citation plagiarism

8/18/2019 Citation Plagiarism

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Citing Sources

andAvoiding Plagiarism


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Citing Sources

Why do you need to cite?

*cite – make reference to

• Give credit for the work you have built on inyour arguments

• Get credit for the work you have done yourself


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You must cite your source:

• When you quote from someone’s work • When you paraphrase someone’s work

• When you use or refer to published data

• When you follow someone’s research method • When you use any idea from someone’s work

(Turabian, 2007)


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You don’t need to cite:

• General reference resources, such as adictionary or encyclopaedia

• Common knowledge or facts(this does not mean you can copy from texts word-for-word).

• Your own arguments and original ideas(but you must ask for permission to use part/all of

previously submitted material)


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A reference consists of:

• In-text citation (parenthetical citation)

+

• Full entry in the list of works cited.

You must give both parts of the reference toavoid the charge of plagiarism!


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Ecocriticism has been glossed as “the study of the relationship

between literature and the physical environment” and has been

hailed as a recent branch of literary studies that takes “an earth-

centered approach to the study of texts” (Garrard 1).

………….

Works Cited

Garrard, Greg. Ecocriticism. London: Routledge, 2004. Print.

In-text citation and its corresponding entry inthe list of works cited


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Academic research papers may be written in different

formats depending on the type of paper beingwritten.

Commonly used styles are:

• MLA (Modern Language Association) - used inliterature, arts and the humanities

• APA (American Psychological Association) -used in social sciences, such as psychology and

education• Chicago – commonly used by individuals in the

humanities


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* MLA 7th Edition Format


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Works Cited = the title of your list of citations when

using the MLA format.

References = the title of your list of citations whenusing the APA format .

* Works Cited, References = only list items you haveactually cited in your paper

Bibliography = list all of the material you haveconsulted in preparing your essay, whether or notyou have actually cited the work


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MLA regulates:

• Document Format

• In-text citations

• Works Cited


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MLA: Document Format

• Double-space everything• Use 12 pt. Times New Roman font (or similar

font)

• Leave only one space after punctuation• Set all margins to 1 inch on all sides

• Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-

inch


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MLA: In-text Citations1. The source is introduced by a signal phrase

that names its author.Wordsworth states that Romantic poetry was

marked by a “spontaneous overflow of

powerful feelings” (263).

2. The material being cited is followed by a page

number in parentheses.Romantic poetry is characterized by the

“spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”

(Wordsworth 263).


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More examples:

Human beings have been described by Kenneth

Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).

Human beings have been described as “symbol-

using animals” (Burke 3).


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Smith, Yang, and Moore argue that tougher gun

control is not needed in the United States (76).

The authors state “Tighter gun control in the

United States erodes Second Amendment

rights” (Smith, Yang, and Moore 76).


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A Quotation:

• Identical to the original—word for word.

• The most specific of the three techniques, but should be usedthe least.

• Should never stand by itself as a complete sentence (known asa “floating quote”).

e.g.:

“Romantic poetry is characterized by the spontaneous overflowof powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263). X

• Requires a parenthetical citation—otherwise, it’s plagiarism


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When you want to cite, quote, summarize or

paraphrase.Whenever you include a quote, summary or paraphrase

in your paper, always introduce with a signal phrase.

e.g.:

In the words of researchers Greenfield and Davis, “. . .”

As Jay Keesan has noted, “. . .”

“. . . ,” writes Daniel Tynan, “ . . .”

“. . .,” claims Esqandar.

Teigen and Kojiwa offer a persuasive counterargument:“. . .”


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Use vivid verbs to introduce your quotes.

Alternatives to ‘X says…’ and ‘According to X, …’

* Use the simple present tense

Verbs in signal phrases:

acknowledge claim deny imply refute

add comment dispute insist reject

admit compare emphasize note report

argue confirm endorse observe respond

assert contend grant point out suggest

believe declare illustrate reason think


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Short quotation:

According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express “profound

aspects of personality” (184).

Long quotation:

Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him

throughout her narration:

They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even intheir room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landingof the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. Bychance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr.

Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting hischamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I wasobliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice andinhumanity was sent out of the house (Bronte 78).


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A Summary:

• A general restatement of the main idea of a passage.

• The most general of the three techniques.

• Requires that you clearly understand the originalpassage so you do not distort its meaning.

