circulation and respiration unifying concepts of animal circulation the human cardiovascular...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation
The human cardiovascular system
Unifying concepts of animal respiration
The human respiratory system
![Page 2: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
UNIFYING CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL CIRCULATION
• Every organism must exchange materials with its environment, relying upon
– diffusion, the spontaneous movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, and
– a circulatory system, which facilitates the exchange of materials for all but the simplest animals.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 3: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
• Circulatory systems typically consist of a
– central pump,
– vascular system, and
– circulating fluid.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 4: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• In an open circulatory system,
– the heart pumps blood into large open-ended vessels and
– fluid circulates freely among cells.
• Open circulatory systems are found in many invertebrates, including
– arthropods and
– most molluscs.
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 5: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• In a closed circulatory system, blood
– stays within a set of tubes and
– is distinct from the interstitial fluid, the fluid that fills the spaces around cells.
• Closed circulatory systems are found in
– many invertebrates, including earthworms and octopuses, and
– vertebrates.
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 6: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Figure 23.1
(a) Open circulatory system (b) Closed circulatory system
Tubularheart
Circulating fluid
Interstitial fluidHeart
Heart
Vessels
VesselsCapillaries
Artery(O2-richblood)
Artery(O2-poor blood)
Vessels
CapillariesArteriole
Venule
Vein
HeartVentricleAtrium
![Page 7: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• The cardiovascular system of vertebrates consists of the
– heart and
– blood vessels.
• In the heart,
– the atrium receives blood and
– the ventricle pumps blood away from the heart.
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 8: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Blood is confined to three main types of blood vessels:
1. Arteries carry blood away from the heart into smaller arterioles as they approach the
organs.
2. Capillaries are the site of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid.
3. Venules collect blood from the capillaries and converge to form veins, which return blood
back to the heart.
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 9: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• In the human cardiovascular system, there are three main components:
– 1. the central pump is the heart,
– 2. the vascular system is the blood vessels, and
– 3. the circulating fluid is the blood.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 10: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Path of Blood
• Humans and other terrestrial vertebrates have a double circulation system consisting of
– a pulmonary circuit between the heart and lungs and
– a systemic circuit between the heart and the rest of the body.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 11: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Figure 23.2
(a) Pulmonary circuit (b) Systemic circuit
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
LungLung
Heart
CO2
O2
CO2
CO2 CO2
O2
O2 O2
![Page 12: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• One complete trip through the human cardiovascular system
– takes about one minute and
– requires two passes through the heart.
The Path of Blood
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 13: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Figure 23.3-7
O2-rich bloodO2-poor blood
Capillaries ofhead, chest,and arms
Capillaries ofabdominal regionand legs
Capillariesof left lung
Capillariesof right lung
Pulmonaryartery
Pulmonaryartery
Superiorvena cava
Pulmonary vein
Inferiorvena cava
Pulmonary vein
Left ventricle
Left atriumRight atrium
Right ventricle
Aorta
27
5
461
54
33
Know this!
![Page 14: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
How the Heart Works
• The human heart
– is a muscular organ about the size of a fist,
– is located under the breastbone, and
– has four chambers.
• The path of blood flow through the human heart functions as two pumps moving blood between
– the heart and lungs and
– the heart and the rest of the body.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 15: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Figure 23.4
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
Right atriumLeft atrium
Leftventricle
Rightventricle
From body
Rightlung
Leftlung
Frombody
To body
Valves Valves
Know this!
![Page 16: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Cardiac Cycle
• The heart relaxes and contracts throughout our lives.
– Diastole is the relaxation phase of the heart cycle.
– Systole is the contraction phase.
• A heart murmur is a sound that may indicate a defect in one or more of the heart valves.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 17: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Figure 23.5-3
Heart is relaxed.Blood flows in.
DIASTOLE0.4sec
Atria contract. Blood isforced into ventricles.
0.1sec
SYSTOLE
Ventricles contract.Blood is pumped out.
0.3sec0.8
sec
1
2
3
![Page 18: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Pacemaker and the Control of Heart Rate
• The pacemaker, or SA (sinoatrial) node,
– sets the tempo of the heartbeat and
– is composed of specialized muscle tissue in the wall of the right atrium.
