Cô VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG - KHÓA NGỮ PHÁP

A. Khái niệm: 1. Đại từ quan hệ: who, which, that… Dùng để thay thế cho một danh từ đi trước mở đầu một mệnh đề quan hệ.Đại từ quan hệ có thể làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ cho động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ. The people who/ that work with me are very friendly. The car which/that he bought last year has broken down. 2. Mệnh đề quan hệ: Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ hoặc đại từ đi trước, nó có chức năng như một tính từ nên còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ ( adjective clause).Có ba loại mệnh đề quan hệ cơ bản: a/ Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn: ( Restrictive relative clause) b/ Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn: ( Non-restrictive relative clause) c/ Mệnh đề quan hệ liên hợp: (connective relative clause) B. Các loại mệnh đề quan hệ: I. Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn: ( Restrictive relative clause)

Là mệnh đề quan trọng cho ý nghĩa của câu, nó có chức năng phân biệt danh từ đi trước với các danh từ khác đồng loại.Chúng ta không thể lược bỏ loại mệnh đề này. Các đại từ, tính từ quan hệ dùng trong mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn:

Subject Object Possessive For persons Who/that Whom/who/that whose For things Which/that Which/that Whose/of which

* Với người: 1/ Làm chủ ngữ: Sau who/that là một động từ hoặc trợ động từ. Dung who/that chủ ngữ để kết hợp câu khi từ lặp lại chỉ người và làm chủ ngữ trong câu đơn thứ hai. The man who/ that teaches us English comes from London. S RC V Main clause

The woman who/ that lives next door to us is a doctor. The people who/that live in my neibourhood are very hospitable. The man who robbed you has been arrested. The girls who serve in the shop are the owner’s daughters. Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in. Would anyone who saw the accident please get in touch with the police? A mathematician is someone/a person who studies maths. A writer is someone/a person who writes books Notes: Khi kết hợp câu, dùng đại từ quan hệ, cần lưu ý: - Đại từ quan hệ phải đứng ngay sau danh từ hoặc đại từ mà nó thay thế. The man was English.He invented the theory of evolution.

RELATIVE CLAUSES ( MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ)

Cô VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG - KHÓA NGỮ PHÁP

The man who invented the theory of evolution was English. ( Không dùng: The man was English who invented…)

- Động từ sau đại từ quan hệ chia số it hay số nhiều phụ thuộc vào danh từ hoặc đại từ mà đại từ quan hệ thay thế. The man who works for us is a skilful worker/ The people who work for us are skilful workers. She is one of those who like spending money. Is it he or I who am to go? - Phải lược bỏ danh từ hoặc đại từ lặp lại trong câu đơn thứ hai. 2/ Làm tân ngữ (object) Sau whom/who/that là một mệnh đề. Trường hợp này ta có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ mà không ảnh hưởng đến nghĩa của câu.Dung whom/who/that tân ngữ để kết hợp câu khi từ lặp lại chỉ người và làm tân ngữ trong câu đơn thứ hai. The man (whom) I met on the train was going to Berlin. The girls (whom) he employs are always complaining about their pay. Notes: Với những động từ có giới từ đi kèm, giới từ có thể được đặt trước whom. The friend with whom I was travelling spoke English very well. Or The friend who/that I was travelling with spoke English very well. 3/ Sở hữu ( possessive) Whose được dùng để thay thế cho các tính từ sở hữu (my,her, his,their…) do vậy sau whose luôn luôn là một danh từ. The woman was a French physicist. Her father was Polish. => The woman whose father was Polish was a French physicist. People whose rents rents have been raised can appeal. The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him. An orphan is a child whose parents are dead. The man was an English physicist whose name is famous in the history of electricity. The man whose house is the biggest in the village is a millionaire. A mathematician is a person whose interest is in mathematics.

