Presented by:IshaniSharma

CHILD PSYCHOLOGY

CONTENT

• Introduction

• Theories of child psychology

• S. FREUD THEORY

• References

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Introduction

• What is Psychology ?

Science dealing with human nature, function and phenomenon of his soul in the main

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• What is Child Psychology ??

Defined as the science that deals with the mental power or an interaction between the conscious and subconscious elements in

a child.

(Kenneth Clark and George Miller, 1970)

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Importance of Child Psychology:

• To better understand the child

• To know the problem of psychological origin

• To deliver dental sciences in a meaningful and effective manner

• To establish effective communication with the child

• To gain confidence of child and parents

• To teach child and parent importance of primary and preventive care

• To have a better Rx planning and interaction

• To produce a comfortable environment for dental team to work on thepatient

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THEORIES OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY

A] Psychodynamic theories

1.Psychosexual/Psychoanalytic

theory – Sigmund Freud (1905)

2.Cognitive theory – Jean Piaget (1952)

3.Psychosocial theory – Erik Erickson (1963)

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B] Theories of learning and behavior development

1. Classical conditioning – Pavlov (1927)

2. Operant conditioning – Skinner (1938)

3. Hierarchy of needs – Maslow (1954)

4. Social learning theory – Bandura (1963)

C] Margaret Mahler’s theory of development (1933)

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Sigmund Freud

• Was born on 6 May 1856, an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis.

• Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire.

• Freud began his study of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1873.

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Books written by Freud

• 1891 On Aphasia• 1895 Studies on Hysteria (co-authored with Josef Breuer)• 1900 The Interpretation of Dreams• 1901 On Dreams (abridged version of The Interpretation of Dreams)• 1904 The Psychopathology of Everyday Life• 1905 Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious• 1905 Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality• 1907 Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva• 1910 Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis• 1910 Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood• 1913 Totem and Taboo: Resemblances between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics• 1915–17 Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis

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• 1915–17 Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis• 1920 Beyond the Pleasure Principle• 1921 Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego• 1923 The Ego and the Id• 1926 Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety• 1926 The Question of Lay Analysis• 1927 The Future of an Illusion• 1930 Civilization and Its Discontents• 1933 New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis• 1939 Moses and Monotheism• 1949 An Outline of Psycho-Analysis

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3 models to describe human

minds

Topographic model

Psychic model/triad

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Psychoanalytic theory…

Psychosexual development

Freuds theory comprises of

3 components

A- Topographic model

• There are 3 levels of consciousness:

• Conscious - a part of personality which is aware of thoughts andfeelings for basic activities

• Preconscious - a part of personality of which the individual isnot aware of at the moment however able to recollect intoawareness without great difficulty.

• Subconscious/unconscious - part of personality of whichindividual is unaware, which generally cannot bring intoawareness without help of assistant

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Psychoanalytic theory…

B- Instinct / drive theory

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C. Psychic model/Psychic triad

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Psychoanalytic theory…

1) ID

• Basic structure of personality.

• Inherited reservoir of unorganized drives.

• Based on pleasure principle- when tension is raised(either by internal or ext situations) it produces excitation, releases tension and returns organism to comfortably constant and low energy level.

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Psychoanalytic theory…

• Features of id

Present at birth

Impulse ridden (instinctual)

Strive for immediate pleasure and gratification

Selfish and cannot withstand pain

• If retained – aggressive personality

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2) EGO

• Mediator between ID and Super ego

• Defined as ‘the integrating or mediating part of personality,which develops out of interaction of Id and environment. It hasperception of internal and external world’.

• It modifies the ID and form the executive part of thepersonality- ‘executive function’.

• Ego delays satisfying Id motives and channels behavior intomore socially acceptable outlets.

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Psychoanalytic theory…

• Based on reality principle- prevents the discharge of tensionuntil the object of satisfaction is achieved. The reality principlesuspends pleasure principle temporarily although pleasureprinciple is served when needed object is found and tension isrelieved.

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Functions of Ego

A. Relationship with reality• Maintenance of sense of reality• Adaptive • Reality testingB. Regulation and control of drivesc. Relationship with other peopled. Cognitive e. Defensive f. Synthetic – the ability to hold together as a persong. Autonomous – derived from autonomous energies of ego

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EGO DEFENCE MECHANISMS

• PROJECTION: Individual projects, personal feelings of inadequacyonto someone in order to feel more comfortable.

• DENIAL: Inability to accept the psychological impact of apotentially stressful event .

• DISPLACEMENT: The transfer of hostile and aggressive feelingsfrom a original source to another, usually a less important one.

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Psychoanalytic theory…

• IDENTIFICATION: assumption of qualities of some one else to ventfrustration or create fantasy (imitation)

• REACTION FORMATION: Transfer of hostile or more aggressiveimpulses into their opposite or more socially desirable form.

• RATIONALISATION: A strategy developed to excuse or minimizethe psychological consequences of an event.

• REPRESSION: The process of unconscious forgetting which allowsthe suppression, painful experiences into subconscious mind.

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3) SUPEREGO

• Acts as a censor for acceptability of thoughts, feelings andbehavior

• It is determined by the restrictions imposed by theparents, society and culture, i.e. morals and ethics

• It is developed by initial reward and punishment.

• Proper parenting is important.

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Psychoanalytic theory…

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Freud’s stages of development

Oral stage

(0-18 months)

Anal stage

(18 months-3 year)

Phallic stage

(3-7 year)

Latency stage

(7-11 year)

Genital stage

(11-18 year)

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Stage 1: Oral stage (0-1 year)

• Perioral region is the area of pleasure and gratification –erogenous zone

• Adequate and regular feeding is very important

• Dependent stage

• Satisfaction of this stage helps in the development oftrust and in later years it result in successfulachievements of needs

• If child’s needs are not met properly at this stage:excessive optimism, pessimism, demandingness, envy,jealousy

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• Dental implications-

Oral stimulation is also produced by engaging in activities suchas sucking, biting, swallowing and manipulating various partsof mouth. This satisfaction of oral desires help in developmentof trust.