• Impulses from the pacemaker spread quickly through the walls of both atria, prompting the atria to contract at the same time.
• The AV (atrioventricular) node
– is a relay point that delays the signal and
– sends impulses to the ventricles.© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 19: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Figure 23.6Pacemaker(SA node)
Right atrium
AV node
Right ventricle
Wire leadingto SA node
Artificialpacemaker
Heart
Pacemaker generateselectrical impulses.
Impulses spreadthrough atria.
Impulses reachventricles.
(b) Artificial pacemaker
(a) The heart’s natural pacemaker
1 2 3
![Page 20: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• The impulses sent by the pacemaker can be
– detected by electrodes placed on the skin and
– recorded as an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).
• In certain kinds of heart disease, the heart fails to maintain a normal rhythm.
• The remedy for this failure of the electrical control of the heart is an artificial pacemaker, a small electronic device surgically implanted near the SA node.
The Pacemaker and the Control of Heart Rate
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 21: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Blood Vessels
• If the heart is the body’s “pump,” then the “plumbing” is the system of arteries, veins, and capillaries.
– Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
– Veins carry blood toward the heart.
– Capillaries allow for exchange between the bloodstream and tissue cells.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 22: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• All blood vessels are lined by a thin layer of tightly packed epithelial cells.
• Structural differences in the walls of the different kinds of blood vessels correlate with their different functions.
Blood Vessels
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 23: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Figure 23.7
From heart
Epithelium
Smoothmuscle
Connectivetissue
Artery
Arteriole
Capillary
Venule
Vein
ValveTo heart
Epithelium
Epithelium
Smoothmuscle
Connectivetissue
![Page 24: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Blood Flow through Arteries
• The force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels is blood pressure.
– Blood pressure pushes blood from the heart to the capillary beds.
– A pulse is the rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood forced into the arteries during systole.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 25: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Optimal blood pressure for adults is
– below 120 systolic and
– below 80 diastolic.
• High blood pressure, or hypertension, is persistent
– systolic blood pressure higher than 140 and/or
– diastolic blood pressure higher than 90.
Blood Flow through Arteries
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 26: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Blood Flow through Capillary Beds
• At any given time, only about 5–10% of the capillaries have a steady flow of blood, with the exception of the brain
• Blood flow through capillaries may be diverted from one part of the body to another, depending on need.
• This is called shunting
• There are three main locations which demand blood: the brain, muscles, digestion
• In general, the body does one of these at a time© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 27: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• The walls of capillaries are thin and leaky.
– At the arterial end of the capillary, blood pressure pushes fluid rich in oxygen, nutrients, and other substances into the interstitial fluid.
– At the venous end of the capillary, CO2 and other wastes diffuse from tissue cells into the interstitial fluid, and then into the capillary bloodstream.
Blood Flow through Capillary Beds
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 28: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Figure 23.8
(a) Capillaries (b) Chemical exchange
Capillary
Red blood cell
Tissue cell
Interstitial fluid
Diffusionof O2 and
nutrients outof capillary
and intotissue cells
Diffusionof CO2 andwastes outof tissuecells and
into capillary
Fromartery
LM
To vein
To vein
![Page 29: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Figure 23.8a
(a) Capillaries
Capillary
Red blood cell
LM
![Page 30: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Figure 23.8b
(b) Chemical exchange
Tissue cell
Interstitial fluid
Diffusionof O2 and
nutrients outof capillary
and intotissue cells
Diffusionof CO2 andwastes outof tissuecells and
into capillary
Fromartery
To veinTo vein
![Page 31: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Blood Return through Veins
• Blood returns to the heart
– after chemicals are exchanged between the blood and body cells and
– at a pressure that has nearly dropped to zero.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 32: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
• Blood moves back toward the heart because of
– surrounding skeletal muscles that compress the veins and
– one-way valves that permit blood flow only toward the heart.
Blood Return through Veins
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 33: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Figure 23.9To heart
Valve (open)
Skeletal muscle
Valve (closed)
![Page 34: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Blood: know all of this
• An adult human has about 5 L (11 pints) of blood.
