-

factory levels. Total consumption, per capita of the

population, was reduced to about 2,450 calories in

the season 1943-44, compared to a prewar consump-tion of about 2,800 calories-a decline by about 12

percent. With a consumption in 1943-44 by the pop-

ulation on farms of about 3,250 calories per person

per day, the nonfarm population was reduced to an

average of about 2,200 calories (prewar about 2,600

calories-decline about 15 percent).

The drastic cut in rations which the German Gov-

ernment decreed in March and April 1945 also af-fected Austria. Food allowances (including un-

rationed and illegal consumption) were at that time

reduced to about 1,900 calories per head of the non-

farm population per day. The diet of the so-called

"normal consumer" was curtailed to under 1,600

calories compared to between 1,900 and 2,000 calo-

ries in the consumption year 1943-44. The reduc-

tions thus effected in the spring of 1945 brought thedietary standard down to almost the lowest levels of



Table XI. AUSTRIA: Prewar and wartime food balance.'

Supply Utilization

Consumption ofManufact. Consumption food per person

Productsb Food Food or of food about 1935-36,Net Total Seedc and gross net industrial per person as per I.f.K.t

Production trade supply waste Feed d c use

Gross" Nets Gross" Net"

Metric totns Kilograms

Total cereals, incl. rice.......1933-37 1,902 +856 2,758 244 1,318 1,131 856 65 167.3 126.6 . ... 124.8

1943-44 1,536 +600 2,136 230 720 1,091 1,011 95 141.1 130.8

Potatoes ....................933-37 2,696 - 14 2,710 700 1,310 600 570 100 88.8 84.3 85

1943-44 2,200 ±400 2,600 700 600 1,200 1,130 100 155.2 146.2

Sugar-refined .............. 1933-37 160 + 2 160° 160 23.7 26

1943-44 135 + 34 169 169 21.9

Dry legumes ................ 1933-37 22 + 9 31 3 13 15 2.2 2.2

20 + 10 30 3 7 20 2.6

Fresh vegetables ........... 1933-37 533 + 35 - 568 568 458 84.0 67.8 .... 54

1943-44 650 ... 650 650 550 84.1 71.2

Fruits (in terms of fresh)...1933-37' 391 +161 552 552 414 81.7 61.2 . ... 60

1943-44 220 ... 220 220 155 28.5 20.1

Meat,, poultry, etc., incl. offals..1933-37 312 + 70 382 382 56.5 50.9 57 ..

1943-44 239 ... 239 239 30.9 27.8

Fish...................1933-371 2.5 + 7.5 10 10 1.5 1.5

1943-44 ... ... ... ...

Eggs ....................... 1933-37 39 + 6 45 45 40 6.7 5.9 5.9

1943-44 26' ... 26 26 24 3.4 3.1

Fats and oils for 1933-37 78 + 26 104 104 15.4 15.7

food (as product) 1943-44 81 + 10 91 91 11.8

Cheese... . . .............. 1933-37 30 - 2 28 28 4.1 4.6

1943-44 26 ... 26 26 3.4

Milk for fresh consumption 1933-37 1,470 1,470 1,470 217.5 209(cow's and goat's) 1943-44 800 800 . 800 103.5

Skimmed milk .... ........... 1933-37' 40 40 40 5.9

1943-44 400 400 400 51.7

Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Prewar data partly based on official statistics and unofficial studies, partly estimated; 1943-44 wholly estimated.G Population prewar average, 1933-37, 6,760,000; 1943-44, 7,730,000 of which 1,850,000 farm, 5,880,000 nonfarm. The 1943-44 figure includes about 2 million intruded persons (foreign workers

and Germans), but excludes about 800,000 Austrians that served at that time in the German armed forces.b The list excludes alcoholic beverages, buttermilk, curds, cocoa, and honey.OSeed rates computed from Hamscha, H. & Deutsch, 0. "Die Aufgaben der Oesterreichischen Landwirtschaft," Wien 1937. Waste assumed at 3 percent in cereals, 10 percent in potatotes-

see Statistiaches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich, 1938, p. 386.d Wholesale weight. Cereals in terms of grain.° Retail weight. Cereals in terms of flour.

Institut fuer Konjunkturforschung, Wochenbericht, April 4, 1938.g Increase in. stocks by two deducted."Production includes all fresh fruits, berries, and nuts for 1933-36. Imports from Statistik des Aussenhandels Oesterreichs 1933-36; dried fruit was multiplied by five, figs and raisins by

four in order to arrive at their fresh weight.SFigures for fish production and imports were taken from Wochenbericht, Schriften des Instituts fuer Konjunkturforschung, Berlin, April 4, 1938, given for a period around 1935-36.



tative evaluation of the possible deficit on the basis

of certain assumptions which, checked against back-

ground facts and experience in the recent past, ap-

pear reasonable.

a. Assumptions. (1) The population of Austria,

which before the war (1933-3'7) amounted to 6,760,-

000 people, will be 7.8 million until th e first of M ay

1945; later it will decline again owing to the return

of intruded persons to their homelands. On June

15, 1945, the population size will be 7.7 million and

by February 1, 1946, 7.15 million persons.

(2) The food supply available from domestic

sources for 1944-45 (August-July) equals approxi-

mately 5.154 trillion calories. The 1945-46 (August-

July) domestic food supply will be reduced by 5

percent compared to 1944-45 and by another 0.13

trillion calories du e to the elimination of previous

feed grain imports. It will amount to 4.761 trillion

calories. These figures would compare favorably

with the prewar calorie supply from domestic

sources of 5.200 trillion calories.

(3) The daily food intake of the farm population

will amount to 3,250 calories, that of the nonfarm

population to 2,000 calories.

(4) Regarding the effectiveness of controls, two

possibilities were considered: (i) controls unim-

paired; (ii) controls impaired. For the, latter case it

was assumed that about one-third of the food sup-

plies other than food fo r th e farm population ar e

illegally disposed of . Illegal disposition is meant to

include (a) diversion of food to th e feeding of ani-

mals, (b) sale in the black market or hoarding as

well as (c) overconsumption in some areas du e to

th e break-down of transportation.

b. Deficits. If th e population were to average

7,150,000 people, the deficit for 1945-46 would equal

1.24 trillion calories (400,000 metric tons of wheat

equivalent) under unimpaired control an d a 2,000

calorie level per nonfarm person per day. Under

impaired control this deficit would increase to 2.56

trillion calories or 800,000 tons of wheat equivalent.

If, in th e year 1945-46 (August-July), th e farm

population were to rise from an assumed 24 percent

to 26.4 percent, the deficits increase by 6 percent an d

1.5 percent under the conditions of unimpaired an d

impaired control, respectively, at th e 2,000 calorie

level.

If Austrian imports were planned fo r on a

level between the quantities given fo r unimpaired

and impaired controls, they would be placed at be-

tween 1.24 to 2.56 trillion calories (in terms of

wheat equivalents: 40 0 to 800 thousand metric

tons).15 Tables X II and XIII give th e calculations

of th e estimated deficits.

15 ossible mixture of foodstuffs to fill the deficit at midpoint between

limits: 500,000 metric tons of wheat, 24,000 m. tons of fats and oils,

and minor quantities of other foodstuffs.

Table XII. AUSTRIA: Food supply available fo r human consumption from domestic sources (August-July 1945-46).

Trillion calories



APPENDIX A

AUSTRIA: ANNOTATED STATISTICS BY STATES

Lower Austria is located in the northeast of the coun-

try, north and south of the river Danube, and occu-

pies one-quarter of the total national area. With

19,300 square kilometers, it is the largest Austian

state and by far the most important as far as agri-

culture is concerned. Its total population was 1,509,-

000 at a density of 78 per square kilometer in 1934,

and 41 percent of all employed persons were engaged

in agriculture and forestry.

Over 96 percent of the land is productive.

Roughly half of the productive land is under the

plow, in gardens, and vineyards. Only 14 percent

are grassland and 35 percent in forests. The agricul-

tural importance of Lower Austria is shown by the

fact that it comprised 43 percent of all Austria's

plowland, 32 percent of Austria's gardenland, and

68 percent of the area in vineyards. The State pro-

duced over one-third of all wheat, 50 percent of all

rye and potatoes, and almost three-quarters of all

sugar beets grown in Austria. Yields of grains and

potatoes are measurably above the Austrian average.

Of Austria's livestock population, the State pos-

productive area about corresponds to that for Aus-

tria as a whole.

