Simony Gothic Urban II Crusades Saladin

Richard the Lion Hearted

Reconquista Inquisition

910 Clumy in France› Monastaries led to

spiritual revival› Return to basic

principles› New religious orders

Popes expanded power and authority

The Age of Faith was born

Some priests nearly illeterate

Barley read prayers Popes men of

questionable morals Bishop concerned

more as feudal lord than religion

3 main issues› Village priests were

married and had families against church rulings

› Simony-Bishops sold positions in the church

› Lay Investiture, kings appoint bishops reformers wanted the church to do it

Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII enforced laws against simony and marriage

1100’-1200’ church restructured to look like a kingdom

Pope advisors called the papal Curia

Curia acted as a court Canon Law on

marriage, divorce, inheritance

Diplomats traveled through Europe for the pope

Church collected taxes in for of a tithe

Used money for the sick and ran most hospitals

1200’s monk and friars took vow of poverty, chastity, and obedience

Friars- begged owned nothing

Dominic- Spanish priest formed the Dominicans› Importance of study› Were scholars

Francis of Assisi- found the Franciscans treated humans and animals as spiritual brothers

1212 Clare and Francis founded Poor Clares and order for women

Women were not allowed to travel

Took care of the sick

Built in cities 800-1100 built in

Romanesque style› Round arches› Heavy roofs› Thick walls› Pillars› Tiny windows

1100’s new style of architecture

Gothic-comes from German tribe (Goths)› Light from huge

stained glass windows

› Sculptures and wood carvings

› Built like they were reaching the heavens

Notre Dame- 100 feet tall

500 gothic churches built between 1170-1270

Urban II called for a Holy War

Crusades- had economic, political and social, religious motives

Muslims controlled Palestine and threatened Constatinople

Pope wanted to reclaim Palestine and unite Christendom

Split in 1054 Kings saw crusades

as a way to get rid of some knights

Younger sons participated not likely to inherit from parents

Merchants prospered by loaning money for the Crusades

Leased ships to transport armies

Pisa, Genoa, and Venice wanted to control trade routes

Pope Urban’s call brought religious support

Those who died in the Crusade were assured to go to heaven

Red Cross on tunic “God wills it”

1097 3 armies outside Constantinople

Ill prepared for war Knew little of

geography, climate, or culture

No strategy to capture Jerusalem

Captured the city July 15, 1079

4 feudal estates carved from 650 miles of land

Each ruled by a noble 1144 Edessa was

captured by the Turks Second Crusade

organized to recapture the city (fails)

1187 Jerusalem falls to Saladin

To recapture Jerusalem› Three most powerful

monarchs› Philip II of France› Frederick I German

Emperor› Richard the Lion

Hearted English King› Phillip argued and

went home› Frederick drowned

Richard led the Crusade

Fought many battles with Saladin

1192 made a truce Jerusalem in Muslim

hands, but would allow pilgrimages

1204 4th Crusade fails to capture Jerusalem

Knights loot Constantinople

1200’s 4 more Crusades, all unsuccessful

1212-thousands of children set out to conquer Jerusalem

Led by Stephen of Cloyes

No weapons Died of cold and

starvation Some sold into

slavery

Germany Nicholas of Cologne marched with 20,000 children

Marched to Rome Most died Met with Pope told

to go home till older 2000 made it back

to Germany

Muslims (Moors) controlled most of Spain

Reconquista-effort by Spanish to drive out the Muslims

1492 Granada fell to the Christian Army of Ferdinand and Isabella

Inquisition- court held by the church to suppress heresy

Heretics were people who belief’s differed from the church

Many Jews and Muslims converted in the 1400’s

Inquisition suspected Jews and Muslims as heretics

Suspects questioned for weeks

Some tortured Once they confessed

they were burned at the stake

1492 all practicing Jews and Muslims were expelled

Showed the power of the Church

European merchants expanded trade between Europe and Southwest Asia

Spices, fruits, cloths Failure of Crusades

lessened the power of the Pope

Weakened feudal nobility

Increased power of the kings

Fall of Constantinople Byzantine Empire

Intolerance and prejudice by Christians left legacy of bitterness and hatred

Relationships between Christians, Jews and Muslims leadership worsened

Jews in Europe face increased persecution

Led to growth in trade, towns and universities in Medieval Europe