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Orpheus

C O N T E N T S

3

CONTENTS

N O R T H A M E R I C A

4 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

6 CANADA

7 MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA

S O U T H A M E R I C A

8 SOUTH AMERICA

E U R O P E

10 BRITISH ISLES

11 FRANCE

12 NORTHERN EUROPE

13 GERMANY AND THE LOW COUNTRIES

14 SPAIN AND PORTUGAL

15 ITALY

16 CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

17 SOUTHEAST EUROPE

18 RUSSIA

A S I A

20 MIDDLE EAST

21 SOUTHERN ASIA

22 CHINA

24 SOUTHEAST ASIA

25 JAPAN

O C E A N I A

26 AUSTRALIA

A F R I C A

28 NORTHERN AFRICA

30 SOUTHERN AFRICA

32 INDEX

C O N T E N T S

2

South Pole

ANTARCTICA

First published in 2009 by Orpheus Books Ltd., 6 Church Green, Witney, Oxfordshire OX28 4AW England

www.orpheusbooks.com

Copyright © 2009 Orpheus Books Ltd

Created and produced by Orpheus Books Ltd

Text Claire Aston

Illustrators Gary Hincks, Steve Noon

Map on pages 4-5: Olive Pearson

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior

written permission of the copyright owner.

ISBN 978 1 905473 44 1

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library.

Printed and bound in Singapore

N O R T H

A M E R I C A

S O U T H

A M E R I C A

AT L AN T I C

O C E AN

P A C I F I C

O C E A N

A F R I C A

E U R O P E

Greenland

S a h a r a

An

de

s

Mount a i n

s

Rocky

Equator

A S I A

I N D I A N

O C E A N

O C E A N I A

P A C I F I C

O C E A N

G o b i

Himalayas

A R C T I C O C E A N

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Before the first settlers arrived fromEurope, the Native Americans were theonly inhabitants of the USA. Today,Americans can trace their ancestors from allparts of the world. Many black Americansare the descendents of slaves brought overfrom Africa in the 17th and 18th centuries.

The Gateway Arch stands on the bank ofthe Mississippi river in St. Louis,Missouri. At 192 metres high, it is thehighest monument in the world. It wasbuilt in 1965, to symbolize the“Gateway to the West”. In the 19thcentury, many people travelled westfrom St. Louis to begin a new life inOregon and California.


5

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE UNITED STATES of Americastretches from the Atlantic Ocean in

the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west.Numbered among its 50 states are Alaska,which lies to the northwest of Canada, andthe Pacific islands of Hawaii.Running down the northeastern side of

the USA are the densely-forestedAppalachian Mountains. To their northwestlie the Great Lakes, vast inland seas thatwere gouged out by glaciers during the IceAges and filled by their meltwaters. To theeast lie the coastal lowlands, where great

cities such as New York, Boston andWashington have grown up.Covering the central belt of the USA is a

vast, flat area of farmland. In the northernpart, crops such as wheat and maize aregrown, while cotton, tobacco and nuts arecultivated further south. The vast Mississippiriver cuts through several of the midwesternstates, dividing the USA in two.West of the high Rocky Mountains, the

climate is drier, and the landscape morerugged. Wide areas of hot desert stretchacross the southwestern states of Nevadaand Arizona. Near the west coast, theclimate becomes milder. Rich farmlandnestles among the mountain ranges ofCalifornia and the northwestern states.

The famous symbol of San Francisco, theGolden Gate bridge spans the entrance toSan Francisco bay. It carries cars andpedestrians for 2.7 km across the water.


4

G r e a t

B a s i n

SEATTLE

PORTLAND

SANFRANCISCO

LOS ANGELES

SAN DIEGO

LAS VEGAS

R a n g e

PHOENIX

EL PASO

ALBUQUERQUE

SALTLAKE CITY

DENVER

DALLAS

NEW ORLEANS

BIRMINGHAM

KANSAS CITY

ST LOUIS

CHICAGO

OMAHA

MINNEAPOLIS

CINCINNATI

INDIANAPOLIS

PITTSBURGH

BOSTON

MIAMI

TAMPA

W Y O M I N G

U TA H

K A N S A S

N E VA D A I OWA

N E W M E X I C O

A R I Z O N A

I D A H O

BALTIMORE

WASHINGTON, D.C.

PHILADELPHIA

CLEVELAND

BUFFALO

M I C H I G A N

F L OR I D

A

WA S H I N G T O N

N E B R A S K A

S O U T HD A KO TA

I L L I N O I S

G E O R G I A

K E N T U C K Y

A L A B A M A

N O R T H C A R O L I N A

ATLANTICOCEAN

VT.

N.H.

MASS.

N.J.

DEL.MD.

CONN.

V I R G I N I A

N E WY O R K

W E S TV I R G I N I A

C o a s t

Rocky M

ountains

Rocky

Mountains

L. Superior

L. Erie

L. Ontario

GreatSalt Lake

Arkansas

Ohio

GULF OF MEXICO

Rio G

rande

Scale 0 400 km

Misso

uri

Red

Snake

Colorado

North Platte

CanyonGrand

L. Huron

Mississippi

L. M

ichigan

Mountains

Appal a

chi a

n

Sierra Nevada

M A I N E

P E N N S Y LVA N I A

S O U T HC A R O L I N A

L O U I S I A N A

I N D I A N A

A R K A N S A S MI S S I S S I P

PI

T E N N E S S E E

N O R T HD A KO TA

M I N N E S O TA

W I S C O N S I N

O H I O

M I S S O U R I

O K L A H O M A

C O L O R A D O

M O N TA N A

CAL I F O

RNI A

O R E G O N

NEW YORK

DETROIT

ATLANTA

JACKSONVILLE

MEMPHIS

T E X A S

HOUSTONSANANTONIO

MILWAUKEE

A L A S K A

ANCHORAGE

Aleutian Is. Scale 0 600 km

R.I.

H AWA I I

HONOLULU

Scale 0 150 km

New Orleans, in thesouthern state of Louisiana,is the home of jazz andblues music. This camefrom the songs of the earlyblack population. The citywas devastated in 2005 byHurricane Katrina.

(AB)UK TextJOB NO:E7-05129 TITLE:WORLD ATLAS

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Rice winnowing onHaiti (below). Therice is sieved toremove the grain fromthe outer husks.

C A R I B B E A N I S L A N D SThe beautiful islands of the Caribbean arepopular tourist resorts. They also exportcrops such as sugar, bananas and coffee.Volcanic eruptions and frequent hurricanesare a constant threat to the islanders.Many Caribbean people are descended fromblack African slaves. Their cultures are amixture of African and European traditions.

MEXICO ANDCENTRAL AMERICA

MEXICO and the countries that makeup Central America form a link

between North and South America. Mexicois a mountainous country, with desert in thenorth, tropical forest in the south and acentral plateau of fertile land. Its cities sufferfrom over crowding and pollution.Central America is a mainly agricultural

area. Bananas and coffee are grown, andcattle are raised. There is a constant threat ofvolcanoes, earthquakes and hurricanes.The first European settlers of this region

were Spanish. They controlled the land forhundreds of years. Most Mexicans andCentral Americans speak Spanish today.


7

CANADA

ALTHOUGH larger in size than theUSA, Canada has a much smaller

population than its neighbour. Most of thecountry is covered with vast coniferousforests, mountains and lakes, where bears,wolves, cougars and moose are abundant. Inthe far north, and on the Arctic islands, theground is permanently frozen. On thisbarren land, known as the tundra, plantsgrow only in the short summer.Some native peoples, including the Inuit,

live in the icy northern territories, but mostCanadians live in the south, near the borderwith the USA. The largest cities are locatedin the east. Further west, in the provinces ofAlberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, lies awide expanse of fertile, low-lying landknown as the Great Plains, or prairies,where most of Canada’s wheat crop isgrown. The western part of Canada isdominated by mountain ranges, includingthe Rocky Mountains, which stretch onsouth across the USA.