Upper Austria has a large share of medium to

medium-large farms with fully 50 percent of the

agricultural land in farms of from 50 to 250 acres

(average for Austria, 34 percent). The State pro-

duces more than one-fifth of all rye, somewhat less

than one-third of all oats, and one-quarter of all

wheat and potatoes produced in the country. Yields

are generally average or below average, but for po-

tatoes and sugar beets. Upper Austria is the State

with the greatest density of livestock.

Salzburg is entirely an alpine state but for a small pre-

alpine hilly section. In area, 7,153 square kilometers,

it occupies 82 percent of the country's surface. It

houses less than 4 percent of Austria's population

(246,000) and has a population density of only 34 per-

sons per square kilometer. As a result of its topogra-

phy only 84 percent of its land are considered pro-

ductive, of which grassland and forests account for

nine-tenths, plow- and gardenland make up the re-



of Austria. Its population numbers 1,015,000 at a

density of 62 persons per square kilometer; of its

employed population 47 percent are engaged in agri-

culture and forestry.

Styria is a region of forests which cover half of

the State's area. One-quarter is in grassland, more

than one-sixth in plow- and gardenland, and one-

twelfth is unproductive. Its farms are small and

their distribution over the various size groups resem-

bles closely that of Austria as a whole. Rye, oats,

and wheat occupy practically equal shares of the

plowland, while corn, which occupies less area, is

more important in this State than in any other.

Sugar beets are absent. Yields are about at the aver-

age for Austria as a whole, but for corn and pota-

toes, which are considerably higher. Styria has more

hogs and cattle per 100 hectares of agricultural area

than Austria as a whole, but less than Upper

Austria.

Carinthia. The State of Carinthia is mountainous,

with valleys and lowlands between the ranges of the

eastern mountains. Its area amounts to 9,535 square

kilometers or 11.4 percent of the total country's sur-

face. Half of the land is situated above 3,000 feet

altitude. The State's population of 405,000 has an

average density of 42 per square kilometer. Of the

total employed population 47 are engaged in agricul-

ture and forestry.

As in Styria, forests are of major importance,

occupying 432 percent of the State's total area, fol-

tria. Of its employed population, 42 percent are

engaged in agriculture and forestry.

Only three-quarters of Tirol's total area are pro-

ductive, only 42 percent are under the plow and ingardens; one-third is in forests and over one-third

in pastures and meadows. Over one-half of the agri-

cultural area of the State is in farms of over 250

acres, which, however, have only 7 percent of its

total plowland.

Tirol has the lowest livestock density of all Aus-

trian States, especially in regard to hogs in accord-

ance with the small share of plowland. With the

great prevalence of natural grassland, the proportion

of cattle to hogs is 3:1, compared to 1:2 in LowerAustria.

Vorarlberg, in the western corner of Austria, is the

smallest State of the country (not counting Vienna)

with 2,602 square kilometers and 3.1 percent of the

total area of Austria. Its population numbers 155,-000 or 60 persons per square kilometer; 31.2 percent

of all employed persons are engaged in agriculture

and forestry.

Only 1.7 percent of Vorarlberg's area is in plow-

and gardenland, which are located in the rich and

climatically favored Rhine valley. Grassland occu-

pies 61 percent of the State's surface, forest 26 per-

cent, while 11 percent are unproductive.

In 1930 over 80 percent of the 14,225 holdings

were less than 10 ha. in size. However, the farms

over 100 ha. occupied over one-half of the total area



has almost one-quarter of all the vineyards of

Austria.

The State's farms are on the average smaller than

those in the whole of Austria, with almost one-half

of the agricultural area in holdings up to 25 acres.

At the same time Burgenland is the only AustrianState where large landed estates (latifundia) are

still in existence. Over one-third of the total area

in farms and over one-fifth of the area in agricul-

tural use are in holdings of over 250 acres.

Fully two-thirds of the total plowland of the State

is in grain, notably wheat and rye. Sugar beets are

produced in Burgenland's northern section. Crop

yields are well below the Austrian average. Burgen-land's density of livestock per acre is above the Aus-

trian average in the case of hogs and, especially,

poultry, but below in regard to other livestock.

Vienna, a member State in the republic and its capital

city, is located in the Marchfeld along the Danube.

It comprised an area of only 27,806 hectares or 0.33

percent of Austria. Its population of 1,874,000,

however, constitutes 27.7 percent of all inhabitants

of the country. Only 1.1 percent of the population

was engaged in agriculture.

The favorable location in or near the big center

of consumption permitted an intensive type of farm-

ing. This finds its expression in the high proportion

of gardenland, 14.4 percent, as against 1.2 percent

in the whole of Austria. The proportionate share of

vineyards and plowland was also high, there being

little grassland and forest. A large proportion of un-

productive area (34.7 percent) was composed mainly

of built-up land.Most of the 1,200 farms were of very small size,

73 percent being less than 2 hectares, but two-thirds

of the land was used by 74 farms over 20 ha. in size

which owned all of the forests and much of the

plowland. Yields were generally well above the aver-

age for Austria. The area had proportionately more

horses, pigs, and chickens than cattle.



AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): Statistical survey by states-LOWER AUSTRIA

1. Land use (1936)a.

Total Total Unpro-

plow- and Hutweiden Total productive ductive

Total area Plowland Gardens Vineyards gardenland Meadows pastures Alps grassland Forests area area

Hectares ........................... 1,929,607 852,858 31,138 25,601 909,597 216,085 52,834 9,454 278,373 673,863 1,861,833 67,774

Percent of state area............... 100.00 44.20 1.61 1.33 47.14 11.20 2.74 0.49 14.43 34.92 96.49 3.51

Percent of category total for Austria. 23.01 43.26 32.13 67.82 43.19 22.97 15.42 0.98 12.39 21.47 24.85 7.57

2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agricultural population by size of farms ( 1 9 3 0)".

ThereofTotal Population,

Size groups Farms Area agricultural Plowland Forests employed in

Owned Rented area agriculture°

Number 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha .1,000 ha 1,000 ha Number

Less than 2 ha.......................... 47,483 44 31 12 41 29 1.6 96,142

2-10 ha ............................... 53,202 263 218 40 237 181 23.6 167,513

10-20 ha ............................ 26,541 384 357 24 323 250 57.9 124,092

20-100 ha ............................. 17,561 550 517 27 389 267 155.9 110,777

Over 100 ha............................ 957 521 472 42 112 67 393.5 37,069

Total ............................. 145,744 1,762 1,595 145 1,102 794 632.5 535,593

In percentages

Less than 2 ha ............................ 32.6 2.5 1.9 8.3 3.7 3.7 0.3 18.0

2--10 ha ...............................36.5 14.9 13.7 27.6 21.5 22.8 3.7 31.3

10-20 ha ............................. 18.2 21.8 22.4 16.5 29.3 31.5 9.2 23.1

-20-100 ha............................. 12.0 31.2 32.4 18.6 35.3 33.6 24.6 20.7.

Over 100 ha............................ 0.7 29.6 29.6 29.0 10.2 8.4 62.2 6.9

Total ............................ .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936. Wien 1937.b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56.

0 ncl. part-time and seasonal workers.



3. Average crop area, production, an d yield pe r hectare fo r major crops (1933-36)a.

Crop area Production Yields

Crops

ha percent quintals quintals per ha

Wheat (incl. spelt) ......... 83,459 9.75 1,521,744 18.23

Rye............................... 180,097 21.03 2,944,509 16.35

Barley.......................................88,723 10.36 1,765,498 19.90

Oats ............................ . 134,176 15.67 2,015,476 15.02

Corn . .............................. 19,116 2.23 411,729 21.54

Potatoes ........................ .. . 109,138 12.75 12,196,838 111.76

Sugar beets ......................... . 31,184 3.64 8,114,222 260.20

Total pulses0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,542 0.76 87,626 13.39

Field vegetables0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7,882 0.92 1,152,290 146.19

Other crops and fallow ........... 195,887 22.89

Total plowland ............... 856,204 100.00

4. Livestock (1934)'.

per 100 ha

Kind Number of agricult. area Per 100 persons Percent of Austria

Horses. .................... ... . . .100,115 8.4 6.6 38.33

Cattle................ ............. . 641,643 53.9 42.5 27.32

Cows............................... 347,089 29.2 23.0 28.69

Pigs ............... ... . .. 1,087,200 91.3 72.0 38.51

Sheep.............................. 31,663 2.7 2.1 12.02

Goats .................................... 151,509 12.7 10.0 46.40

Chickens ........................... . .3,482,257 292.5 230.8 40.23

Ducks ............................. 46,100 3.9 3.1 45.91

Geese .............................. 48,064 4.0 3.2 50.77

a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wier, 1934-37.eAlso catch crops: 1,582 ha and 13,597 quintals for pulses, 3,505 ha and 268,981 quintals for field vegetables.

f Statistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.



AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): Statistical survey by states-UPPER AUSTRIA

1. Land use (1936).

Total Total Unpro-.



Hectares ........................... 1,199,427 405,858 25,563 ... 431,421 232,367 22,218 7,259 261,844 409,885 1,103,150 96,277

Percent of state area. ............... 100.00 33.84 2.13 .... 35.97 19.37 1.85 0.61 21.83 34.17 91.97 8.03

Percent of category total for Austria. 14.30 20.58 26.38 .... 20.48 24.70 6.49 0.75 11.66 13.06 14.73 10.75

2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agriculturalpopulation by size of farms (J93o)b

ThereofTotal Population,


Owned Rented area agriculturec

Number 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha 1,000 ha Number

Less than 2 ha.... ............... .. 22,263 21 19 2.3 20 4.5 0.9 43,997

2-10 ha .. ............... . . 27,610 132 124 6.4 111 50.9 18.9 82,955

10-20 ha ............................. 15,055 223 219 2.8 181 111.6 40.2 73,995

20-100 ha .. ..... .................. 14,998 462 455 "4.6 342 207.6 115.7 107,729

Over 100 ha......... .......... . 289 305 300 1.3 23 5.2 225.0 9,874

Total............................ 80,215 1,143 1,117 17.4 677 379.8 400.7 318,550

In percentages

Less than 2 ha........................... 27.7 1.8 1.7 11.8 3.0 1.2 0.2 13.8

2-10 ha .............................. 34.4 11.6 11.1 35.3 16.4 13.4 4.7 26.1

10-20 ha.............................. 18.8 19.5 19.6 17.6 26.7 29.4 10.0 23.2

20-100 ha.............................18.7 40.4 40.7 29.4 50.5 54.6 28.9 33.8

Over 100 ha ............................ 0.4 26.7 26.9 5.9 3.4 1.4 56.2 3.1

Total............................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937.

b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935,

c Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.

p. 56.



3. Average crop area, production, and yield pe r hectare for major crops (193 3-36)d.

Crops

Wheat (incl. spelt)..............Rye...... ........ :...........Barley .........................Oats ............ .. :..... .......Corn ...........................Potatoes .......................

Sugar beets ....................

Total pulses. ....................

Field vegetables'.. .......Other crops and fallow ..........

Total plowland .............

Crop area

60,650

84,942

29,316

87,730

42

35,5434,626

1,044

5,012

97,143

406,048

percent

14.94

20.92

7.22

21.61

0.01

8.75

1.14

0.26

1.23

23.92

100.00

Production

quintals

997,428

1,329,128

430,729

1,318,183

740

5,042,194

1,243,882

11,981

755,292

Yields

quintals per ha

16.45

15.65

14.69

15.03

17.62

141.86

268.89

11.48

150.70

4. Livestock (1934) f.

per 100 haKind Number of agricult. area Per 100 persons Percent of Austria.

Horses..................57,209 8.3 6.3 21.90

Cattle................................ 555,626 80.2 61.6 23.66

Cows................................ 297,407 42.9 33.0 24.58

Pigs................................. 592,667 85.6 65.7 20.99

Sheep .. . . . . . - 18,578 2.7 2.1 7.05Goats .......................... 47,660 6.9 5.3 14.60

Chickens ... ........ ................. 1,703,835 246.0 188.8 19.68Ducks................................ 17,747 2.6 2.0 17.67

Geese.................... ........... 10,073 1.5 1.1 10.64

aStatistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37.0 Also catch crops: 274 ha and 2,831 quintals for pulses, 517 ha and 56,323 quintals for field vegetables.tStatistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.



3. Average crop area, production,and yield per hectare for major crops (1 9 3 3 - 6 )d.

Crops

Wheat (inci. spelt) ..............Rye ........................

Barley ........................Oats.... ................ ...

Corn ........ ............. ....Potatoes ......................

Sugar beets.....................

Total pulsese ...................Field vegetablese................

Other crops and fallow ...........

Total plowland ............

4. Livestock (1934'.

per 100 haKind -Number of agricult. area Pe r 100 persons Percent of Austria

Horses......... ..................... 10,439 2.8 .4.2 4.00

Cattle..................127,231 34.7 51.8 5.42

Cows............................. 69,433 18.9 28.2 5.74

Pigs......... ............ ..... 41,848 11.4 17.0 1.48

Sheep ............................ 39,862 10.9 16.2 15.13Goats ..................... ..... .. 20,168 5.5 8.2 . 6.18

Chickens............................. 216,764 59.1 88.2 2.50

Ducks................................ 2,780 0.8 1.1 2.77

Geese................................ 2,199 0.6 0.9 2.32

'dStatistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933.36, Wien, 1934.37.eAlso catch crops: 56 ha and 606 quintals for pulses, 59 ha and 4,915 quintals for field vegetables.

fStatistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.

Crop area

ha

7,342

10,092

1,456

7,401

1,581

169

465

35,139

63,645

percent

11.54

15.86

2.29

11.63

2.48

0.27

0.73

55.20

100.00

Production

quintals

91,520

122,122

21,312

91,841

234,955

2,562

95,327

Yields

quintals per ha

12.47

12.10

14.64

12.41

148.61

15.16

205.00



AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): Statistical survey by states-STYRIA

1. Land use (1936)a.

Hectares....... ..............

Percent of state area ................

Percent of category total fo r Austria.

Total area

1,638,558

100.00

19.54

Plowland

271,955

16.60

13.79

Gardens

19,808

1.21

20.44

Vineyards

2,869

0.17

7.60

Total

plow- andgardenland

294,632

17.98

13.99

Hutwei

Meadows pastur,

183,077 93,9

11.17 5.7

19.46 27.4

Total Unpro-

len Total productive ductive

es Alps grassland Forests area area

56 130,398 407,431 803,516 1,505,579 132,979

30 7.96 24.86 49.04 91.88 8.12

3 13.54 18.14 25.60 20.10 14.86

2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agriculturalpopulation by size of farms (1930)'.

Size groups

Less than 2 ha.................. ......

2-10 ha .........................

10-20 ha........................

20-100 ha ..........................

Over 100 ha............ ...... .

Total .........................

Farms

Number

15,954

36,645

12,711

10,722

1,361

77,393

Area

1,000 ha

15

186

181

402

729

1,513

Thereof

Owned Rented

1,000 ha 1,000 ha

13 2.2

171 11.1

171 5.9

375 13.3

691 16.3

1,421 48.8

Totalagriculturalarea

1,000 ha

14

130

112

216

188

660

Plowlaud

1,000 ha

6.4

70.1

58.4

83.7

19.2

237.8

Forests

1,000 ha

1.5

53.7

66.9

180.2

451.1

753.4

PopulationPopulation

employed inagriculture"

Number

39,870

147,482

72,967

78,385

24,470

363,174

In percentages

Less than 2 ha............. .............. 20.6 1.0 0.9 4.5 2.1 2.7 0.2 11.0

2-10 ha .............................. 47.3 12.3 12.1 22.7 19.7 29.5 7.1 40.6

10-20 ha ............................ 16.4 12.0 12.0 12.1 17.0 24.5 8.9 20.1

20-100 ha............................. 13.9 26.5 26.4 27.3 32.7 35.2 23.9 21.6

Over 100 ha............................ 1.8 48.2 48.6 33.4 28.5 8.1 59.9 6.7

Total.............................100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937.

b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935,p. 56.

0 ncl. part-time and seasonal workers.



3. Average crop area,production, and yield per hectare for major crops (1 9 3 3 -3 6 )d.

Crop area Production Yields

Crops


Wheat (incl. spelt) ............. 31,776 11.72 510,330 16.06

Rye ......... ..... ....... ..... 37,876 13.97 582,264 15.37

Barley ............. ............... 9,577 3.53 148,972 15.56

Oats ............................... 34,616 12.77 571,321 16.50

Corn .............................. 22,312 8.23 647,400 29.02

Potatoes ......................... . 22,398 8.26 3,304,478 147.53

Sugar beets .................. 8 .... 1,382 172.75

Total pulses .. . . . . . . . .

...... . .