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• The infant who is neglected or over- protected in course of being nursed might become an orally- fixated man or women.

• Fixation at oral stage might have 2 effects;-

1. Neglected child- psychologically dependent adult, becoming manipulative person in fulfilling his or her needs.

2. Over-protected child- resist maturation and return to dependence upon others in fulfilling his/her needs.

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Stage 2: Anal stage (18 months-3 year)

• Anal region (bowel movements) - the zone of pleasure

• Ego centric or self centered behavior

• Maturation of his neuromuscular control – toilet training

• Child become more independent and develops personalautonomy.

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• Over emphasis of toilet training causes compulsive,obstinate, and perfectionist behavior in later life.

• The first part of anal stage involves pleasure from expulsionof feces, the latter part involves pleasure from retention.

• The child may defecate often to achieve this pleasure.

• Child learns that there are certain times when it is appropriate to expel waste and sometimes not.

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• Dental implications

• The child generally comes to understand his mother’s wishes and abides by them.

• The child realizes the increasing voluntary control which provides him with this sense of independence and autonomy.

• Child develops control over bowel movements and learns about toilet training.

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• Fixation-

1. Expulsion of feces- adult characteristics of messiness and disorganization.

2. Pleasure from retention –excessive compulsiveness, over conformity and exaggerated self- control.

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Stage 3: Phallic stage (3-7 year)

• Child becomes increasingly aware of his or hergenitals, he can differentiate the sexes.

• Characteristics:-

• Oedipus complex: boys become attached to hismother.

• Resolution of this crisis for boys is to identify withhis father and use him as a role model.

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Ahmed S. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory Oedipus complex: A critical study with reference to D. H. Lawrence’s “Sons and Lovers”

• The reasons are in many ways:-

• Some come from the parents; some come from his and brothers, some even from the society, the mechanical civilization, which leads the family tragedy and distortion of personality and devastates people’s healthy development on spirits.

• Thus, it can be asserted that it is not usual or natural for the people living in a healthy family and environment to have such anomalous and complex emotional problems.

37Internal journal of English and literature Vol. 3(3), pp. 60-70, March 2012

• Electra complex :

•

• DEVELOP “PENIS ENVY”.

• Opposite of Oedipus complex.

• Girls get attached to father and consider mother asrival.

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Psychoanalytic theory…

Stage 4: Latency stage (7-11 year)

• Period of consolidation

• Latent means inactive and Freud believed thatsexual impulses are suppressed in the services oflearning.

• More importance is on peer development andcharacter formation

• Greater degree of control over instinctual impulses.

• Lack of resolution of this stage can lead to immaturebehavior and decreased development of skills.

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Psychoanalytic theory…

Stage 5: Genital stage (11-18 year)

• Spurt in sexual activity

• Hormonal and physiological changes increase theinterest in sexual matters;-

1. Memories and sensations from earlier childhoodperiods.

2. Physical manipulation of genitals and othererogenous zones

3. Hormonal secretions

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• Child makes contact and forms relations with members of opposite sex, superego becomes more flexible.

• Dental implications-

• Sense of identity develops

• Personality matures

• Helps to separate from dependence of parents

• Their acceptance of adult role, functions with socialexpectations and cultural values

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• Most important stage that shapes the future of achild are oral and phallic stages

• A successful resolution of oral stages give thefoundation of close trusting relationship whileunresolved phallic stage leads to confusion oversexual role and behavior

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Psychoanalytic theory…

Shortcomings of Freud’s theory

1. Too much emphasis has been laid on the role of sexuality in psychological development.

2. Role of society in development of behavior has been totally neglected.

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Concept of fixation

• Fixation is a failure of development in which the individual seek a particular kind of gratification even after he or she has passed through the stage in which that kind of pleasure is normally sought.

• If the need for pleasure at any stage is either under-gratifies or over-gratified , an individual may become fixated in that stage of development.

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Comparison with other theories

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Comparison with other theories

Sigmund freud Says development affects a person's

future

Focuses on erogenous zones and their developments

Sexual libido has a lot to do with development

Says aggression is influenced by Id, Ego, and Superego

Parents are important influences in development

Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development (1952)

• Focused on cognitive factors

• Focuses on the idea that there is mental development

• Focuses on moral judgments

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Compare And Contrast Of Piaget's Developmental Theory With Sigmund Freud Researchomatic .Retrieved 7 , 2012, from

http://www.researchomatic.com/Compare-And-Contrast-Of-Piagets-Developmental-Theory-With-Sigmund-Freud-

139473.html

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT:

Sensorimotor Period

(Birth-2yrs)Preoperational period

(2-7yrs)

Preconceptual period (2-4yrs)

Intuitive stage (4-7yrs)

Concrete Operational Period

(7-2yrs)

Formal Operational Period

(12-13yrs)

Eric Erickson (1963)- PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY

Eric Erickson (1963)

Society responds to child’s basic needs or developmental tasks in a specific period of life

Individual passes through 8 developmental stages

Each stage is characterized by different psychological crisis

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Eric Erickson (1963)- PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY

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THANK YOU

References

• Introduction to psychology by C .Morgan and King

7th ed.2009

• Contemporary orthodontics by William Profitt 5th

Edi. 2008

• Pinkham .Pediatric Dentistry; 4th ed 2005.Elsevier

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