In the 16th century, the first Europeansettlers arrived in Canada from both Franceand Great Britain. French and English arestill the official languages spoken today.Most French-speaking Canadians live in theprovince of Québec, and many wish to seeit declared a separate country.

Grain from the fertile prairies is stored ingrain elevators before being distributedaround Canada and abroad.


6

VANCOUVER

CALGARY

TORONTO

MONTRÉAL

EDMONTON

WINNIPEG

OTTAWA

QUÉBEC

ST. JOHN’S

B R I T I S HC O L U M B I A

N E WB R U N S W I C K

Melville I.

UngavaPeninsula

VictoriaIsland

HUDSONBAY

BAFFINBAY

Hudson Strait

Gulf of St. Lawrence

GreatBear Lake

Great Slave Lake

L. Winnipeg

L.Superior

L. HuronL. Ontario

Macken

zie

Rocky M

ountai n

s

Scale 0 500 km

P R I N C EE DWA R D I .

N O VA S C O T I A

N O R T H W E S TT E R R I T O R I E S

N U N AV U TY U KO N

EllesmereIsland

N E W F O U N D L A N D

SASKATCHEWAN

B a f f i n I s l a n d

BanksI.

A L B E R TA

Q U É B E C

O N TA R I O

M A N I T O B A

HALIFAX

DAWSON

REGINA

LABRADOR

ARCT IC OCEAN

YELLOWKNIFE

MEXICALI

CIUDADJUÁREZ

RioGrande

M E X I C O

GUADALAJARA

MEXICOCITY

VERACRUZ

MONTERREY

GULF OF MEXICO

BELIZE

HONDURAS

SAN SALVADOR

GUATEMALA

COSTA RICA

NICARAGUA

MANAGUA

SANJOSÉ

TEGUCIGALPA

EL SALVADOR

MÉRIDA

YucatánPeninsula

Scale0 600 km PANAMA

PanamaCanal

PANAMA

VILLAHERMOSA

CULIACÁN

Scale0 600 km

BELMOPAN

Baja California

HAITI

DOMINICANREPUBLIC

JAMAICAKINGSTON

HAVANA

CUBA

BAHAMAS

CARIBBEAN SEA

PUERTORICO(US)

SANTODOMINGO

AB

C

DE

F GHI

J KL

M

N

A VIRGIN IS. (Br. & US)B ST. MARTIN (France & Neths)C ANGUILLA (Br.)D ST. KITTS & NEVISE ANTIGUA & BARBUDAF GUADELOUPE (France)G DOMINICA

H MARTINIQUE (France)I ST. LUCIAJ ST. VINCENT

& THE GRENADINESK BARBADOSL GRENADAM TRINIDAD & TOBAGON NETHERLANDS

ANTILLES (Neths)

This volcano, Arenal,rises from the rain -forest of Costa Rica.



150# DTP:183 PAGE:7

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The northern Andean countries of

Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia are

also rich in minerals. Fertile farming land is

scarce, so farmers have cut terraces into the

hillsides to form level fields. Cotton,

sugarcane, coffee and bananas are grown in

the warm lowlands, while cereals and

potatoes grow in higher, cooler regions.

Economic problems and political unrest

have caused poverty in these countries.

Further south is the long, narrow country

of Chile. Mining, especially copper, is very

important in the Andes Mountains, while

the valleys are fertile, producing cereals,

fruits and vines. East of the Andes are the

open grasslands, known as pampas, of

Argentina and Uruguay. Here, millions of

cattle and sheep graze on vast ranches. They

are exported for their meat and wool.

Chile, Uruguay and Argentina all have

modern cities and a high standard of living.

The Gran Chaco, a dry, scrubland plain,

covers much of northwest Paraguay. Cattle

are farmed and cotton grown in the more

fertile south and east. Paraguay has the

world’s largest hydro-electric project, the

Itaipú Dam on the Paraná river.

The “Train of the Clouds” crosses th

eviaduct o

f Polvorilla in

northern Argentina.

South Am

erican ra

ilways are am

ong the

highest in the world.


9

SO

UT

H A

ME

RIC

A

VENEZUELA, the Guianas (Guyana,

Surinam and French Guiana) and

Brazil are rich in natural resources such as

oil, bauxite, silver and other minerals. Brazil

also produces coffee, sugar and fruit for

export, while Guyana has large sugar

plantations. Despite these resources, there is

a great contrast in the distribution of

wealth. A few people are very rich, while

others live in poverty. The towns and cities

are densely populated with people looking

for work. Clusters of poor housing known

as shantytowns, built from whatever

materials can be found, sprawl around the

edges of cities such as Rio de Janeiro and

São Paulo.

This girl is a native of th

e Am

azon ra

inforest. T

hefew Amazon In

dian tribes th

at still live in th

e forest

rely on it for food, shelter a

nd medicines. S

ome

build villages and grow crops while others are

nomadic hunters.


8

CARIBBEAN SEA

BELÉM

FORTALEZA

RECIFE

SALVADOR

COLO

MBIA

Mountains

Andes

BOGOTÁ

CALI

MARACAIBO

CARACAS

Orinoco

VEN

EZ

UELA

MEDELLÍN

G U Y A N A

GEORGETOWN

PARAMARIBO

SURINA

MCAYENNE

FREN

CHGU

IANA

Negro

Japurá

Amazon

Amazon

MANAUS

Madeira

Scale

0 600 km

PORTO ALEGRE

CURITIBA

SÃO

PAULO

CAMPINAS

RIO DE JANEIRO

BELO HORIZONTE

ParanáB

RASÍLIA

Brazilian H

ighlands

B

R

A

Z

I

L

Xingu

Tocantins

São Fran

cisco

Guiana

Highlands

ATLA

NTIC OCEAN

QUITO

Ucayali

AREQUIPA

IQUIQUE

SUCRE

A n

d e s

M

n t a i n

s

ANTOFAGASTA

PARAGUAY

ASUNCIÓN

TUCUMÁN

CORDOBA

VALPARAÍSO

SANTIAGO

CONCEPCIÓN

MENDOZA

Aconcagua

o u

BO

LIVIA

SANTA CRUZ

P E

R U

LA PAZ

L. Titicaca

CUZCO

LIMA

TRUJILLO

Marañón

ECUA

DOR

GUAYAQUIL

Paraná

SANTA FE URUG

UAY

MONTEVIDEO

MAR DEL PLATA

P a

m p

a s

Cape Horn

Magellan

’s Strait

FALK

LAND

ISLAND

S (Br.)

COMODORO

RIVADAVIA

s M o u n t a i n s

A n d e

PACIFIC

OCEAN

Atacama Desert

Tier

ra d

elFu

ego

Gran Ch

aco

Paraguay

C H I L E

ARGENTIN

A

P A T A G O N I A

BAHÍA BLANCARio de la Plata

BUENOS AIRES

ROSARIO

Salado

IQUITOS



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FRANCE

FRANCE shares borders with severalother countries on its eastern side, butthe north and west look on to the sea. Inthe south, the Pyrenees mountains separateFrance from Spain, while the Alps form aborder with Italy in the east. TheMediterranean Sea gives the south coast itswarm climate and makes it a populardestination for tourists.Much of France, especially in the north,

is strongly agricultural. Many large riverswind across fertile, undulating plains. Franceexports large quantities of food and wine,famous for its quality. It also has modernmanufacturing and chemical industries.Nuclear power provides much of thecountry’s electricity supplies.