* Với vật: 1. Làm chủ ngữ: Sau which/ that là một động từ hoặc trợ động từ. Dùng which/ that chủ ngữ để kết hợp câu khi từ lặp lại chỉ vật và làm chủ ngữ trong câu đơn thứ hai. The house is now worth $ 20,000. It cost $ 10,000 last month. The house which/that cost $ 10,000 last month is now worth $ 20,000. The cars which/that are made in Japan are very good and economical. The songs which/that were written in the war time are timeless. * Which ( không dùng that) có thể được dùng để thay thế cho một mệnh đề. Jim passed his driving test. This surprised everybody. Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody. ( Which = the fact that Jim passed his driving test) Sheila couldn’t come to the party, which was a pity. The weather was very good, which we hadn’t expected. I had paid all the money before I received the goods. It was stupid of me. => I had paid all the money before I received the goods,which was stupid of me. 2/ Làm tân ngữ (object) Sau which/that là một mệnh đề. Trường hợp này ta có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ mà không ảnh hưởng đến nghĩa của câu.Dùng which/that tân ngữ để kết hợp câu khi từ lặp lại chỉ vật và làm tân ngữ trong câu đơn thứ hai. The language (which/that) we are learning is the most popular in the world.

Cô VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG - KHÓA NGỮ PHÁP

( The language is the most popular in the world. We are learning it) The car which they bought last year has broken down. The watch (which) I am wearing is very accurate. The exam (which) we took last year was very difficult. The poems (which/ that) Xuan Dieu wrote are about love. The mobile phone which I am using was made in China. * So sánh WHAT & THAT What = the thing(s) that Thank you for what ( = the things that) you have done. I can lend you $5. It's all that I have. I don't understand what you mean. They give their children everything that they want. What surprised everybody was John's exam result. 3/ Sở hữu ( possessive) Whose/ of which được dùng để thay thế cho các tính từ sở hữu (its, their…) chỉ vật, nhưng: Whose + Noun Noun + of which The house is ours. Its doors are green. The house whose doors are green is ours/ The house the doors of which are green is ours. The house whose roof/ the roof of which was blown off by the hurricane is now in bad condition. II. Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn (Non-restrictive relative clause)

Là mệnh đề phụ để dùng để nói rõ nghĩa hơn cho danh từ đi trước, khi cần ta có thể lược bỏ mà không ảnh hưởng đến nghĩa của câu. Mệnh đề không giới hạn theo sau một danh từ đã được xác định ( danh từ được xác định có thể là một danh từ riêng, tính từ sở hữu + danh từ, tính từ chỉ định + danh từ) và được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy. Chú ý: - THAT không được dùng trong mệnhđề này. - Không được lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ ở tân ngữ. Các đại từ, tính từ quan hệ dùng trong mệnh đề không giới hạn.

Subject Object Possessive For persons Who Whom/who whose For things Which Which Whose/of which

Newton , who invented the theory of gravity/graviation, was a famous English scientist. President Ho Chi Minh, whom we admire, was an outstanding leader. Jame Watt, whose invention of steam engine is famous throughout the world, was a Scottish inventor. My dictionary, which has 150,000 words, is very useful to my studies. English, which we are learning, is the most international in the world. My television, whose case is made of wood, was made in Russia. III. Mệnh đề quan hệ liên hợp (Connective relative clause)

Mệnh đề liên hợp thường theo sau túc từ của một động từ để tiếp tục câu nói. I have a car which was made in Japan. They have two cars. They rarely use one of them. They have two cars, one of which they rarely use. So sánh: Mr Brown has two daughters. Both of them are doctors.

Mr brown has two daughters, both of whom are doctors. Mr Brown has two daughters. They are doctors.

Cô VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG - KHÓA NGỮ PHÁP

Mr Brown has two daughters who are doctors. All of/ most of/none of/neither of/any of/either of/ some of/many of/ much of/ (a) few of/ both of/ half of/ each of/ one of/ two of …etc + whom/ which Mary has three brothers. All of them are married.

=> Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married. They asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.

