chesapeake bay: an introduction to an ecosystem section 3: water & sediments

Chesapeake Bay:An Introduction to an EcosystemSection 3: Water & Sediments

Chemical Make-up: Composition & Dissolved GasesII-1C3

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Label the diagram

ChlorineSulfatePotassiumCalciumSodiumMagnesium

Hint: word bank Answer Next Slide

II-1C3-1

True or False: The composition of seawater is relatively constant from

place to place

No hint.

Hint Answer Next Slide

True

II-1C3-2

The composition of freshwater varies depending on the _____________ and ______________ with which the water

has come in contact.

Amy Donna collects these.


soilrocks

II-1C3-3

Name three sources of natural dissolved materials for both fresh and saltwater.

No hints.


1. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, decompose dead organisms and release compounds into the water.

2. Live organisms also release compounds directly into the water.

3. Dissolved material enters the Bay via its tributaries and the ocean

II-1C3-4

Seawater also contains hundreds of trace elements that are important in

many _____________ reactions.

A science.


biological

II-1C3-5

Metals such as __________, _______, ____________ and _____________

also naturally occur in Bay water in low concentrations.

Really fast.You have a _____ foot2 _____mium s


mercury leadchromium cadmium

II-1C3-6

As you move down the Bay the composition of the water follows the

________________ gradients.

No hint.


salinity

II-1C3-7

The amount of available oxygen is affected by ____________ and

___________________.

No hint.


salinitytemperature

II-1C3-8

________ water can hold more dissolved oxygen than ________

water, and _________water holds more than _________ water.

FreshSalinecoldwarm.


Coldwarmer

freshsaline

II-1C3-9

Name two ways oxygen is transferred from the atmosphere into surface

waters.

No hint.


1. diffusion 2. aerating action of the wind.

II-1C3-10

Floating and rooted aquatic plants and phytoplankton release oxygen when

_________________________ .

No hint.


photosynthesizing

II-1C3-11

Since photosynthesis requires light, production of oxygen by aquatic plants

is limited to shallow water areas, usually less than ______ feet deep.

6, 8, 10 or 12

Hint: multiple choice Answer Next Slide

six

II-1C3-12

_______ water is nearly saturated with oxygen most of the year, while __________ waters range from saturated to anoxic (no oxygen

present).

SurfaceDeep bottom


Surface

Deep bottom

II-1C3-13

Give three reasons dissolved oxygen is plentiful throughout the water column

during winter.

2 & 3 are related


1. respiration levels of organisms are relatively low

2. Vertical mixing is good3. There is little salinity or temperature

stratification

II-1C3-14

What provides the carbon that plants use to produce new tissue during

photosynthesis and is a byproduct of respiration?

Dissolved gas


Carbon dioxide

II-1C3-15

True or False: Carbon dioxide is less soluble in water than oxygen

No hint


False

II-1C3-16

Label the diagram


II-1C3-17

Nitrogen is essential to the production of plant and animal _________.

No hint


tissue

II-1C3-18

Nitrogen is used primarily by plants and animals to synthesize __________.

You get this primarily from eating meat


protien

II-1C3-19

Some bacteria and blue-green algae can extract nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and transform it into organic nitrogen compounds. This process, called nitrogen ________,

cycles nitrogen between organic and inorganic components.

No hint


fixation

II-1C3-20

Some bacteria release nitrogen gas back into the atmosphere as part of their normal metabolism in a process called _______________. This process removes about 25% of the nitrogen entering the Bay each year.

No hint


denitrification

II-1C3-21

In the water, phosphorus occurs in dissolved organic and inorganic forms, often attached to particles of sediment. This nutrient is essential to cellular growth and reproduction.

No hint


False

II-1C3-22

__________________ and ___________ assimilate and use phosphorus in their

growth cycles.

No hint


Phytoplankton and bacteriaII-1C3-23

_______________ (the organic form) are preferred, but organisms will use other forms of phosphorus when these are

unavailable.

No hint


PhosphatesII-1C3-24

__________________ is the number one problem in the Bay system.

No hint


Nutrient pollutionII-1C3-25

In the presence of oxygen, high concentrations of ____________ in the

water will combine with suspended particles. These particles eventually settle

to the Bay bottom and are temporarily removed from the cycling process

No hint


phosphates

II-1C3-26

Phosphorus compounds in the Bay generally occur in greater

concentrations in more or less saline areas?

No hint


less

II-1C3-27

Overall, phosphorus concentrations vary more in the summer or winter.

No hint


summer

II-1C3-28

Name five sources of nutrients entering the Bay.

No hint


1. Sewage treatment plants2. industries3. vehicle exhaust4. acid rain5. runoff from agricultural,

residential and urban areas

II-1C3-29

Name the two main Bay problems caused by algae blooms

No hint


1. These blooms become so dense that they reduce the amount of sunlight available to underwater bay grasses. Without sufficient light, plants cannot photosynthesize and produce the food they need to survive. Algae also may grow directly on the surface of bay grasses, blocking light.

2. Another hazard of nutrient-enriched algal blooms comes after the algae die. As the blooms decay, oxygen is used up in decomposition. This can lead to dangerously low oxygen levels that can harm and even kill aquatic organisms.

II-1C3-30

Excess amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus cause the rapid growth

of_________________, creating dense populations or algal blooms.

No hint


phytoplankton

II-1C3-31

These contaminants reach the Bay through municipal and industrial wastewater, runoff from agricultural, residential and urban areas and atmospheric deposition.

No hint


False

II-1C3-32

Besides nutrients, name four other substances people add to the Bay's water, that create serious pollution problems and

can be toxic to living resources.

No hint


1. Heavy metals2. Insecticides3. Herbicides4. a variety of synthetic products

and byproducts

II-1C3-33

Name two ways the Bay pollution situation is improving.

No hint


1. In many cases, industrial wastewater is treated to remove contaminants.

2. The use of especially damaging synthetic substances, like DDT and Kepone, has been banned.

II-1C3-34

Since ______, regional Bay restoration leaders have worked together to reduce the amount of nutrients flowing into the Bay and its rivers.

No hint


1987II-1C3-35

In _______, the six Bay watershed states, the District of Columbia and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency agreed to steep cuts in the amount of nutrients flowing into the Bay and its rivers.

No hint


2003II-1C3-36

The new nutrient reduction goals, or allocations, call for Bay watershed states to reduce the amount of __________flowing

into the Bay from the 274 million pounds in 2001 to no more than 175 million pounds per year by 2010, and ______________

from 19.1 million pounds to no more than 12.8 million pounds per year by 2010.

No hint

Hint Answer Last Slide

nitrogen

phosphorus

II-1C3-37

chesapeake bay: an introduction to an ecosystem section 3: water & sediments

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