Most people in France are descendedfrom ancient peoples including the Gauls, aCentral European tribe, and the Franks,after whom the country is named. Morerecently, people from France’s formercolonies in North Africa have made theirhomes in France.

Mont-Saint-Michel and itsmedieval abbey stand just offthe coast of Normandy, innorthern France. At hightide, the sea coversthe roadleading to it.

E U R O P E

11

The United Kingdom was oncedominated by heavy industries such as coal-mining and shipbuilding. Today, lightindustry such as plastics manufacture andelectronics, as well as communications andfinancial services, have become important.Once the hub of a worldwide empire,

Britain still plays a leading role in inter -national affairs. Its language, English, isspoken as a second language all over theworld, and is dominant on the Internet andother areas of international communication.

E U R O P E

10

British towns and villageshave houses that date back

hundreds of years. Manyare still lived in today.

INVERNESS

ABERDEEN

GLASGOW

DUNDEE

EDINBURGH

NEWCASTLE

LEEDS

E N G L A N D

S C O T L A N D

NORTHERNIRELAND

WA

LE

SI R E L A N D

HULL

MANCHESTER

CAMBRIDGE

NOTTINGHAM

OXFORD

CARDIFF

SHEFFIELDLIVERPOOL

LONDON

BIRMINGHAM

NORWICH

BRISTOL

SOUTHAMPTON

BRIGHTON

DUBLIN

I R I S H S E A

A T L A N T I CO C E A N

LONDONDERRY

PLYMOUTH

CORK

E N G L I S H C H A N N E L

BELFAST

NO RTHS E A

Bristol Channel

LochNess

Thames

Severn

Orkney Is.

Mull

Skye

Ou

te

rH

eb

r i de

s

Scale 0 100 km

LILLE

ROUENLE HAVRE

PARIS

REIMS

NANCY

STRASBOURG

DIJON

ORLÉANSLE MANS

NANTES

RENNES

BREST

POITIERS

BORDEAUX

BIARRITZ

TOULOUSE

PERPIGNAN

MONTPELLIER

AVIGNON

MARSEILLE TOULON

NICE

GRENOBLE

LYONCLERMONT-FERRAND

LIMOGES

MONACO

B R I T T A N Y

N O R M A N D Y

B U R G U N D Y

P R O V E N C E

G A S C O N Y

M a s s i fC e n t r a l

Al

psBAY OF

BISCAY

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

Seine

Loire

Vien

ne

CherLoir

e

Saône

Rhône

Tarn

Dordogne

Garonne

P y r e n e e s

Scale 0 100 km

CALAIS

AJACCIO

CORSICA

BRITISH ISLES

THE BRITISH ISLES includes the largeislands of Great Britain and Ireland,

and many smaller islands. England,Scotland, Wales and NorthernIreland make up the UnitedKingdom. The rest of Ireland becameindependent in 1922. For many yearsconflict has divided the Catholic andProtestant people of Northern Ireland. Mountains dominate the sparsely

populated north of Scotland. NorthernEngland and Wales also have large areas ofuplands. Central and southern England are adense mix of farmland, towns and cities.Because of its mild, wet climate, Ireland isfamous for its lush green landscape.



150# DTP:183 PAGE:11

GERMANY AND THELOW COUNTRIES

AT THE CENTRE of Europe liesGermany, with its neighbours Austria

and Switzerland, and the “low countries” ofBelgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Germany is flat and fertile in the north

and heavily forested in the hills of thecentral and southern areas. It is a wealthycountry, and an industrial leader, producingcars, electrical goods and chemicals forexport all over the world.The Alps rise in the south of Germany.

Much of the area of Austria andSwitzerland is taken up by Alpinepeaks and valleys. Thesepicturesque, prosperous countriesalso have modern industries.

The Netherlands is famous for its dairygoods and fields of flowers. Belgium is aland of two regions: the north, Dutch-speaking Flanders, is mostly level farmland,while the south, French-speaking Walloniais hilly, wooded country.

E U R O P E

13

NORTHERN EUROPE

NORWAY, Sweden and Denmark aretogether known as Scandinavia. Along

with Finland and the volcanic island ofIceland, they form the Nordic countries.Some parts of Norway, Sweden and Finlandlie within the Arctic Circle, where the sunnever sets in high summer, but never risesin the depths of the long, cold winter.Norway and Sweden are mountainous

countries, while Finland and Denmark arelow-lying. Finland is covered with denseconiferous forests and many lakes. In the

The city ofStockholm,capital ofSweden.

Skinny Bridge crossesa canal in Amsterdam,Netherlands

past, glaciers have carved out the manyinlets, or fjords, in Norway’s coastline.The Nordic countries are prosperous and

have low populations. They are importantproducers of timber, and are also worldleaders in manufacturing. Denmark is also afarming country, with many dairy and pigfarms.The Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia

and Lithuania used to be part of the formerSoviet Union. Timber, fishing and farmingare their most important industries.

E U R O P E

12

TROMSØ

LULEÅ

OSLO

STAVANGER

MALMO

TRONDHEIM

COPENHAGEN

ÅRHUS

N

O

R

W

A

Y

D E N M A R K

S

W

E

D

E

N

F I N L A N D

L A P L A N D

E S T O N I A

L I T H U A N I A

L A T V I A

G u l f o f

F in l a

n d

S ka g

e rr a

kVänern

Saaremaa

B A L T I C S E A

Gulf of Bothnia

VätternGotland

Åland Is.

Scale 0 150 km

ODENSE

BERGEN

STOCKHOLM

KIRUNA

Inari

HAMMERFEST

TURKU

RIGA

TALLINN

KUOPIO

KAUNAS

OULU

TAMPERE

HELSINKI

LIEPAJA

VILNIUS

UPPSALA

NORRKÖPING

GÖTEBORG

G E R M A N Y

A U S T R I A

S W I T Z E R L A N D

LIECHTENSTEIN

KIEL

BREMENHAMBURG

ROSTOCKLÜBECK

BERLIN

LEIPZIG

DRESDEN

MAGDEBURGBIELEFELD

DÜSSELDORF

DORTMUND

BONN

FRANKFURT

MANNHEIM

STUTTGART

ESSEN

COLOGNE

NÜRNBERG

MUNICH

ZÜRICH

BERN

SALZBURG

BASEL

GENEVA

INNSBRUCK

LINZVIENNA

Elbe

Weser

Ems

Danube

Oder

A

l

p

s

Scale 0 200 km

Black Forest

KLAGENFURT

NORTHSEA

BALTIC SEA

L. Geneva

Rhine Danube

Inn

Main

Rhine

RuhrDUISBURG

NETHERL ANDSAMSTERDAM

THE HAGUE

ROTTERDAM

ANTWERP

B E L G I U M

BRUSSELSLIÈGE

LUXEMBOURGLUXEMBOURG

HANNOVER

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The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin.

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150# DTP:183 PAGE:13

AKUREYRI

I C E L A N D

REYKJAVIK

MÁLAGASierra N

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ITALY

SURROUNDED on threesides by the MediterraneanSea, Italy is shaped like a boot about to kicka stone—the island of Sicily. The Alps,including the jagged, limestone Dolomites,form the border in the north. Running thelength of the boot down to the toe are thethickly-wooded Apennines. Both Sicily andSardinia are rugged, hilly islands. Italy also has three active volcanoes:

Vesuvius, Stromboli and Etna. In AD 79,Vesuvius erupted, burying the town ofPompeii. The remains of a great Romancivilization have since been uncovered. Northern Italy is more prosperous than

the south, Sicily and Sardinia. There aremajor industrial cities such as Milan andTurin, vineyards, and fields of wheat, maizeand tomatoes. The Vatican City, which lies within the

city of Rome, is the smallest independentstate in the world. It is home to the Pope,the head of the Catholic church.