=> They asked me a lot of queations, most of which I couldn’t answer. Tom tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him. Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office. They have got three cars. They rarely use two of them.

=> They have got three cars, two of which they rarely use. She has got a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with. * Relative adverbs: Where, when, why. 1/ WHERE ( = IN WHICH/ AT WHICH)được dùng để thay thế cho các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốnSau WHERE luôn là một mệnh đề. ( không dùng WHERE làm chủ ngữ) I love Vietnam .I was born and grew up in Vietnam/there. I love Vietnam where/in which I was born and grew up. ( where thay thế cho in Vietnam/there) Do you remember the place where/at which you first met? He went to Hollywood where/in which he made a film. In 1919, He went to the Italian Front where he was badly wounded. This is the school where/ at which I used to study. A birthplace is a plcace where you were born. A cinema is a place where films are shown. A cemetery is a place where dead people are buried. A laboratory is a room where experiments are done. Do you remember the shop where you bought this book? 2/ WHEN( = IN/ ON/ AT WHICH) được dùng để thay thế cho các trạng từ chỉ thời gian. 1975 is the year when/in which I was born. It was the time when we lived happily. I must find a time when I can tell you the truth. I still remember a time when/at which cars rarely seen in the village. I still remember a time when people had to queue. 3/ WHY. The reason (why)+ clause + is/was that + clause. + to V The reason why I don’t like him is that he is dishonest. The reason why we come here is to learn English. The reason why I don’t like that house is that it hasn’t got a garden. The reason why I like working as a teacher is that I love children. The reason why he was late for work was that his car broke on half way. Một số câu hỏi áp dụng 1) The book ____ I bought at the bookstore yesterday is expensive. A. who B. whose C. that D. B & C are corre 2) What’s the name of the blonde girl ____ just came in? A. who B. whose C. whom D. A & B are correct 3) I don’t like people ____ lose their tempers easily. A. who B. whose C. that D. A & C are correct

Cô VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG - KHÓA NGỮ PHÁP

4) Mexico City, ____ has a population of over 10 million, is probably the fastest growing city in the world. A. which B. whose C. that D. A & B are corre 5) This is Henry, ____ sister works for my father. A. who B. whose C. that D.All are correct 6) He’s the man ____ people like at first sight. A. who B. whom C. that D. All are correct 7) Could you iron the trousers ____ are hanging up behind the door? A. who B. which C. that D. B & C are correct 8) Where is the girl ____ sells tickets? A. who B. whose C. whom D. A & C are correct 9) The man____ we consider our leader had much experience in climbing mountains. A. who B. whose C. whom D. A & C are correct 10) The artist ____ name I couldn’t remember was one of the best I had ever seen. A. who B. whose C. that D. A & C are correct

Cô VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG - KHÓA NGỮ PHÁP

CÁC TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ

1. When: là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ thời gian, đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ thời gian, dùng thay cho at, on, in + which, then Eg: May Day is the day when people hold a meeting. (= on which) I’ll never forget the day when I met her. (=on which) That was the time when he managed the company. (= at which) 2. Where: là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ nơi trốn, thay cho a, on, in + which; there) Eg: That is the house where we used to live. (= in which) Do you know the country where I was born? Hanoi is the place where I like to come. 3. Why: là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ lí do, đứng sau tiền ngữ “the reason”, dùng thay cho “for the reason” Eg: Please tell me the reason why you are so sad. (= for which) He told me the reason why he had been absent from class the day before.