• By volume, blood is
– a little less than half cells and
– a little more than half plasma, consisting of about
– 90% water and
– 10% dissolved salts, proteins, and other molecules.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 35: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Figure 23.10
Blood
Platelets
White blood cells(leukocytes)
Red blood cells(erythrocytes)
Cellular elements (45%)
Plasma(55%)
Water (90%of plasma)
Proteins
Dissolved salts(such as sodium,potassium, calcium)
Substances beingtransported (suchas O2, CO2, nutrients,wastes, hormones)
![Page 36: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Figure 23.10a
Platelets
White blood cells(leukocytes)
Red blood cells(erythrocytes)
Cellular elements (45%)
Plasma(55%)
Water (90%of plasma)
Proteins
Dissolved salts(such as sodium,potassium, calcium)
Substances beingtransported (suchas O2, CO2, nutrients,wastes, hormones)
![Page 37: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Blood
• Suspended in plasma are three types of cellular elements:
1. red blood cells,
2. white blood cells, and
3. platelets.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 38: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Red Blood Cells and Oxygen Transport
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
– are the most numerous type of blood cell and
– are shaped like discs with indentations in the middle.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 39: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Figure 23.12
Red Blood Cells(cells that carry oxygen)
White Blood Cells (cells that fight infection)
Platelets(bits of membrane-enclosedcytoplasm that aid clotting)
CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
Fibrin
Red blood cell
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
![Page 40: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• Carbohydrate-containing molecules on the surface of red blood cells determine the blood type. These are called surface antigens
Blood Typing
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 41: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
BloodGroup(Phenotype) OGenotypes
AntibodiesPresent inBloodRed Blood Cells
Reactions When Blood from Groups Below Is Mixed with Antibodies from Groups at Left
A B AB
O
A
B
AB
ii
IAIB
IBIB
or
IBi
IAIA
or IAi
CarbohydrateA
CarbohydrateB
Anti-A
Anti-B
Anti-AAnti-B
—
Figure 9.20
Blood Typing
![Page 42: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Figure 9.20c
![Page 43: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
• Each red blood cell contains approximately 250 million molecules of hemoglobin, which
– contains iron and
– transports oxygen throughout the body.
Red Blood Cells and Oxygen Transport
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 44: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Red Blood Cells and Oxygen Transport
• Anemia may result from
– an abnormally low amount of hemoglobin or
– a low number of red blood cells.
• The hormone erythropoietin (EPO) boosts production of red blood cells.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 45: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
White Blood Cells and Defense
• White blood cells (leukocytes)
– fight infections,
– are larger than red blood cells,
– lack hemoglobin, and
– are much less abundant than red blood cells (about 700 times fewer).
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 46: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Figure 23.12b
White Blood Cells (cells that fight infection)
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
![Page 47: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Platelets and Blood Clotting
• Blood contains two components that aid in clotting:
1. platelets, bits of cytoplasm pinched off from larger cells in the bone marrow, and
2. clotting factors released from platelets that convert fibrinogen, a protein found in plasma, into a threadlike protein called fibrin.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 48: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Figure 23.12c
Platelets(bits of membrane-enclosedcytoplasm that aid clotting)
Fibrin
Red blood cell
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
![Page 49: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
• In the inherited disease hemophilia, excessive and sometimes fatal bleeding can occur from even minor cuts and bruises.
• Hemophilia is caused by a genetic mutation in one of several genes that code for clotting factors.
Platelets and Blood Clotting
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 50: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
• Leukemia
– is cancer of white blood cells and
– may require treatment using
– radiation,
– chemotherapy, and/or
– bone marrow transplantation.
Stem Cells and the Treatment of Leukemia
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 51: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
• The cardiovascular system contributes to homeostasis by
– exchanging nutrients and wastes with the interstitial fluid,
– controlling the composition of blood by moving it through the lungs, liver, and kidneys,
– helping to regulate temperature by moving blood to or away from the skin,
– distributing hormones, and
– defending against foreign invaders.
Cardiovascular Disease
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 52: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
• Cardiovascular disease
– includes all diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels,
– accounts for 40% of all deaths in the United States, and
– kills more than 1 million people each year.