E U R O P E

15

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL

THE IBERIAN PENINSULA, dividedbetween the countries of Spain and

Portugal, is separated from the rest ofEurope by the Pyrenees mountains. Thecore of the peninsula is a plateau called theMeseta, a landscape of plains crossed byseveral mountain ranges.Spain has four official languages—

Galician, Catalan, Basque as well asSpanish—and several dialects. The north ofthe country, Spain’s industrial heartland, iscooler and wetter. Central Spain is muchdrier. Large areas are barren or given overto rough pasture for sheep and goats. Touristresorts have grown up along theMediterranean coast. Andalucia is famousfor bull-fighting, sherry, orange trees andflamenco dancers.Portugal has long held close ties with the

sea. Famous for its explorers, Portuguese

sailors founded colonies in Africa, Asia andAmerica more than 500 years ago. Today,farming and fishing are among the mainindustries—supplying the world withanchovies, sardines, shellfish, cork and port,a sweet wine produced in the region nearPorto. Along the drier south coast is theAlgarve, popular with tourists.

E U R O P E

14

A p

e n

n i n

e s

TURIN

CATANIA

SASSARI

CAGLIARI

PALERMOMESSINA

TARANTO

BARI

NAPLES

ROME

PESCARA

PERUGIA

ANCONALIVORNO

FLORENCE

BOLOGNA

PARMA

GENOA

TRIESTE

VENICE

BOLZANO

MILAN

S A R D I N I A

Scale0 100 km

Tiber

Arno

Adige

Po

Po

A D R I A T I CS E A

Vesuvius

MEDITERRANEANSEA

T Y R R H E N I A N S E A

EtnaS I C I L Y

SAN MARINO

VATICAN CITYSTATE

Al p

s

A p e n n i n e s

Elba

Stromboli

S P A I N

P O

R T

U

G

A L

ANDORRA

GIBRALTAR (BR.)

A CORUÑA SANTANDER

BILBAO

DONOSTIA

BARCELONA

LLEIDAZARAGOZA

BURGOS

LEÓN

PORTO

VALLADOLID

MADRID

VALENCIA

ALACANT

MURCIA

LISBON

SEVILLAGRANADA

CÁDIZ

PALMA

Mallorca

Menorca

Ibiza

MEDITERRANEANSEA

EbroDouro

Tagus

Guadiana

Guadalqui

vir

ATLANTIC OCEAN

P y r e n e e s

G A L I C I A

A R A G O N

C A T A L O N

I A

A N D A L U C I AA L G A R V E

BASQUEPROVINCES

ALBACETECIUDAD REAL

La Mancha

Scale 0 100 km

Venice was built on an island in alagoon. Instead of streets and cars,there are canals and gondolas.

.

.

�

.

.The Luiz I bridge spans the River Douro atPorto, Northern Portugal.



150# DTP:183 PAGE:15

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SOUTHEAST EUROPE

THE BALKANS, which make up mostof south-east Europe, are lands of

rugged mountains and deep valleys. Wintersare cold, but cotton, tobacco and grapes canbe grown in the warm summers. Several ofthese countries were once part ofYugoslavia. The creation of new borders, as

The Corinth Canal cutsacross a narrow stretchof the Greek mainland tocreate a sea route.

well as clashes between ethnic groups, hasled to conflict.Greece is one of the oldest nations in

Europe. As a mountainous country, farmingspace is limited, and its olive groves andvineyards are scattered along the hillsides.Greece has many islands, and a large part ofits economy relies on a large shippingindustry and tourism.

Slovenian farm buildings have a woodenframe called a kozolec to store hay.

E U R O P E

17

CENTRAL ANDEASTERN EUROPE

MUCH OF CENTRAL and EasternEurope is flat, low-lying land. A large

part of this is given over to farming, butnative forest still remains in upland areas,where elk, wolves and bison roam. Thenorthern part of this region has warmsummers but cold winters. Crops such aspotatoes and cereals are grown, and animalsare farmed for their milk and meat.Heavy industries such as mining, metal -

working, car production and glass-makingare important for the economy of Poland.Pollution from the burning of coal toproduce electricity, and from factories andcars, threatens the environment.In the south, the forested Sudetes and

Carpathian Mountain ranges rim the CzechRepublic and cover much of Slovakia.Cereals, root vegetables and livestock arefarmed in the valleys. The fertile lowlands ofHungary are scattered with orchards andvineyards. All three countries have vehicle,chemical and textile industries.The undulating lowlands of the Ukraine

with their fertile “black earth” have long

been intensively cultivated. There are fieldsof wheat, barley, sugar beet and sunflowers.Manufacturing is concentrated in theUkraine’s southeastern cities. The borders of Central and Eastern

Europe have changed many times over theyears. Until recently, many countries werecontrolled by, or were part of the formerSoviet Union. They are now independent,and starting to grow in prosperity.

Odesa is a major industrial port on thesouth coast of the Ukraine. The warmwaters of the Black Sea have made thiscoast a popular destination for tourists.

E U R O P E

16

SZCZECIN

WARSAW

WROCL/ AW

KRAKOW

BRNO

PÉCS

GDANSK

KALININGRAD

POZNAN

PRAGUE

BRATISLAVA

BUDAPEST

LVOV

VITSYEBSK

MINSK

KHARKIV

DNIPROPETROVSK

DONETSK

MARIUPOL

KHERSON

ODESA

U K R A I N E

B E L A R U S

P O L A N D

C Z E C H R E P U B L I C

S L O V A K I A

BLACK SEA

BALTIC SEA

Sea of Azov

Dnieper

Danube

Dnieper

Bug

Dniester

Pripet

Vistula

H U N G A R Y

C a r p a t h i a n M t s .

S u d e t e s

PripetMarshes

C R I M E A

KIEV

PART OF

RUSSIA

Scale 0 300 km

LJUBLJANA

SARAJEVO

ZAGREB

SPLIT

BELGRADE

SKOPJE

Carp

athian Mts.

Bosporus

SOFIA

CHISINAU

BUCHAREST

ISTANBUL

TIRANË

ATHENS

THESSALONIKI

IZMIR

ANKARA

SAMSUN

ADANA

ANTALYA

ERZURUM

NICOSIA

SLOVENIAC ROAT I A

BO S N I A

SERBIA

R O M A N I A

MOLDOVA

B U L G A R I A

MACEDONIAALBANIA

Scale 0 300 km

G R E E C E T U R K E Y

CYPRUS

A D R I AT I CS E A

AEGEANSEA

B L A C K S E A

Danube

Euphrates

Tigris

L. Van

L. TuzKefallonia

Corfu

Lesbos

Khios

Rhodes

KarpathosCrete

HOMYEL

Turkey is split between Europe andAsia by a narrow stretch of water calledthe Bosporus. Turkey’s coasts are warm,but the dry grasslands of its interior canbe bitterly cold in winter. Turkey isfamous for its craft industry, especiallycarpets and pottery. Its Mediterraneancoastline and ancient sites also make ita popular tourist destination.

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

MONTENEGRO

PODGORICA



150# DTP:183 PAGE:17

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Many people in Tajikistan work in smallfactories, making carpets and textiles.

C E N T R A L A S I AKazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,

Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are theCentral Asian republics. Much of the regionis desert and dry grassland, with mountainsto the south. There are reserves of coal, gasand metal ores.South of the Caucasus mountain range lie

Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia. Theirfertile land produces many crops, and alsohas reserves of oil and gas. The Caucasuscontains many different ethnic groups andoften experiences conflict.