• Uses your own original wording and sentencestructure—otherwise, it’s plagiarism.

• Is much shorter in length than the original.

• Requires a parenthetical citation—otherwise, it’s

plagiarism.


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Original passage:

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes,

and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research]paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscriptshould appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, youshould strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of

source materials while taking notes.Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 14th ed. New York:Pearson, 2010. Print.

A summary:Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation fromsources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in aresearch paper (Lester 48).


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A Paraphrase:A precise restatement of a short passage—usually no more

than a sentence or two.More specific than summary, but more general than a

quotation.

Requires that you clearly understand the original passage so

you do not distort its meaning.Uses your own original wording and sentence structure—

otherwise, it’s plagiarism.

Is usually very close to the same length as the original

passage.Requires a parenthetical citation—otherwise, it’s

plagiarism.


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Original passage:

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes,

and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research]paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscriptshould appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, youshould strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of

source materials while taking notes.Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 14th ed. New York:Pearson, 2010. Print.

A paraphrase:

In research papers students often quote excessively, failing tokeep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since theproblem usually originates during note taking, it is essential tominimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 48).

A k d


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MLA: Works CitedBasic format:

Book

Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book . Place of

Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.Medium of Publication.

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London:Oxford UP, 1967. Print.


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Article in Scholarly Journal

Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): pages. Medium of publication.

Duvall, John N. “The (Super)Marketplace of Images:Television as Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo's

White Noise.” Arizona Quarterly 50.3 (1994): 127-

53. Print.


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Web Source

Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). “Article Name.” Name of Site. Version number. Name of

institution/organization affiliated with the site

(sponsor or publisher), Date of last update. Medium

of publication. Date of access.

Bernstein, Mark. “10 Tips on Writing the Living Web.”

A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites. A ListApart Mag., 16 Aug. 2002. Web. 4 May 2009.

Pl i i


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Plagiarism

Three different acts considered as plagiarism:

1. Failing to cite quotations and borrowed

ideas2. Failing to enclose borrowed language in

quotation marks

3. Failing to put summaries and paraphrases inyour own words

(Hacker, 2009)

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Avoiding Plagiarism

• Give credit where it is due/Cite your sources

• Learn to quote and paraphrase your sourcesproperly

• Map out your argument and then bring in sourcesto support it

T lf!


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Test yourself!Which is the plagiarized version?

Original Source Material: Theories differ from philosophies and models ofteaching. A philosophy is a value system, whereas a theory seeks to explainreal-world events and can be certified through scientific investigation.

Source: Gredler, Michael. Learning and instruction: Theory into practice . 4th ed..Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2001. Print.

Theories and philosophiesare different from eachother because theories

seek to explain real-worldevents and can be certifiedthrough scientificinvestigation.

Theories and philosophiesare different from each otherbecause, according

to Gredler, theories seek “toexplain real-world eventsand can be certified throughscientific investigation” (23).

.

A B

T t lf!


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Test yourself!Is there plagiarism here?Original Source Material: Good writing has an aliveness that keeps the

reader reading from one paragraph to the next, and it's not a question ofgimmicks to "personalize” the author. It’s a question of using the Englishlanguage in a way that will achieve the greatest strength and the leastclutter.

Source: Zinsser, William. On Writing Well. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. Print.

An important quality of good writing is "aliveness" (Zinsser

6). To achieve aliveness, a writer must avoid gimmicks andinstead use the English language to achieve great strengthand a minimal amount of clutter.

.

T t lf!


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Test yourself!Is there plagiarism here?Original Source Material: I first went down the Colorado River in the Grand

Canyon in May of 1976, just after writing a book on the Green River,during which time I had studiously avoided running the Colorado Riverbecause I didn't want to lose focus, didn't want to be over-whelmed bythis massive canyon, this overpowering river. When that book was over-and published, I wanted to complete my time of river running with the

ultimate: the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, sure that I would writeno more river books, do no more river trips, and this rowing trip would bethe grand finale (so to speak).

Source: Zwinger, Ann H. The Grand Canyon: Intimate Views. Harvard: HarvardUP, 1998. Print.

Though writer Ann Zwinger devoted much of her adult life to studyingand writing about rivers, she carefully avoided the Colorado River formany years. Zwinger didn't want to be overcome by this magnificentriver. Instead, she wanted to save the Colorado River until the end of hercareer as a river runner, believing that it "would be the grand finale“

(ix)

.

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