Cardiovascular Disease
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 53: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
• Coronary arteries
– supply the heart muscle and
– can narrow or close, contributing to a heart attack.
Cardiovascular Disease
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 54: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Figure 23.13
Coronary artery(supplies oxygento the heart muscle)
Dead muscletissue
Blockage
Aorta
![Page 55: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
• Atherosclerosis
– is a chronic cardiovascular disease and
– results from fatty deposits called plaque that develop in the inner walls of arteries, clogging the passages through which blood can flow.
Cardiovascular Disease
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 56: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Figure 23.14
Connectivetissue
Smoothtissue
PlaqueEpithelium
Normal artery Artery partially blocked by plaque
Partially blockedpassageway
Passagewayfor blood
![Page 57: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
• Cardiovascular disease
– involves inherited factors but
– can be reduced by
– not smoking,
– exercising regularly, and
– eating a heart-healthy diet.
Cardiovascular Disease
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 58: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
UNIFYING CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL RESPIRATION
• Cells using cellular respiration
– need a steady supply of oxygen and
– must continuously dispose of CO2.
• The respiratory system promotes this gas exchange.
![Page 59: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Figure 23.UN01
Environment
Cell
Glucose Oxygen Water EnergyCellular
respiration Carbondioxide
C6H12O66 O2 6 CO2 6 H2O ATP
CO2O2
![Page 60: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
The Structure and Function of Respiratory Surfaces
• Animals can get oxygen from
– the atmosphere, which contains about 21% oxygen, and
– bodies of water, which contain about 3–5% oxygen.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 61: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
The Structure and Function of Respiratory Surfaces
• Gas exchange occurs at the respiratory surface, which must be
– large enough to take up oxygen for every cell in the body and
– adapted to the lifestyle of the organism.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 62: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
• Moist skin is used as a respiratory surface in earthworms.
• In aquatic environments, the main respiratory surfaces are
– skin and
– extensions of the body surface called gills.
The Structure and Function of Respiratory Surfaces
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 63: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Figure 23.15
Cross section ofrespiratory surface (the skin covering the body)
Respiratorysurface (gill)
Body surface
CapillariesCapillariesCO2
CO2
O2O2
(a) Skin (b) Gills
![Page 64: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
• In most land-dwelling animals, the respiratory surfaces are
– folded into the body and
– open to the air only through narrow tubes.
The Structure and Function of Respiratory Surfaces
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 65: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
• Insects breathe using a tracheal system, an extensive network of internal tubes called tracheae that
– branch throughout the body and
– extend to nearly every cell.
The Structure and Function of Respiratory Surfaces
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 66: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Figure 23.16
Respiratorysurface(tracheae)
Body cells(no capillaries)
Respiratorysurface(within lung)
Bodysurface
Bodysurface
Capillary
(a) Tracheae (b) Lungs
CO2
CO2
CO2
O2
O2
O2
![Page 67: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
• Lungs
– are located in only one part of the body and
– are the most common respiratory surface of snails, some spiders, and terrestrial vertebrates.
• The circulatory system transports gases between the respiratory surface and the rest of the body.
The Structure and Function of Respiratory Surfaces
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 68: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Figure 23.17
Skin(entire body
surface)
Gills(extensions of the
body surface)
Tracheae(branching
internal tubes)
Lungs(localized
internal organs)
RESPIRATORY ORGANS
Moist skin of a leech Gills of a sea slugTracheae of a silkmoth caterpillar
Model of a pair ofhuman lungs
Tracheae(internaltubes)
Gills
![Page 69: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• The human respiratory system has three phases of gas exchange:
1. breathing, the ventilation of the lungs by alternate
inhalation and exhalation,
2. transport of oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body via the circulatory system, and
3. diffusion of oxygen from the blood and release of CO2 into the blood by cells of the body.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 70: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Figure 23.18-3
Circulatory system
Breathing
Lung
CO2
O2
Transport of gases bythe circulatory system
Exchange of gaseswith body cells
Mitochondria
Capillary
Cell
CO2
O2
2
1
3
![Page 71: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
The Structure and Function of the Human Respiratory System
• Air moves sequentially from the mouth and nose to
– the pharynx, where digestive and respiratory systems meet,
– the larynx (voice box) and trachea (windpipe),
– the bronchi (one bronchus to each lung),
– the bronchioles, the smallest branches of the tubes within the lungs, and
– the alveoli, the air sacs where gas exchange primarily occurs.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 72: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Figure 23.19
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe)
(a) Overview of the human respiratory system (b) The structure of alveoli
Pharynx
Right lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
EsophagusNasal cavity
Left lung
Bronchiole
Bloodcapillaries
Fromheart
Toheart
AlveoliHeart
O2-richblood
O2-poorblood
O2
CO2
![Page 73: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
• Muscles in the voice box can stretch vocal cords within the larynx.