19

Scattered around the fringes of the ArcticOcean are a number of small communities.They herd reindeer or cattle, and use animalskins to keep warm as their ancestors did.The Trans-Siberian Railway runs from

Moscow across the southern part of Siberia.It is a vital link for people and industry

Many old Russian buildings are made ofwood. This church stands on an island inLake Onega, near St. Petersburg.

between east and west. The longest line inthe world, it takes eight days to travel.Since the collapse of the Soviet Union,

Russia, for all its natural mineral wealth,long-established industries and advancedtechnology, is struggling to develop itseconomy.

E U R O P E

18

ST. PETERSBURGL. Ladoga

L. Onega

MURMANSK

MOSCOW

TULA

NIZHNIY NOVGOROD

KAZAN

VORONEZH

ROSTOV

VOLGOGRAD

Caucasus M

ts.

ASTRAKHAN

SAMARAYEKATERINBURG

TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY

OMSK

NOVOSIBIRSK KRASNOYARSK

NORVIK

YAKUTSK

IRKUTSK

ULAN-UDE

KHABAROVSK

VLADIVOSTOK

MAGADAN

TBILISI

YEREVAN

BAKU

SAMARKAND

TASHKENT ALMATY

ASTANA

DUSHANBE

BISHKEK

K A Z A K H S T A N

TURKMENISTAN

KYRGYZSTAN

UZBEKISTAN

TAJIKISTAN

AZERBAIJAN

ARMENIA

GEORGIA

A R C T I C O C E A N

SEA OFOKHOTSK

Sakhalin

KamchatkaPeninsula

New Siberian Is.

SevernayaZemlya

Lena

S I B E R I A

Amur

BARENTSSEA

CaspianSea

Aral Sea

L. Balkhash

L.Baikal

WhiteSea

ObVolg

a

R U S S I AUra

l Mountain

s

Yenisey

Lower Tunguska

Angara

IrtyshSyr Darya

NovayaZemlya

Scale 0 600 km

ASHKHABAD

RUSSIA

STRETCHING between two continents,Europe and Asia, Russia is the largestcountry in the world. Until 1991 it was partof the Soviet Union. Most of Russia’spopulation live west of the Ural Mountains,in the European part, many in the big citiesof Moscow and St. Petersburg. Also in thisarea lies a good part of Russia’s farmland,producing cereals and root crops. East of the Ural mountains is Siberia, a

vast area of sparsely populated land. Theclimate is harsh, with frozen tundra in thenorth and thick coniferous forest, known astaiga, further south. The deepest lake in theworld, Lake Baikal, is found in the south-east. Siberia is rich in coal, oil, gas and metalores. The region has a small population, buta large number of different peoples.

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150# DTP:183 PAGE:19

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SOUTHERN ASIA

THE INDIAN subcontinentencompasses India, Pakistan,

Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka.Much of the northern region ismountainous, with the Himalaya andKarakoram ranges forming a border withthe rest of Asia. A region of desert coverseastern Pakistan and northeast India,bordering areas of more fertile land, wherefarmers grow rice and cotton. The Gangesvalley is one of the most intensely cultivatedregions in the world. Sri Lanka has large teaplantations, and is a popular tourist resort.Southern Asia is home to many peoples,

with thousands of different languages andseveral religions. But many people are alsovery poor. Most are farmers who rely onthe monsoon rains to water their crops.They suffer badly when there are droughtsor floods, especially in low-lying countriessuch as Bangladesh. Years of civil war havealso added to the poverty in Afghanistanand Burma.However, some Southern Asian countries

are becoming more and moreindustrialized. India has an importantmanufacturing industry, producing textiles,clothing and machinery. Its large cities areovercrowded with people who have comefrom the countryside looking for work.

A S I A

21

A S I A

20

KUWAIT

DAMASCUS

BEIRUT

MEDINA

MANAMA

DOHA

MAKKAHJIDDAH

ALEPPO MOSUL

TABRIZ

TEHRAN

MASHHAD

KERMAN

ESFAHAN

SHIRAZ

BANDARABBAS

ABADAN

BAGHDAD

JERUSALEM

TEL AVIV

BASRA

AMMAN

ABU DHABIRIYADH

DUBAI

MUSCAT

RE

ADEN

PERSIAN GULF

R u b al

K h a l i

S A U D I A R A B I A

I R A N

Y E M E N

O M

A N

S Y R I A

JORDAN

UNITED ARABEMIRATES

QATAR

ISRAEL

LEBANON

BAHRAIN

KUWAIT

KURDISTAN

MESOPOTAMIA

A nN a f u d

ARABIAN SEA

Tigris

Euphrates

L. Urmia

Dasht-e Kavir

I R A Q

CASPIANSEA

D SEA

SAN‘A

MUKALLA

GAZASTRIP

OMAN

Scale0 400 km

VARANASI

KANPUR

NEW DELHI

DELHI

ISLAMABAD

RAWALPINDI

MULTAN

KARACHI

KABUL

A F GH AN I S TA N

PA K I S T A N

ARABIAN SEA

K a r a k o r a m

D e c c a n

W e s t e

r n G

h a t s

T h a rD e s e r t

G ha t

s

KASHMIR

Indus

Ganges

Brahm

aputra

HYDERABAD

JAIPUR

Irrawaddy

Salween

H i m a l a y a s

Andaman Is. (India)

B A Y O F B E N G A L

I N D I A N O C E A N

ASSAM

Scale 0 500 km

SRI LANKA

BHUTAN

BANGLADESH

NE P A L

B U R M A(MYANMAR)

MUMBAI(BOMBAY)

KOLKATA(CALCUTTA)

DHAKA

THIMPHU

CHITTAGONG

CHENNAI(MADRAS)

BANGALORE

COLOMBO

MANDALAY

HYDERABAD

NAGPUR

INDOREAHMADABAD

KATHMAND

YANGON

I N D I A

East ern

LAHORE

MIDDLE EAST

THE COUNTRIES of southwest Asiaare known as the Middle East. Much of

this region is covered with mountains ordesert, and has a hot, dry climate. The mostfertile areas are along the Mediterraneancoast and the river floodplains of easternIraq. Here, crops such as cereals and citrusfruits can be grown. Other Middle Eastern countries, such as

Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the United ArabEmirates, have become very wealthy despite

their lack of water and mostly barren land.They have huge reserves of oil, which theyexport to the rest of the world.Some Middle Eastern cities date back

thousands of years. Many have a pattern ofnarrow, winding streets around a centralmarket and mosque for worship. OutsideIsrael, a Jewish state, most people follow thereligion of Islam, but there is also frequentconflict between religious and ethnicgroups. Border and territorial disputesbetween countries have also led to wars inthe Middle East.

In many cities, taxicabs compete withhorse- or evenhuman-drawn taxis.



150# DTP:183 PAGE:21

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A S I A

23

Farmers bring their produceinto the city markets to sell.

A S I A

22

PYONGYANG

SEOUL

JINAN

Grand CanalHuang

HONG KONG

GUANGZHOU

Hainan

WUHAN

NANJING

ZHENGZHOUXI'AN

SHANGHAI

T'AIPEI

Yangtse

TAIWAN

C H I N A

EASTCHINASEA

SOUTHCHINA SEA

CHONGQING

CHENGDU

KUNMING

CHANGSHA

TIANJIN

PUSANQINGDAO

TAIYUAN

BEIJING

SOUTHKOREA

NORTHKOREA

YELLOW SEA

SHENYANG

HARBIN

Scale0 400 km

LHASA

LANZHOU

G

O

B

I

ULAN BATOR

M O N G O L I A

T I B E T

KASHI

ÜRÜMQI

YUMENT a k l a M a k a n

LopNor

KokoNor

Him

alayas

Mt. Everest

China has manyimportant religiousbuildings. This is theTemple of Heaven, inBeijing.