.... 1,170 0.43 15,278 13.06

Field vegetablese .................... 4,693 1.73 989,476 210.84

Other crops and fallow .............. 106,614 39.36

Total plowland ............... 271,040 100.00

w


per 100 ha


Horses .......... ............... . 26,859 3.9 2.6 10.28

Cattle ............................. 433,366 63.6 42.7 18.45

Cows .............................. 201,439 29.6 19.8 16.65

Pigs . .............................. 570,720 83.7 56.2 20.22

Sheep . .................. ......... 55,935 8.2 5.5 21.24

Goats ..................... ..... 27,029 4.0 2.7 8.28

Chickens ......... ................. 1,277,366 187.4 125.8 14.76

Ducks ................... ....... 11,951 1.8 1.2 11.90

Geese ........................... . 5,728 0.8 0.6 6.05

a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37.e Also catch crops: 3,862 ha and 21,620 quintals for pulses, 5,018 ha and 689,203 quintals for field vegetables.


L



AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): Statistical survey by states-CARINTHIA

1. Land use (1936) .

Total Total Unpro-



Hectares ............................ 953,471 127,697 5,179 .... 132,876 92,627 56,519 169,220 318,366 414,881 866,123 87,348

Percent of state area ................ 100.00 13.39 0.54 .... 13.93 9.72 5.93 17.75 33.40 43.51 90.84 9.16

Percent of category total for Austria. 11.37 6.48 5.35 6.31 9.85 16.50 17.57 14.17 13.22 11.56 9.76

2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agriculturalpopulation by size of farms ( 19 30 )b*

Thereof__________________ Total Population

Size groups Farms Area agricultural Plowlasid Forests employed in

Owned Rented area agriculture"


Less than 2 ha......... ................ 5,970 5.6 3.5 1.9 4.8 2.3 0.7 13,197

2-10 ha.. ........... .............. 9,645 49.8 -39.7 6.6 31.7 14.7 17.1 31,850

10-20 ha .................. 5,671 82.5 72.5 4.6 48.2 21.0 32.8 26,614

20-100- ha............................ 8,219 323.7 282.5 9.2 184.3 56.8 133.1 52,031

Over 100 ha.......................... 1,158 415.2 385.4 11.1 163.8 15.1 202.9 15,156

Total......... ........... ........ 30,663 876.8 783.6 33.4 432.8 109.9 386.6 138,848

In percentages

Less than 2 ha ........................... 19.5 0.6 0.4 5.7 1.1 2.1 0.2 9.5

2-10 ha .............................. 31.4 5.7 5.1 19.8 7.3 13.4 4.4 22.9

10-20 ha .............................. 18.5 9.4 . 9.3 13.8 11.1 19.1 8.5 19.2

20-100 ha ..................... 26.8 36.9 36.0 27.5 42.6 51.7 34.4 37.5

Over 100 ha...................3.8 47.4 49.2 33.2 37.9 13.7 52.5 10.9

Total..................... .. ..... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, .Wien 1937.b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56.

0Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.



3. Average crop area, production, and yield pe r hectare fo r major crops (1933-36)a.

Crops

Wheat (incl. spelt).............

Rye..

Barley ..........................

Oats............ ...................

Corn..

Potatoes. ....... .......

Sugar beets .....................

Total pulsese....................

Field vegetablese ..................

Other crops and fallow............

Total plowland ...............


Kind

Horses......:

Cattle...................

Cows..........................

Pigs ...........................

Sheep ..........................

Goats..........................

Chickens .........................

Ducks ....... ...............

Geese .......................

Number

24,718

185,251

81,318

234,815

58,00622,134

475,147

4,993

2,119

per 100 haof agricult. area

5.5

41.1

18.0

52.0

12.9

4.9

105.3

1.1

0.5

Per 100 persons

6.1

45.7

20.1

58.0

14.3 '

5.5

117.3

1.2

0.5

Percent of Austria

9.46

7.89

6.72

8.32

22.026.78

5.49

4.97

2.24

' Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37.e Also catch crops: 453 ha and 3,758 quintals for pulses, 874 ha and 128,864 quintals for field vegetables.


Crop area

ha

10,372

26,470

9,749

18,250

3,672

11,331

1,468

851

47,401

129,564

percent

8.00

20.43

7.52

14.09

2.83

8.75

1.13

0.66

36.59

100.00

Production

quintals

189,578

306,667

144,780

254,094

77,054

1,499,072

18,067

121,962

Yields

quintals per ha

18.28

11.59

14.85

13.92

20.98

132.30

12.31

143.32



AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): Statistical survey by states-TIROL

1. Land use (1936'.

Total Total Unpro-



Hectares .......... ............. 1,264,677 55,535 2,228 57,763 69,802 41,765 350,106 461,673 426,772 946,208 318,469

Percent of state area............ 100.00 4.39 0.18 4.57 5.52 3.30 27.68 36.50 33.75 74.82 25.18

Percent of category total fo r Austria. 15.08 2.82 2.30 .... 2.74 7.42 12.19 36.35 20.55 13.59 12.63 35.58

2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, an d agriculturalpopulation by size of f arms ( 1 9 3 o)b.

ThereofTotal Population

Size groups Farms Area - agricultural Plowland Forests employed in



Less than 2 ha......................... 4,786 5.1 4.3 0.6 4.5 1.4 0.4 11,325

2-10 ha ............................. 12,481 63.2 57.7 4.5 49.5 13.0 12.8 44,952

10-20 ha.... . ...................... 4,172 58.9 54.6 2.9 38.1 10.8 19.9 19,143

20-100 ha............ . ....... 4,093 160.6 137.3 5.9 102.5 17.2 55.3 23,712

Over 100 ha .......................... 940 801.8 778.8 5.5 238.4 3.3 315.4 6,711

Total.... .......... 26,472 1,089.6 1,032.7 1.9.4 433.0 45.7 403.8 105,843

In percentages

Less than 2 ha........................... 18.1 0.5 0.4 3.1 1.0 3.1 0.1 10.7

2-10ha..............................:

47.15.8 5.6 23.2 11.4 28.5 3.2 42.5

10-20 ha ............................. 15.8 5.4 5.3 14.9 8.8 23.6 4.9 18.1

20-100 ha............................15.5 14.7 13.3 30.4 23.7 37.6 13.7 22.4

Over 100 ha ........................... .3.5 73.6 75.4 28.4 55.1 7.2 78.1 6.3

Total. .................. ..... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

'Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937.b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56.

Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.



3. Average crop area,production, and yield per hectare for major crops (1933-36)'.

Crops

Wheat (incl. spelt) ...............

Rye .. ......... .............

Barley .... ......................

O ats ............... ..............

Corn .. .............. ............

Potatoes ..........................

Sugar beets ......................

Total pulses.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Field vegetables6

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

....

Other crops and fallow .............



per 100 ha


H orses ............ .............. . 8,889 1.7 2.5 3.40

Cattle ............................. 201,167 38.6 57.6 8.56

Cows .............................. 103,613 19.9 29.7 8.56

Pigs . ............................. 63,780 '12.2 18.3 2.26

Sheep........ .................... 51,300 9.9 14.7 19.48

Goats .. ....... ................ 33,509 6.4 9.6 10.26

Chickens. ........ ................... 393,008 75.5 112.6 4.54

Ducks . ...... ................ . 3,533 0.7 1.0 3.52

Geese ........... ................. . 2,412 0.5 0.7 2.55

SStatistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37.6 Also catch crops: 240 ha and 2,402 quintals for pulses, 64 ha and 10,450 quintals for field vegetables.


Crop area

3,076

7,090

2,941

1,549

1,393

5,417

264

299

33,951

55,980

percent

5.49

12.67

5.25

2.77

2.49

9.68

0.47

0.53

60.65

100.00

Production

quintals

49,565

105,010

49,912

23,598

37,304

805,247

4,705

66,791

Yields

quintals per ha

16.11

14.81

16.97

15.23

26.78

148.65

17.82

223.38



AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): Statistical survey by states-VORARLBERG

1. Land use (1936)".

Totalplow- and

Total area Plowland Gardens Vineyards gardenland

Hectares .......... ......... 260,165 2,489 1,836 5 4,330

Percent of state area ............... 100.00 0.96 0.70 0.00 1.66

Percent of category total for Austria. 3.10 0.13 1.89 0.01 0.20

2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agriculturalpopulation by size of farms ( 1 9 3 o)b.

Thereof

Size groups Farms Area Owned Rented

Number

4,342

ha

4,047or" ??l

ess than 2 ha...... .......... . .........