• During exhalation, outgoing air can produce vocal sounds as air passes by the stretched vocal cords.
The Structure and Function of the Human Respiratory System
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 74: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Taking a Breath
• Breathing is the alternating process of
– inhalation and
– exhalation.
• During inhalation, the chest is expanded by the
– upward movement of the ribs and
– downward movement of the diaphragm.
• Air moves into the lungs by negative pressure breathing, as the air pressure in the lungs is lowered by the expansion of the chest.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 75: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Figure 23.20
Inhalation(Air pressure is higher in
atmosphere than in lungs.)
Exhalation(Air pressure is lower in
atmosphere than in lungs.)
Diaphragmrelaxes(moves up)
Diaphragmcontracts(movesdown)
Rib cageexpands asrib musclescontract
Rib cage getssmaller asrib musclesrelax
Airinhaled
Airexhaled
Lung
![Page 76: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
• Breathing can be controlled
– consciously, as you deliberately take a breath, or
– unconsciously.
• Breathing control centers in the brain stem
– automatically control breathing most of the time and
– regulate breathing rate in response to CO2 levels in the blood.
Taking a Breath
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 77: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Figure 23.21-3
CO2 levels in theblood rise as aresult of exercise.
Brain
Breathing controlcenters in the brainmonitor the rising CO2 levels in the blood.
Breathing controlcenters
Nerve signals trigger contraction of muscles to increase breathingrate and depth.
Rib musclesDiaphragm
1
2
3
![Page 78: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
The Role of Hemoglobin in Gas Transport
• The human respiratory system
– takes in O2,
– expels CO2, but
– relies on the circulatory system to shuttle these gases between the lungs and the body’s cells.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 79: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Figure 23.22
AlveolusAir spaces
Capillariesof lung
Tissuecapillaries
CO2-rich,
O2-poor
blood
O2-rich,
CO2-poor
blood
O2 in
inhaled airCO2 in
exhaled air
CO2 O2
Tissue cells throughout body
CO2 O2
Heart
O2
CO
2
O 2CO2
Interstitialfluid
![Page 80: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
• However, there is one problem with this simple gas delivery system.
– Problem: Oxygen does not readily dissolve in blood plasma.
– Solution: Oxygen is carried in hemoglobin molecules within red blood cells.
• A shortage of iron
– causes a decrease in the rate of hemoglobin synthesis and
– can lead to anemia.
The Role of Hemoglobin in Gas Transport
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 81: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Figure 23.23
Hemegroup
Ironatom
Polypeptide chain
O2 loadedin lungs
O2 unloadedin tissues
O2
O2
![Page 82: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
How Smoking Affects the Lungs
• Breathing exposes your respiratory tissues to potentially damaging chemicals, including one of the worst pollutants, tobacco smoke.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 83: Circulation and Respiration Unifying concepts of animal circulation The human cardiovascular system Unifying concepts of animal respiration The](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061411/5697bffb1a28abf838cc127d/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
• Smoking
– kills half of all people who smoke, about 440,000 Americans every year,
– causes 90% of all lung cancer (one of the deadliest forms of cancer), and
• Tobacco smoke
– damages the cells that line the bronchi and trachea and
– interferes with the normal cleansing mechanism of the respiratory system, allowing more toxin-laden smoke particles to reach and damage the lungs’ delicate alveoli.
How Smoking Affects the Lungs
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.