M O N G O L I A A N D K O R E AMongolia occupies the grassy plainsbetween the mountains to the north andthe Gobi desert to the south. Many peoplestill live a nomadic life on the central plains.Mongolia has coal and oil resources.North and South Korea are both

mountainous and forested, but while NorthKorea has little contact with the outsideworld, and relies on enormous state-controlled farms, South Korea has thriving,modern industries and many trade links.

CHINA

THE THIRD largest country in theworld, China also has the highest

population—more than one-fifth of all thepeople in the world today. The west of thecountry is mountainous, with bleak desertsand grassland plains or steppes. The desertsare freezing cold in winter. The highestpoint is Mount Everest, which lies on theborder between Tibet and Nepal. Tibet usedto be an independent country, but has beenoccupied by China since the 1950s.In contrast, the eastern part of China has

a warm climate, with fertile soil and rivervalleys. Great rivers, including the Yangtseand the Huang He, or Yellow River, windtheir way from the western mountains tothe sea. The Grand Canal, the world’slongest waterway, stretches for 1790kilometres. Most of the population of Chinalive in the east. China is a major producerof tea, wheat and sweet potatoes as well asrice, which is grown in the flat, floodedpaddyfields of the south. Pigs and poultryare kept everywhere.Many Chinese cities have populations of

more than a million people. Most peoplelive in apartment blocks. China has naturalresources such as coal and oil, and alsoheavy industry such as steel and chemicalplants. It is an important producer oftextiles, clothing and electronics. Thoughmany people in China are poor, it is arapidly developing country.

GREAT

WALL



150# DTP:183 PAGE:23

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High-speed “bullet” trains run onJapan’s railway network. This trainis passing Mount Fuji, Japan’shighest mountain and a dormantvolcano. Mount Fuji is a sacred

place for followers of Shinto,a major Japanese

religion.

A S I A

25

SOUTHEAST ASIA

THE SOUTHEAST corner of mainlandAsia, together with thousands of islands

further south, make up the region ofSoutheast Asia. On the mainland are themountainous, forested countries ofThailand, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia.Great rivers flow through the region,creating fertile valleys where large quantitiesof crops such as rice and tropical fruits aregrown. Thailand also has successful touristand manufacturing industries. Cambodia,Vietnam and Laos have been devastated bywar, although Vietnam now has a growingindustrial economy.Malaysia is made up of the mainland

Malay peninsula, and most of northernBorneo. Southern Borneo, together withother islands including Sumatra and Java, ispart of Indonesia. The climate is hot andwet, with areas of dense rainforest that arehome to many kinds of plants and animals.Malaysia and Indonesia are rich in natural

resources such as oil, gas and rubber. Theyalso have strong manufacturing industries. North of Borneo are the Philippines,

thousands of small islands, many of whichare uninhabited. Although their country isrich in mineral resources, many people areobliged to leave to find work in othercountries. Both the Philippines andIndonesia are frequently threatened bytropical storms, volcanoes and earthquakes.The small countries of Singapore and

Brunei are among the world’s richcountries. While Brunei has huge resourcesof oil and gas, Singapore is a worldwidecentre of manufacturing and business.

An ox cart on the streets of KualaLumpur, Malaysia, an increasinglyrare sight in this prosperous,rapidly growing city.

A S I A

24

I N D O N E S I A

M A L A Y S I A

PHILIPPINES

THAILAND

PAPUANEW GUINEA

V I E T N A M

L A O S

CAMBODIA

BRUNEI

SINGAPORE

EAST TIMOR

Su

ma

tr

a

J a v a

B o r n e oS u l a w e s i

Luzon

Mindanao

Moluccas

N e w G u i n e a

SARAWAK

Flores

SOUTHCHINASEA

INDIAN OCEAN

CELEBES SEA

BANDA SEA

Bali

Mekon

HANOI

HO CHI MINH CITY

BANDAR SERIBEGAWAN

PHNOM PENH

VIANGCHAN

BANGKO

KUALA LUMPUR

MANILA

PORT MORESBY

PALEMBANG

JAKARTA

YOGYAKARTA

SURABAYA

BANJARMASIN

MEDAN

PACIFICOCEAN

H O K K A I D O

H

O

N

S

H

U

SEA OFJAPAN

PACIFICOCEAN

SAPPORO

HAKODATE

AOMORI

SENDAI

NIIGATA

TOYAMA

TOKYOYOKOHAMA

Mt Fuji

NAGOYA

SHIKOKU KYUSHU

KYOTO

OSAKAKOBEOKAYAMA

MATSAYUMA

HIROSHIMA

KITAKYUSHU

FUKUOKA

NAGASAKI

Scale 0 200 km

Scale0 800 km

JJAPAN

LYING OFF the east coast of mainlandAsia, Japan is made up of four largeislands, where most of the population live,and thousands of smaller ones. The fourmain islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushuand Shikoku. Much of Japan is coveredwith mountains, some of them volcanic. Itis also densely forested. Winter is cold in thenorth, but the south of the country hasmild winters and hot summers. With limited land available for farming,

and a lack of natural resources, Japan hasturned to industry and technology for itslivelihood.Today, it is a leading producer ofcars, ships and electronic goods such ascomputers, televisions and cameras. It is alsoa powerful financial centre. Most people livein the cities, several of which have apopulation of over one million. Theirbuildings are designed to withstand theearthquakes that frequently occur.

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About 200 years ago, the British andother Europeans began to arrive on theshores of Australia. They routed many of thenative Australians already living there, andseized their land. Today, much of Australia’spopulation is of European descent, althoughthere are substantial numbers of immigrantsfrom Asia. The small number of nativeAustralians that remain are working toreclaim some of their land and sacred sites.

N E W Z E A L A N DLike its neighbour, Australia, New Zealandis a prosperous country. It farms hugenumbers of cattle and sheep, producinglarge quantities of wool, meat and dairyproducts for export. Its fertile land andwarm climate also make it ideal forvineyards and fruit and vegetables. Thepower of New Zealand’s many rivers, andalso the underground heat from volcanicactivity on North Island, are harnessedthrough non-polluting electricity schemes.The native peoples of New Zealand are

the Maoris, who originally came fromPolynesia. They still make up about nine percent of the population, and have retainedmuch of their culture and traditions.

New Zealand is home toseveral kinds of birds thathave lost the ability to flybecause of a lack ofnatural predators. One ofthese, the kiwi, hasbecome the symbol ofNew Zealand. Othersinclude the rare takahe(left), which lives in themountains of South Island.

New Zealand includes two mainislands, North Island and SouthIsland, and several smaller ones.Most people live on North Island.

O C E A N I A

27

AUSTRALIA

APART FROM a long range ofmountains running down its eastern

side, most of Australia is flat, hot and dry. Itis rich in natural resources such as coal andminerals including gold, copper andiron.The vast interior, or outback, is mostlydesert, or dry scrublands. To the east, this

An Australian boy. On the most isolatedcattle and sheep stations, far from towns,children must learn their lessons at home.If there is a medical emergency, doctorsfly in by aeroplane.

gives way to open grassland—stock-raisingcountry, where Australia’s sheep and cattleranches, or “stations”, are situated. With itsmillions of sheep, Australia is the world’slargest producer of wool.Most Australians live around the coasts,

where the climate is cooler and the landfertile. Crops such as wheat and tropicalfruits are grown for export, and vineyardsproduce world-famous wines. A highproportion of people live in the largestcities, such as Sydney, Brisbane andMelbourne. The cities have modernmanufacturing industries.

Sydney HarbourBridge, and thefamous Opera House.