2- 0 ha ................................

10- 20 ha ........... ......... . .....

20- 10 0 ha .............................

Over 100 ha.............................

Total ............ ....... .....

Less than 2 ha................ . ...... . 30.5 1.8

2- 10 ha . ............................. 50.0 15.3

10- 20 ha .............................. 11.5 9.6

20-100 ha ........................ 5.8 14.5

Over 100 ha.. ................ .. . . .. 2.2 58.8

Total .. .... ............ .... . 100.0 100.0

/ ,1uo 35,331

1,640 22,596

828 32,773

309 133,781

14,225 228,528

ha ha

3,311 590

31,129 3,382

1,644

1,996

4,499

12,111

20,192

30,240

128,568

213,440

Totaliculturalarea

ha

3,598

28,602

16,517

23,002

80,198

151,917

In percentages

1.4

14.59.4

14.1

60.6

100.0

8.3

25.016.7

16.7

33.3

100.0

2.4

18.810.9

15.1

52.8

100.0

Plowland

ha

460

960

190

219

27

1,856

24.8

51.710.2

11.8

1.5

100.0

aStatistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937.

b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56.

e Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.

Meadows

48,610

18.69

5.17

Hutweidenpastures

18,446

7.09

5.39

Alps

91,540

35.19

9.50

Totalgrassland

158,596

60.97

7.06

Forests

67,859

26.08

2.16

Total Unpro-

Totalproductive

area

230,785

88.71

3.08

Unpro-ductive

area

29,380

11.29

3.28

Forests

ha

365

6,225

5,689

9,029

37,636

58,944

0.6

10.69.7

15.3

63.8

100.0

Populationemployed in

agriculturea

Number

8,253

22,295

7,109

4,008

1,676

43,341

19.0

51.416.4

9.3

3.9

100.0

'

I I~

I I - _



3. Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for major crops (1933-36)d.

Crop area Production YieldsCrops__________________


Wheat (inci. spelt) ... 282 11.65 6,900 24.47

Rye..................................... 51 2.11 1,024 20.08

Barley ........................ ......... 80 3.31 1,594 19.92

Oats ................................... 56 2.31 1,226 21.89

Corn........ ........................ 330 13.64. 9,972 30.22

Potatoes .... .................... 1,101 45.50 141,138 128.19

Sugar beets......... ....

Total pulses6 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

20 0.83 .333 16.65

Field vegetablese ...... 131 5.41 26,272 200.55

Other crops and fallow ...... 369 15.24

Total plowland ........ 2,420 100.00


per 100 haKind Number of agricult. area Per 100 persons Percent of Austria

Horses.................................. 3,064 1.9 2.0 1.17

Cattle................................. 66,248 40.5 42.6 2.82

Cows.....................37,118 22.7 23.9 3.07

Pigs ................................... 32,705 20.0 21.0 1.16

Sheep................. .................. 5,323 3.3 3.4 2.02Goats...................................8,178 5.0 5.3 2.51

Chickens............................... 169,932 103.8 109.3 1.96

Ducks ..................... ............. 2,108 1.3 1.4 2.10

Geese................................... 643 0.4 0.4 0.68

aStatistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37.e Also catch crops: 28 ha and 314 quintals for pulses, 84 ha and 11,067 quintals for field vegetables.fStatistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.



AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): Statistical survey by states-BURGENLAND

1. Land use (1936)"Total

Total Unpro-


Total area Plowland Gardens Vineyards gardenland Meadows pasturesAlps grassland Forests area area

He ctares.. . . .. . . . . ............. 397,719 187,036 4,754 8,853 200,643 35,816 20,124 .... 55,940 103,746 360,329 37,390

Percent of state area 100.00 47.03 1.19 2.23 50.45 9.00 5.06 .... 14.06 26.09 90.60 9.40

Percent of category total for Austria. 4.74 9.49 4.91 23.45 9.53 3.81 5.87 2.49 3.30 4.81 4.18

2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, an d agricultural population by size of farms ( 19 3 o)

ThereofToaTotal Population




Less than 2 ha............ .............. 15,066 14 11 2.5 12 9.4 1.0 30,075

2-10 ha............................22,730 117 104 11.0 98 75.6 17.7 75,539

10-20 ha.................... ....... 4,412 59 55 2.5 47 35.0 11.1 20,940

20-100 ha ........................... 1,064 35 32 1.5 26 19.3 7.2 7,028

Over 100 ha.............. ........ 205 119 91 26.1 48 27.9 59.8 10,861

Total ......................... 43,477 344 293,- 43.6 231 167.2 96.8 144,443

In percentages

Less than 2 ha........................ 34.7 4.1 3.8 5.7 5.2 5.6 1.0 20.8

2-10 ha...............................52.3 34.0 35.5 25.2 42.4 45.2 18.3 52.3

10-20 ha.............................10.1 17.1 18.8 5.7 20.3 20.9 11.5 14.5

20-100 ha ............................. 2.4 10.2 10.9 3.5 11.3 11.6 7.4 4.9

Over 100 ha............................. 0.5 34.6 31.0 59.9 20.8 16.7 61.8 7.5

Total .............. ............... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,00.0 100.0

o Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937.


0 Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.



3. Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for rnajor crops ( 1 9 3 3 -3 6 )d.

Crops

Wheat -(ncl. spelt).............Rye............................

Barley ................ .. ... :...

Oats.............. ............Corn ..........................

Potatoes.........................

Sugar beets ......... .. .........Total pulses. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Field vegetables0 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other crops and fallow ..........

Total plowland.............



Horses................................ 19,847 7.8 6.6 7.60Cattle............................... 133,651 52.4 44.6 5.69Cows................................ 68,591 26.9 22.9 5.67Pigs................................. 185,646 72.8 62.0 6.58

Sheep....................... ........ 2,629 1.0 0.9 1.00Goats.............................. 11,887 4.7 4.0 3.64Chickens ......... ......... .......... 776,357 304.5 259.3 8.97Ducks........................ ....... 6,861 2.7 2.3 6.83Geese................................. 22,208 8.7 7.4 23.46

d Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37.eAlso catch crops: 4,093 ha and 19,838 quintals for pulses, 3,815 ha and 348,426 quintals for field vegetables.rStatistisches Jalirbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.

Crop area

ha

35,408

33,207

22,974

14,592

16,934

17,324

8,106

1,079

1,293

35,481

186,398

percent

19.00

17.82

12.33

7.83

9.08

9.29

4.35

0.58

0.69

19.03

100.00

Production

quintals

527,197

472,377

354,958

187,530

285,862

1,358,718

1,812,551

11,898

166,059

Yields

quintals per ha

14.89

14.23

15.45

12.85

16.88

78.43

223.61

11.03

128.43



AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): Statistical survey by states-VIENNA

1. Land use (1936).

Total Total Unpro-



Hectares .................. . 27,806 7,275 4,007 424 11,706 2,158 659 .... 2,817 3,642 18,165 9,641

Percent of state area...............100.00 26.16 14.41 1.53 42.10 7.76 2.37 .... 10.13 13.10 65.33 34.67

Percent of category total for Austria. 0.33 0.37 4.13 1.12 .56 0.23 .19 .... 0.12 0.12 0.24 1.08

2. N umber of farms, tenancy, land use, an d agriculturalpopulation by size of farms (1 9 3 0 )b.

ThereofTotal Population


Owned Rented area agricultureo

Number ha ha ha ha ha ha Number

Less than 2 ha......................... 851 335 198 136, 323 44 1 1,972

2-10 ha............................... 180 848 486 362 830 411 0 913

10-20 ha............................... 67 988 543 445 978 822 6 362

20-100 ha.............................. 65 2,081 1,240 841 1,952 1,692 100 618

Over 100 ha............................. 9 1,948 1,392 556 881 615 1,024 339

Total.............................. 1,172 6,200 3,859 2,340 4,964 3,584 1,131 4,204

In percentages

Less than 2 ha............................ 72.6 5.4 5.1 5.8 6.5 1.2 0.1 46.9

2-10 ha ................................ 15.4 13.7 12.6 15.5 16.7 11.5 0.0 21.7

10-20ha...............................

5.7 15.914.1 19.0 19.7 22.9 0.5 8.6

20-100 ha ....................... .. 5.5 33.6 32.1 35.9 39.3 47.2 8.9 14.7

Over 100 ha............................ 0.8 31.4 36.1 23.8 17.8 17.2 90.5 8.1

Total............................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

° Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937.b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56.0 Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.



3. Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for major crops (1933-36)d.

Crops

Wheat (incl. spelt)...............

Rye.....................Barley ..........................

Oats ..................... ....

Corn ...........................Potatoes ....... :................Sugar beets......................

Total pulsese................. .. .

Field vegetables e..................

Other crops and fallow .............Total plowland.............

Crop area

ha

864

1,134

1,107

286

242

715

479

163

53 4

1,802

7,326

percent

11.79

15.48

15.11

3.90

3.30

9.76

6.54

2.23

7.29

24.60

100.00

Production

quintals

16,43722,648

22,403

5,318

5,259

80,972

1'23, 108

2,094

63,565

quintals per ha

19.02

19.97.

20.24

18.59

21.73

113.25

257.01

12.85

119.04


per 100 ha


H-ors es ............................ ... 10,077 69.6 0.5 3.86

Cattle...................................4,444 30.7 0.2 0.19

Cows................................... 3,866 26.7 0.2 0.32

Pigs..................................13,585 93.9 0.7 0.48Sheep .................................. 104 0.7 0.0 0.04

Goats..................................4,423 30.6 0.2 1.35

Chickens ................................ 162,111 1,120.1 8.6 1.87

Ducks ............................... 4,343 30.0 0.2 4.33

Geese....................... .......... 1,226 8.5 0.1 1.29

'a Statistik dcr Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37.

Also catch crops: 62 ha and 626 quintals for pulses, 158 ha and 10,687 quintals for field vegetables.

Statistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.



STATISTICAL SURVEY OF AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries)

1. Land use (1936)'.

Total area

8,386,757

100.00

Hectares .......

Percent of state area.

Plowland

1,971,529

23.51

Gardens

96,905

1.16

Vineyards

37,752

0.45

Totalplow, and

gardenland

2,106,186

25.12

Hutweiden

Hutweiden

Meadows pastures

940,597 342,566

11.22 4.08

Total Unpro-

Total productive ductive

Alps grassland. Forests area area

963,260 2,246,423 3,139,080 7,491,689 895,068

11.48 26.78 37.43 89.33 10.67

2. Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agricultural opulation by size of farms x(1930)

I F

Size groups

Less than 2 ha ..................... ...

2-10 ha ...........................

10-20 ha ...........................

20-100 ha .............................Over 100 ha:...... .................

Total........................

Less than 2 ha................. ....

2-10 ha ........................

10-20 ha........................20-100 ha........... ............

Over 100 ha.......... ............

Total........................

Farms

Number

118,783

174,038

73,446

61,073

6,020

433,360

Area

1,000 ha

111.

871:

1,058

2,098

3,490

7,628

Thereof

Owned Rented

1,000 ha 1,000ha

87 22

769 85

995 47

1,952 68

3,279. 119

7,082 341

Totalagricultural

area

1,000 ha

102

705

803

1,383

1,037

4,030

Plowland

1,000 ha

54

413

501

677

144

1,789

Forests

1,000 ha

6.5

153.7

243.9

686.8

1,861.1

2,952.0

In percentages

27.4

40.2

16.914.1

1.4

100.0

1.4

11.4;

13.927.5

45.8

100.0

1.2

10.9

14.0

27.6

46.3

100.0

6.5

24.9

13.8

19.9

34.9

100.0

SI I _______

6Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937.


encl. part-time and seasonal workers.

2.5

17.5

19.9

34.3

25.8

100.0

3.0

23.1

28.0

37.8

8.1

100.0

0.2

5.2

8.3

23.3

63.0

100.0

Populationemployed in

agriculturec

Number

249,079

587,833

359,725

406,322

115,118

1,718,077

14.5

34.2

20.9

23.7

6.7

100.0

i



3. Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for major crops (1933-36)a.

Crops

Wheat (incl. spelt)..............

Rye ...........................Barley ................. ........

Oats ...........................Corn ..........................

Potatoes..................

Sugar beets.....................Total pulses. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Field vegetables. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other crops and fallow ...........


Crop area

236,814

380,960

165,924

298,655.

64,041

204,548

44,403

11,918

21,160

550,203

1,978,626

percent

11.97

19.25

8.39

15.09

3.24

10.34

2.24

0.60

1.07

27.81

100.00

Production

quintals

3,910,700

* 5,885,749

* 2,940,158

4,468,587

1,475,322

24,663,611

11,295,146

154,544

3,437,035

4. Livestock (1934).


Horses............................... 261,217 6.0 3.9 100.00

Cattle................................ 2,348,627 54.2 34.8 100.00

Cows........................1,209,874 27.9 17.9 100.00

Pigs ........ ............... 2,822,966 65.1 41.8 100.00Sheep .............................. 263,400 6.1 3.9 100.00

Goats................................ 326,497 7.5 4.8 100.00

Chic ke ns............................ 8,656,777 199.6 128.1 100.00

Ducks . ...................... 100,416 2.3 1.5 100.00

Geese............................... 94,672 2.2 1.4 100.00

a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37.6Also catch crops: 10,650 ha and 65,594 quintals for pulses, 14,094 ha and 1,528,916 quintals for field vegetables.fStatistisches Jahirbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.

Yields

quintals per ha

16.51

15.45

17.72

14.96

23.04

120.58

254.38

12.97

162.43

Number and area of farms in the Ostmark* German agriculturalcensus May 17, 1939.



I Total IHectares I

Reic sgau ofu m s 05 1-2 2-5 5- 0 10-20 1 20-50 I 50-100 100-200 200-500 500-1,00 0 and overu b r o fa m

Vienna . ......... ...................Niederdonau... ..................

Oberdonau...... .................Salzburg .............................

Styria................................

Carinthia ............................

Tirol.................................Total ..... .................. .

Vienna...............................

Niederdonau ................. ......Oberdonau ..........................Salzburg.............................

Styria .......... ...................Carinthia ............................

Tirol ...............................

Vienna.............................Niederdonau .. ,.......................

Oberdonau ....................... ..

Salzburg .............................

Styria...............................Carinthia ................. ..........Tirol................................

Total ..........................Vienna...............................

Niederdonau .........................

Oberdonau...........................

Salzburg .............................

Styria................................Carinthia ............................Tirol ............................ ...

7,574

197,786

92,22615,245

98,047

37,404

38,839

487,121

2,025

27,221

8,287850

7,661

3,250

3,315

52,609

2,015

34,547

13,8511,271

11,244

4,220

'5,238

72,386

1,385

49,579

21,5892,401

26,266

6,778

10,903

118,901

698

34,231

13,8542,555

24,116

5,621

8,962

90,037

61 2

31,752

17,1753,533

16,116

6,949

5,627

81,764

646

17,432

16,036

3,042

9,006

7,313

2,964

56,439 1

96

1,689

1,053

679

2,193

1,896

745

8,351

45

658

190

470

837

776

456

3,432

32395

94

30 1

37 6

408

33 6

1,942

In percent

100.00 26.8 26.6 18.3 9.2 8.1 8.5 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1

100.00 13.8 17.5 25.1 17.3 16.0 8.8 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1

100.00 9.0 15.0 23.4 15.0 18.6 17.4 1.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1

100.00 5.6 8.3 15.7 16.8 23.2. 19.9 4.4 3.1 2.0 0.5 0.5

100.00 7.8 11.5 26.8 24.6 16.4 9.2 2.2 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.1

100.00 8.7 11.3 18.1 15.0 18.6 19.5 5.1 .2.1 1.1 0.3 0.2

100.00 [ 8.5 13.5 28.1 23.1 14.5 7.6 1.9 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.4

Farm area .in hectares

94,129 1,436 2,760 4,280 4,898 8,879 19,050 6,355 6,162 10,582 6,400 23,327

2,211,121 19,833 49,985 161,430 243,978 456,023 488,578 111,684 91,912 124,715 101,834 361,149

1,348,079 6,085 20,260 70,524 98,838 253,973 458,983 66,676 25,839 28,331 26,552 292,018

675,313 616 1,865 8,069 18,679 51,809 90,487 47,535 66,846 86,962 50,842 251,603

1,636,932 5,556 16,447 89,767 171,496 224,419 270,920 147,821 116,158 113,561 86,893 393,894

11,056,593 2,378 6,056. 22,3441 40,726 102,372 222,107 129,345 107,133 121,293 72,984 229,855

11,288,238 2,425 7,743 36,372 163,864 78,349 87,457 51,468 65,0281 104,8171 87,675 703,040

8,310,405 38,329 105,1161 392,7861 642,479 1,175,824 11,637,582 560,884 479,078 1590,261 433,180 2,254,886

In percent

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

5.211.0

7.3

2.810.5

3.95.0

9.4

20.6

18.8

7.7

13.7

9.7

6.1

20.2

22.1

34.0

13.4

16.6

21.0

6.8

6.85.15.07.09.0

12.2

4.0

6.6

4.21.99.97.1

10.1

5.0

11.2

5.6

2.1

12.9

6.9

11.5

8.1

24.8

16.3

21.7

37.2

24.1

21.8

54.6

Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from official sources. * The Ostmark was 5.2 percent larger than preannexation Austria.

Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from official. sources. * The Ostmark was 5. 2 percent larger than preannexation Austria.



APPENDIX B

MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS AND INFORMATION

AUSTRIA: Development of acreages, yields, and production of specified crops, average 1909-13, and 1922 to 1937

Acreage Averageyields, and tproduction 1909-13 1922 I 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 I 1936

1,000 hectaresAcreage

Wheat .........Rye...........

Barley ........

Oats .............Corn..........

Potatoes.......

Sugar beets ......

Yields

Wheat .........Rye...........

Barley .........

Oats...........Corn..........

Potatoes.......

Sugar beets......

Production

Wheat ...........Rye.... . . . .. . .

Barley .........

Oats ............

Corn..........

Potatoes.....

198

419

136

344

49

155

25

186.0

337.4

126.7

284.8

60.0

163.2

11.2

192.2

373.0

135.0

324.5

58.4

150.9

13.1

195.0

375.4

138.1

308.6

59.6

167.4

18.7

195.9

384.0

140.8

307.7

60.2

176.2

20.1

202.5

393.5

146.6

314.5

61.5

177.7

19.8

204.4

383.5

148.0

311.2

59.6

183.3

24.4

208.0

379.5

156.4

301.0

57.8

189.2

30.4

208.5 205.5

374.3 375.0

158.2 174.0

296.6 312.3

55.8 57.7

189.8 188.5

30.4 35.4

209.4

378.0

168.3

314.6

61.6

193.7

42.7

216.3

387.1

171.1

307.1

66.7

202.4

42.7

219.6

387.5

171.1

305.7

64.2

204.0

46.5

231.8

381.7

166.6

302.8

64.9

201.9

49.6

243.3

381.9

162.9

297.6

63.2

202.4

43.8

252.5

372.6

163.1

288.5

63.8

209.9

37.7

250.5

358.2

167.1

287.3

69.9

215.6

40.4

100 kilograms per hectare

13.7

13.6

12.4

11.8

15.0

83.4

241.6

10.9

10.2

9.6

9.2

14.7

85.7

154.4

12.6

10.8

12.7

11.6

15.1

94.5

184.0

11.8

11.0

11.4

10.7

15.9

98.4

231.9

14.8

14.3

14.2

12.6

19.4

117.4

244.1

12.7

12.1

13.5

13.8

15.8

73.0

242.9

15.9

13.3

16.1

14.1

21.1

145.5

295.7

16.9

13.3

18.0

15.4

18.7

131.5

239.0

15.1 15.9

13.6 14.0

17.0 15.4

15.2 j 12.8

21.0 20.9

147.6 140.7

227.6 274.7

14.3

12.7

12.9

10.6

20.6

140.3

229.0

15.3

15.9

16.0

12.7

19.8

131.7

239.0

18.1

17.7

19.5

16.4

21.3

115.5

229.6

15.6

15.1

17.7

15.4

23.9

136.2

279.9

17.3

16.2

16.6

13.1

20.2

118.2

262.6

15.1

12.7

17.0

14.8

26.8

112.8

241.7

15.2

11.9

15.5

14.6

28.1

148.0

242.3

1,000 metric tons

270

568

169

405

73

1,296

Sugar beets ....... 604

202.0

345.2

121.9

265.9

88.3

1,398.3

172.8

241.9 231.1 290.4

402.3 411.2 550.1

171.0 156.9 200.7

375.4 331.6 388.4

87.6 94.5 116.8

1,426.2 11,647.2 2,068.4

241.8 433.1 492.6

256.9 325.5

475.3 511.2

197.6 238.1

434.8 I 438.8

97.2 125.7

1,297.8 2,666.4

480.7 722.7

351.5 I506.0

282.0

462.2

107.9

2,488.3

725.4

314.6

510.5

269.4

451.0

117.3

2,803.0

691.2

326.8

524.2

267.3

400.7

120.8

2,653.1

973.3

299.6

480.9

216.6

332.1

126.7

2,716.8

977.7

331.8

615.4

274.1

389.8

132.2

2,666.1

1,020.4

397.8

687.0

332.9

502.8

136.6

2,354.9

1,067.5

362.2

574.5

294.8

466.5

155.0

2,749.4

1,388.1

422.1 382.2 400.3

620.2 472.7 476.7

270.3 278.1 288.1

390.8 427.3 474.8

127.6 170.9 206.3

2,392.5 2,368.7 3,611.7

1,150.0 912.5 1,007.6

Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from official sources.t

Calculated for post-1922 area of Austria; as per statistics given in Deutsche Agrarpolitik (Friedrich-List-Gesellschaft), Berlin 1932, Ergaenzungsteil, p. 279,

1937

"



AUSTRIA: Basic characteristics of farm types

Types

Plowland farms.....................

Wine farms............... .....

Grassland farms without alps .........

Grassland farms with alps

Forest farms....................

Mixed wine farms ..................

Plow-grassland farms without alps .....

Plow-grassland farms with alps ........

Mixed forest farms ........ .......

Forest pasture farms ..................

Farms

surveyed

Number

162

12

26

99

17

145

334

33

71

23

Averagealtitude

m

354

211

* 589

754

738

269

471

649

672

882

Averageprecipitation

mm

731

563

1,215

1,352

968

705

929

1,108

1,026

1,249

Averagefarm size

with forest

ha

21.20

5.60

37.46

40.67

141.43

15.09

24.18

18.82

42.52

53.45

Use of productive land in percentages

Plowland

71.9

44.6

12.0

13.9

5.0

71.1

39.7

19.5

14.9

8.3

Grassland Vineyards Forest

12.9

10.0

46.2

.43.1

14.2

11.8

30.6

45.9

23.0

27.9

22.6

4.4

15.2

22.8

41.8

43.0

80.8

12.7

29.7

34.6

62.1

63.8

Source: H. Schoehi, op. cit. p. 41.

Estimated value of farms, value of annual product, and labor input per productive hectare

Types

Wine farms.....................m..........

Mixed wine farms ..........................

Plow- an d grassland farms with alps ...........

Plowland farms ........... ..............

Plow- and grassland farms without alps .........

Grassland farms without alps..................

Grassland farms with alps...................

Mixed forest farms.........................

Forest pasture farms.... ........ .....

Forest farms.......................... ......

Value perproductive hectare

Schilling

8,022

4,216

3,162

3,082

2,564

2,158

1,952

1,576

1,566

98 8

Value of farm productper productive hectare

Schilling

1,715

796

603

650

510

369

314

268

241

.146

Input of work days per productive hectare by

Familymem

bers j Others Total

237.7

83.3

61.7

56.0

44.7

38.5

28.5

29.6

15.5

10.5

Source: H. Schoehl, op. cit. p. 41, 45 and 50.

18.3

30.1

27.9

32.9

39.5

25.1

24.2

20.8

25.7

12.0.

256.0

113.4

89.6

88.9

84.2

63.6

52.7

50.4

41.2

22.5

1



AUSTRIA: Distribution of gross income by various farmbranches

Milk anS I Sheep

Types of farms milk Sale oForest and eggsPotatoe Sugar e e F

products Cattle Pigs grain beets Wi I HorsesFodder and goats

Percent

2. Wine farms ......... 9.0 2.9 10.3 3.1 .... 1.6 .... 5 35 1.3

6. Mixed wine farms............ ................. 17.8 8.4 18.9 12.3 3.3 2.2 17.9 3.5

1. Plowland farms 22.3 11.3 20.1 16.1 2.5 2.9 "... 6.1 .... .... 2.9 ....

8. Plow-grassland farms with alps .... ............ 32.2 17.7 14.6 4.3 4.8 .... 4.9 .... .... 1.9 3.9 ....7. Plow-grassland farms without alps..............21.3 16.9 21.3 10.2 5.9 3.0 .... .... .... 1.8 5.1

3. Grassland farms without alps..................33.9 13.2- 11.1 4.4 9.2 2.2 .... .... .... 2.3 4.8

4. Grassland farms with alps.................... 29.6 22.7 11.6 4.0 11.5 1.4 .... .... .... 2.6 2.3

9. Mixed forest farms.........................24.8 17.6 15.7 6.8 14.2 2.1 .... .... .... 2.5 3.4 ....

10. Forest pasture farms........................ 27.1 22.7 10.2 4.8 16.7 .0.7 .... .... 3.4 1.0

5. Forest farms ........................... 19.4 18.5 12.5 4.3 25.4 1.3 .... .... 4.4 1.2 ....

Source: H. Schoehi, op. cit. p. 46.