EXERCISES ON RELATIVE CLAUSES I. Combine each pair of sentences using a relative pronoun or relative adverb 1. She is the most intelligent woman. I’ve ever met this woman. 2. This doctor is famous. You visited him yesterday. 3. These children are orphans. She is taking care of these children. 4. The two young men are not good persons. You are acquainted with them. 5. My father goes swimming everyday. You met him this morning. 6. The man is my father. I respect this man most. 7. The man is my father. I respect his opinion most. 8. Mary and Margaret are twins. You met them yesterday. 9. I’ll introduce you to the man. His support is necessary for your project. 10. The middle-aged man is the director. My father is talking to him. 11. The boy is my cousin. You make fun of him. 12. The student is from china. He sits next to me. 13. I thanked the woman. This woman had helped me. 14. The professor is excellent. I am taking his course. 15. Mr. Smith said he was too busy to speak to me. I had come to see him. 16. I saw a lot of people and horses. They went to market. 17. Tom has three sisters. All of them are married. 18. I recently went back to Paris. It is still as beautiful as a pearl. 19. I recently went back to Paris. I was born in Paris nearly 50 years ago. 20. Do you know the music? It is being played on the radio. 21. You didn’t tell us the reason. We have to cut down our daily expenses for that reason. 22. The day was rainy. She left on that day. 23. I’ve sent him two letters. He has received neither of them. 24. That man is an artist. I don’t remember the man’s name. 25. One of the elephants had only one tusk. We saw these elephants at the zoo. 26. That car belongs to Dr. Clark. Its engine is very good. 27. You sent me a present. Thank you very much for it. 28. This is Mrs. Jones. Her son won the championship last year. 29. Rod Lee has won an Oscar. I know his sister. 30. Is this the style of hair? Your wife wants to have it. 31. A man answered the phone. He said Tom was out. 32. 7.05 is the time. My plane arrives then.

ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ

Cô VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG - KHÓA NGỮ PHÁP

33. Max isn’t home yet. That worries me. 34. Do you know the building? The windows of the building are painted green. 35. Last week I went to see the house. I used to live in it. 36. I don’t know the girl’s name. She’s just gone into the hall. 37. Be sure to follow the instructions. They are given at the top of the page. 38. Hoan Kiem lake is a historical place. Its water is always blue.

KEY TO EXERCISES ON RELATIVE CLAUSES

I. 1. She is the most intelligent woman (that) I’ve ever met. 2.This doctor, whom you visited yesterday, is famous. 3. These children,whom she is taking care of, are orphans. 4. The two young men, whom you are acquainted with, are not good persons. 5. My father, whom you met this morning, goes swimming everyday. 6. The man whom I respect most is my father. 7. The man whose opinion I respect most is my father. 8. Mary and Margaret whom you met yesterday are twins. 9. I’ll introduce you to the man whose support is necessary for your project. 10. The middle-aged man is the director whom my father is talking to. 11. The boy whom you make fun of is my cousin. 12. The student who sits next to me is from China. 13. I thanked the woman who had helped me. 14. The professor whose course I am taking is excellent. 15. Mr. Smith, who I had come to see, said he was too busy to speak to me. 16. I saw a lot of people and horses that went to the market. 17. Tom has three sisters, all of whom are married. 18. I recently went back to Paris, which is still as beautiful as a pearl. 19. I recently went back to Paris, in which I was born nearly 50 years ago. 20.Do you know the music which is being played on the radio? 21. You didn’t tell us the reason for which we have to cut down our daily expenses. 22. The day on which/when she left was rainy. 23. I’ve sent him two letters, neither of which he has received. 24. That man, whose name I don’t remember, is an artist. 25. One of the elephants which we saw at the zoo had only one tusk. 26. That car, the engine of which is very good, belongs to Dr. Clark. 27. Thank you very much for the present which you sent me. 28. This is Mrs. Jones, whose son won the championship last year. 29. I’ll introduce you the man whose support is necessary for your project. 30. Rod Lee, whose sister I know has won an Oscar. 31. Is this the style of hair which your wife wants to have? 32. A man who answered the phone said Tom was out. 33. 7.05 is the time at which my plane arrives. 34. Max isn’t home yet, which worries me. 35. Do you know the building the windows of which are painted green? 36. Last week I went to see the house in which I used to live. 37. I don’t know the name of the girl who has just gone into the hall. 38. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page. 39. Hoan Kiem lake, the water of which is always blue, is a historical place.