O C E A N I A

26

Q U E E N S L A N D

W E S T E R N

A U S T R A L I A

N E W S O U T H

W A L E S

V I C T O R I A

A U S T R A L I A

NEW ZEALAND

BROKENHILL

MELBOURNE

CANBERRA

SYDNEY

NEWCASTLE

BRISBANE

ROCKHAMPTON

CAIRNS

DARWIN

KALGOORLIE

GERALDTON

PERTH

FREMANTLE ADELAIDE

HOBART

AUCKLAND

WELLINGTON

L. Eyre

TA SMANSEA

Great Barrier Reef

Murray

Darling

Gibson Desert

Great Dividing Range

Southe

rn Alp

s

Stewart I.

CapeYork

Peninsula

Scale 0 500 km

Great

Australian Bight

CHRISTCHURCH

DUNEDIN

S OU TH

AU S T R A L I A

T A S M A N I A

N O R T H E R N

T E R R I T O R Y

NORTHISLAND

SOUTHISLAND

Great VictoriaDesert



150# DTP:183 PAGE:27

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South of the Sahara, agriculture is theprimary industry of many countries. Riverssuch as the Nile, Niger and Senegal provideessential water with which to irrigate crops.However, in many countries such asMauritania and Mali, drought is a recurrentproblem. In the driest areas, nomadic cattle-herders travel vast distances in search ofgood grazing.There are many different peoples living

in Northern Africa. Conflict between them

A donkey cart in Burkina Fasocarries a crop of cotton. This maybe sold abroad, to earn money forone of Africa’s poorest countries.Poor soil and droughts mean thateach crop is precious.

Dinka herdsmanfrom southernSudan.

often leads to long and devastating wars.The combination of war, drought andwidespread poverty has led to terriblefamines in Ethiopia and Sudan.West Africa has a wetter climate, and

crops such as coffee, bananas, cocoa,groundnuts and citrus fruits are grown. Formany years, timber has been an importantproduct of countries such as the Côted’Ivoire, but this was carried out at such arate that vast areas of the forest have nowdisappeared. Mining of oil and metal ores isa rich resource, but due to poorgovernment and frequent wars, manycountries are still impoverished.Many people in Northern Africa live in

small towns or villages, producing justenough food and goods for themselves.Others crowd into the cities, looking forwork. They often have to live in very poorconditions on the outskirts of the city.

A F R I C A

29

NORTHERN AFRICA

THE NORTHERN half of Africastretches down from the fertile coast

bordering the Mediterranean Sea, throughvast areas of desert and savanna, into theforests of the west and central Africa. Apartfrom the Atlas Mountains, the EthiopianHighlands and Saharan ranges, much of theregion is a level plateau.

In the far north of Africa, the countriesbordering the coast benefit from naturalresources of oil and gas. They also rely ontourism and the manufacture of textiles andcarpets. The population are mostly Arabs.Berbers, an ancient native people, live in theuplands of Morocco.

A F R I C A

28

A L G E R I AL I B Y A

S U D A N

E G Y P T

M A L I

C H A D

M A U R I T A N I A

N I G E R

E T H I O P I A

N I G E R I A

S O M

A L

I A

C AM E ROON

TUNI S

I A

CÔTED’IVOIRE

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

S E N E G A L

G U I N E A

GHANA

BURKINA FASO

G AMB I A

GUINEA-BISSAU

SIERRALEONE

LIBERIA

TOGO

B E N I N

EQUATORIALGUINEA

SÃO TOMÉAND PRÍNCIPE

DJIBOUTI

DJIBOUTI

E R I T R E A

S A H A R

A t l a

s M

o u n

t a i

n s

Ahag g a

r

T ib es ti

Dar fur

E t h i o p i a n

H i g h l a n d s

Niger

Nile

Blue N

ile

White Nile

L. Nasser

L. Chad

L. VoltaBenue

CANARY IS. (Spain)

RE

D

MEDITERRANEAN SEAATLANTIC OCEAN

INDIANOCEAN

GU L F O F G U I N E A

MADEIRA(Portugal)

Scale 0 600 km

CASABLANCA

RABAT

MARRAKECH

LASPALMAS

NOUAKCHOTT

DAKAR

TOMBOUCTOU

BAMAKO

ALGIERSTUNIS

TRIPOLI

CONAKRY

MONROVIAABIDJAN ACCRA

IBADAN

LAGOS

DOUALAYAOUNDÉ

BANGUI

N'DJAMENAKANO

NIAMEY

OUAGADOUGOU

BENGHAZI ALEXANDRIA

CAIRO

SUEZ

SE

A

BUR SUDAN

KHARTOUM ASMERA

FREETOWN

MOGADISHU

ADDIS ABABA

M O R OC C

O

WESTERNSAHARA(Morocco)

LOMÉ

YAMOUSSOUKRO

ABUJA



150# DTP:183 PAGE:29

A D E S E R T

•

Outside South Africa and the Copper

Belt (southern Congo and northern

Zambia), large industrial areas are scarce.

Countries such as Angola and Mozambique,

with fertile land and rich resources, are

nevertheless poverty-stricken due to years

of civil war. Many people are farmers, and

produce only enough food for themselves.

There are many hundreds of different

tribal groups in Southern Africa, with many

different languages and customs. Violent

clashes between rival groups are frequent. In

the worst affected regions, millions of

people have fled to neighbouring countries

to escape the conflicts.

On th

e Zambia-

Zimbabw

e border,

the Zambezi River

drops 12

8 metres

into a narrow

gorge, fo

rming the

Victoria Falls. To

local p

eople, th

eyare know

n as

Mosi-o

a-Tunya

(“the sm

oke that

thunders”).

A F R I C A

31

SO

UT

HE

RN

AF

RIC

A

THE CONGObasin covers much of

central Africa. Here, the mighty Congo

river winds through dense rainforest, where

animals such as the rare mountain gorilla,

and a host of bird species live.

To the south and east are high plateaux,

with a cooler, drier climate. Much of the

land is flat grassland, called savanna, where

animals such as giraffes, elephants and lions

roam. In the southwest, the savanna gives

way to areas of hot, dry desert. In the east,

deep valleys, high volcanic mountains and

huge lakes have formed along a split in the

Earth’s crust, known as the Great Rift Valley.

Southern Africa is rich in natural

resources such as oil, metals (particularly

copper and gold) and diamonds. Mining is

therefore a vitally important industry.

Tourism is also important to the savanna

regions, where large national parks have

been set up to protect the wildlife. In the

eastern highlands, crops of tea and coffee

are grown for export. Cattle are farmed for

their meat and dairy products.

This M

ozam

bique

wom

an wears cream

made fro

m ground bark

on her skin to protect

it fro

m th

e sun.

Mozam

bique was ru

led

by Portugal u

ntil it

became independent in

1975

.