Market dependence

Types of farms

2. Wine farms.......... ....................................

1. Plowland farms ..................... ............................

6. Mixed wine farms........... ...............................

5. Forest farm s... . .. . . . . ....................................

10. Forest pasture farms......................................

8. Plow-grassland farms with alps...............................

3. Grassland farms without alps..................................

7. Plow-grassland farms without alps...........................

4. Grassland farms with alps...................................

9. Mixed forest farms........................................

Source: H. Schoehl, op. cit. p. 47.

*Percentages for 1930 only. Total gross income from sales equals 100.

Sales as percentage Percentage of gross income from sales of

of gross income the most important commodities*

77.7 Wine 76.1, milk 7.5, fruit 4.7, cattle 3.1.

76.4 Milk 20.0, pigs 17.0, cattle 15.3, grain 10.4.

75.2 Wine 23.8, milk 19.3, pigs 12.5, cattle 11.0.

72.0 Cattle 29.4,wood 27.9, milk 12.3, pigs 6.7.

71.7 Cattle 29.8, milk 21.7, wood 15.3, pigs 5.8.

69.7 Milk 27.5, cattle 22.2, pigs 16.2, potatoes 5.4.

69.3 Milk 38.8, cattle 21.3, wood 11.1, pigs 7.7.

68.8 Cattle 23.2, pigs 19.0, milk 15.0, milk products 6.7.

67.7 Cattle 33.9, milk 15.3, wood 13.9, pigs 9.3.

67.4 Cattle 26.3, wood 16.7, milk 16.2, pigs 10.8.



AUSTRIAN MANUFACTURERS OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

Hofherr-Schrantz-Clayton-Shuttleworth, Landwirtschaftliche Maschinenfabrik A.G., Vienna. Reorganized in 1935

with a capital of 3,000,000 Schillings by the Industrie-Kredit A.G., now owned by the German

Government. Negotiations underway to bring about a close collaboration with the German firm Hein-

rich Lanz A.G., Mannheim.

A. G. Alfa Separator, Vienna. Capital 1,500,000 Schillings, partly in Swedish hands. Manufactures chiefly

agricultural cookers, stoves, tinware, tools, andmachines, particularly chaff cutters. Plans to take over.

foundry.

Oesterreichische Epple-Buxbaum Werke, Wels A. G. Capital 1,000,000 Schillings. Manufactures various ma-

chines, chiefly threshing machines and mowers.

Reformwerke, Wels. Produces chiefly grain sowers.

Vogel&Noti A.G., Wartberg, Stelermark. Capital 1,400,000 Schillings; owns rolling

mills, manufactures

plows, etc.



LIST OF MAIN REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING

General Austrian agriculture

1. Schoehl, Harald. Oesterreichs Landwirtschaft, Gestalt und Wandlung 1918-38. Berlin Reichsnaehr-

1938 stand. 126 pp .

2. Herbert, Walther. Oesterreich Kunde, Berlin, 1938.

1938

3. Weekly reports of the German Institute for Business Research, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, Hamburg.

1938, March 25, No. 11/12 and supplement

1938, April 6, No. 13/14 and supplement.

4. Wochenbericht des Instituts fuer Konjunkturforschung, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, Hamburg.

1938, April, No. 14/15.

5. Hamscha, Hans & Deutsch, Otto. Die Aufgaben der oesterreichischen Landwirtschaft. Agrarverlag

1937 Wien, 1937, 175 pp.

6. Oesterreichs Land und Forstwirtschaft. Wirtschaft & Zeitungsverlagsgesellschaft m.b.H., Wien.

1927 1927, 312 pp . and 1937.

1937

7. Bundesministerium fuer Land und Forstwirtschaft. Oesterreichs Landwirtschaft. Wirtschaftsver-

1934 lag und Zeitungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Baden bei Wien, 1934, 78 pp.

8. Morgan, O. S. Agricultural Systems of Middle Europe. A Symposium. MacMillan Company, New



16. World markets for farm equipment 1938-39. U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce,

1938-39 Department of Commerce, p. 25 1-25 r.

17. Meyer, Konrad. Gefuege und Ordnung der deutschen Landwirtschaft. Reichsnaehrstand Verlag,

1939 Berlin.

18. Wutz, Anton. Alpenlaendische Milchwirtschaft.Reichsnaehrstandverlag Berlin 1938, 133 pp.

1938

19. International Institute of Agriculture. Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Practice. Au-

1935. gust 1935, vol. 26 , No. 8, p. 393-402.

20. L'Aviculture dans le monde, Rome, 1933, vol. 2, p. 29-43.

1933

21. Krische, Paul. Bodenkarten und andere kartographische Darstellungen der Faktoren der landwirt-

1928 schaftlichen Produktion verschiedener Laender. Verlagsbuchhandlung Paul Parey,

Berlin, p. 56-61.

Sources of statistics

22. Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich. Bundesministerium fuer Land und Forswirtschaft

1933-36, Wien 1934-37.

23. Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich.Bundesamt fuer Statistik, Wien, up to 1937.

24 . Wirtschaftsstatistisches Jahrbuch. Kammer fuer Arbeiter und Angestellte in Wien. Wien, up to 1936.

25 . Statistik des Aussenhandels Oesterreichs. Bundesministerium fuer Handel und Verkehr, Wien.

26 . Statistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich. Statistisches Reichsamt Berlin 1938.

27. International Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics. International Institute of Agriculture, Rome.

28. Statistisches Handbuch der Weltwirtschaft. Statistisches Reichsamt Berlin 1936.

29 . Wirtschaft und Statistik. Statistisches Reichsamt Berlin, 1940 and 1941.

58



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REIF NBRANG

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AUSTRIADENSITY OF POPULATION

Uninhabited

Under 20 inhabitantspe r productive square kilometer

20 to 50

50 to /00 "

/OO to 20 0 ."

Over 200Is

-- --- --



AUSTRIAAGRICULTURAL ZONES

- - Nationci boundary- --State---------- Zone a

STATUTE MILES

25 0 25 501 11 1 11 I

1 1 .1

.25 0 25

KILOMETERS

C'

I WIENERWALD-AUSLAUFER

2 OONAU-TIEFLAND

NIEDER6STERR EICH

3 WIENER BECKEN UND STEINFELO

4 WIENERWALD

5 NIEDEROSTERREICH ALPENAUJSLAUFER

E

7 KREMSER UND TULLNER 8ECKEN

8 MARCHFELD

9 LEISERBERGE

I0 WALOVIERTEL

OBEROSTERREICH

II MACHLANO

12 MIJHLVIERTEL

13 SAU-UND GANSERWALD

14 WELSERFELD

IS SALZKAMMERGUT U. SENSENGEB.

16 HAUSRUCK

17 INNVIERTEL

29 Klagenfurt pro""

IG 0

IFLACHGAU

19 TANNENGAU

20. PIN ZGAU UND PONGAUI

21 LUNGAU

STEIERM ARK

22 OBERES ENNS-UND SALZATAL

23 OBERES MUR-.UND MURZTAL

24 MITTEL-UND WEST-STEIERMARK

25 OST-STEIERMARK

26 UNTERES MURTAL

K AR NTE N

27 SAUALPEN

v A29 KARAWANKEN UND GAILTAL

30 TAUERN

TIROL

31 OST-TIROL

32 UINTER-INN-UND WIPPTAL

33 OBER-INN-UND LECHTAL

VORARLB ERG

34 VORARLBERGER ALPEN oFA4

35 RHEINTA.

BURGENLAND

36 OSTL U N6ROL 0 NEUSIEOLER SEES

37 WESTL DES NEUSIEDLER SEES

bSUDLICH DER DONAU SALZBURG 28 DRAUTAL I 38 SLIOBURGENLANID

50 75

46K

L

A

civil affairs handbook austria section 7

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