A F R I C A

30

CO

NG

O

G A B O

N

KINSHASA

CONGO-

BRAZZA

VILLE

Congo

Congo

Ubangi

UGAN

DA

KAMPALA

L. Albert

KENYA

L. Turkana

RWAN

DA

TANZANIA

L. Tanganyika

CABIND

A(Angola

)

LUANDA

Cubango

KANANGA

BUKAVU

K A

T A

N G

A

Lualaba

LUBUMBASHI

A N

G O

L A

Bié

Plateau

BUJUMBURA

BURU

NDI

MBANDAKA

LIBREVILLE

BRAZZAVILLE

Cuango

Z A M

B I A

L. Nyasa

M A L A W I

LILONGWE

Zambezi

BLANTYRE

COMOR

OS

M A D A G A S C A R

ANTANANARIVO

M o z

a m b i q u e

C h a n

n e l

HARARE

BULAWAYO

BEIRA

Limpop

o

B O T S W

A N A

N A

M I B

I A

WINDHOEK

ATLA

NTIC

OCEAN

N a mi b

De s

e rt

Kalahari

GABORONE

PRETORIA

JOHANNESBURG

MAPUTO

SWAZ

ILAN

DSO

UTH A

FRIC

A

DURBAN

INDIAN

OCEAN

PORT ELIZABETH

CAPE TOWN

LESO

THO

BLOEMFONTEIN

Orange

BENGUELA

MOMBASA

DODOMA

DAR ES SALAAM

LUSAKA

EAST LONDON

KISANGANI

NAIROBI

L. Victoria

Zanzibar

Scale

0 400 km

M O

Z A

M B

I Q

U E

Dra

kensb

erg

Kilim

anjaro

Cape of

Good Hope

•

••

•

•

••

••

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

�

��

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

Z I M

B A B W E



150# DTP:183 PAGE:31

AAbu Dhabi 20Accra 28Addis Ababa 29Adelaide 51Afghanistan 21Africa 28-29, 30-31Albania 17Aleutian Islands 4Alexandria 29Algeria 28Algiers 28Alps, Mountains 11Amazon, River 8Amman 20Amsterdam13Andes Mountains 8-9Andorra 14Angola 30Anguilla 7Ankara 17Antigua and Barbuda 7Antwerp 13Apennines 15Appalachian Mountains 5Argentina 9Armenia 18Asia 20-25Asmera 29Assam21Astana 18Asunción 9Athens 17Auckland 51Australia 26-27Austria 13Azerbaijan 18

BBaghdad 20Bahamas 7Bahrain 20Baikal, Lake 19Bandar Seri Begawan 24Bangalore 21Bangladesh 21Barbados 7Barcelona 14Beijing 23Beirut 20Belarus 16Belgium 13Belgrade 17Belize 7Benin 28Berlin 29Bhutan 21Bogotá 8Bolivia 8Bosnia and Herzegovina17

Bosporous, Strait 17Botswana 31Brasília 8Bratislava 16Brazzaville 30Brazil 8Brunei 24Brussels 13

GGabon 30Gambia 28Ganges, River 21Gaza Strip 20Geneva 13Georgia 18Germany 13Ghana 28Gibraltar 14Good Hope, Cape of 31Grand Canyon 4Greece 17Grenada 7Guatemala 7Guinea 28Guinea-Bissau 28Guyana 8

HThe Hague 13Haiti 7Hamburg 13Hanoi 46Harare 31Havana 7Helsinki 12Himalayas, mountains 21Ho Chi Minh City 24Honduras 7Hong Kong 23Hungary 16Hyderabad, India 21Hyderabad, Pakistan 21

IIceland 12India 21Indonesia 24Indus River 21Iran 20Iraq 20Ireland 10Ireland, Northern 10Irish Sea 10Irrawaddy, River 21Islamabad 21Israel 20Istanbul 17Italy 15

JJaipur 21Jakarta 24Jamaica 7Japan 25Jerusalem 20Johannesburg 31Jordan 20

KKabul 21Kalahari Desert 31Kampala 30Karachi 21Kashmir 21Kathmandu 21Kazakhstan 18Kenya 30Khartoum 29

Bucharest 17Budapest 16Buenos Aires 9Bulgaria 17Burkina Faso 28Burma (Myanmar) 21Burundi 30

CCairo 29Calcutta see KolkataCambodia 24Cameroon 28Canada 6Canberra 27Cape Town 31Caracas 8Casablanca 28Cayenne 8Central AfricanRepublic 29

Chad 29Chennai (Madras) 21Chicago 5Chile 9China 22-23Chisinau 17Colombia 8Congo 30Congo-Brazzaville 30Copenhagen 12Corsica 11Costa Rica 7Côte d’Ivoire 28Crete 17Crimea 16Croatia 17Cuba 7Cyprus 17Czech Republic 16

DDamascus 20Dar Es Salaam 30Delhi 21Denmark 12Dhaka 21Djibouti 29Doha 20Dominican Republic 7Dubai 20Dublin 26

EEcuador 8Edinburgh 10Egypt 29El Salvador 7England 10Equatorial Guinea 28Eritrea 29Estonia 12Ethiopia 29Europe 10-19

FFinland 12France 11Frankfurt 13Freetown 28French Guiana 8

Kiev 16Kilimanjaro, Mount 30Kinshasa 30Kolkata (Calcutta) 21Krakow 16Kurdistan 20Kuwait 20Kyoto 25Kyrgyzstan 18

LLa Paz 8Lagos 28Lahore 21Laos 24Latvia 12Lebanon 20Lesotho 31Liberia 28Libya 29Liechtenstein 13Lilongwe 31Lima 8Lisbon 14Lithuania 12Ljubljana 17Luxembourg 13

MMacedonia 17Madagascar 31Madras see ChennaiMadrid 14Malawi 30Malaysia 24Mali 28Manila 24Marrakech 28Martinique 7Mauritania 28Melbourne 27Mesopotamia 20Mexico 7Mexico City 7Miami 5Mississippi, River 5Mogadishu 29Moldova 17Monaco 51Mongolia 23Montenegro 17Montevideo 19Morocco 28Moscow 18Mozambique 31Mumbai (Bombay) 21Munich 13 Myanmar see Burma

NNairobi 30Namibia 31Nanjing 23Nepal 21Netherlands 13Netherlands Antilles 7New Guinea 24New Zealand 27New York City 5Nicaragua 7Niger 28

Nigeria 28North America 4-7North Korea 23Norway 12

OOceania 26-27Oman 20Osaka 25Oslo 12Ottawa 6

PPakistan 21Panama 7Panama Canal 7Papua New Guinea 24Paraguay 9Paris 11Persian Gulf 20Peru 8Philadelphia 5Philippines 24Phnom Penh 24Poland 16Portugal 14Prague 16Puerto Rico 7Pusan 23Pyongyang 23

Q RQatar 20Québec 6Quito 8Rabat 28Reykjavik 12Riga 12Rio de Janeiro 9Riyadh 20Rocky Mountains 4, 6Romania 17Rome 15Rotterdam 13Russia 16, 18-19Rwanda 30

SSahara Desert 28-29St. Kitts and Nevis 7St. Lucia 7St. Martin 7St. Vincent and theGrenadines 7

San Marino 15San Francisco 4San Salvador 7Santiago 9São Paulo 9Sarajevo 17Sardinia 15Saudi Arabia 20Scotland 10Senegal 28Seoul 23Serbia 17Shanghai 23Sierra Leone 28Singapore 24Slovakia 16Slovenia 17

Somalia 29South Africa 31South America 8-9South Korea 23Spain 14Sri Lanka 21Stockholm 12Strasbourg 11Sudan 29Surinam 8Swaziland 31Sweden 12Switzerland 13Sydney 27 Syria 20

TTaiwan 23Tajikistan 18-19Tanzania 30Tblisi 18Tehran 20Tel Aviv 20Thailand 24Tibet 22Togo 28Tokyo 25Toronto 6Trinidad and Tobago 7Tripoli 28Tunisia 28Turkey 17Turkmenistan 18T’aipei 23

UUganda 30Ukraine 16Ulan Bator 23United Arab Emirates 20United Kingdom 10United States of America 4-5

Uruguay 9Uzbekistan 18

VVancouver 6Vatican City 15 Venezuela 8Vienna 13Vietnam 24Vilnius 12Virgin Islands 7

WWales 10Warsaw16Washington, D. C. 5

X YXi’an 23 Yangtse, River 23Yemen 20Yucatán Peninsula 7Yukon 6

ZZambia 31Zimbabwe 31

I N D E X

32

INDEX


150# DTP:183 PAGE:32

children s illustrated encyclopedia atlas of the world · 2016-10-27 · children s illustrated...

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