Chemistry Of The Human BodyStructure & Function of Enzymes

Introduction To Basic ChemistryStructure of atoms.Atomic number Vs atomic mass.Role of electron shells

TortoraPages 20-25Octet Rule; rule of eight.

Introduction To Basic ChemistryCovalent bondsSharing electronsOuter shell electrons onlyRule of eightIonic bondsTransfer of outer shell electrons.TortoraPages 20-25Molecule.Crystal.

Introduction To Basic ChemistryNOCH Four most common occurring elements in the human body.Why these four?All can be in gaseous form.All dissolve into water.All form easily broken covalent bonds.

CHNOPSMost common 6 elements.TortoraPages 20-25

Introduction To Basic ChemistryThe most common 13 elements in the human body. (Exibit 2.1 Pages 21)

CHOPKINS caf (is) Mg (if you add) Salt. TortoraPages 20-25

Introduction To Basic ChemistryHydrogen bonds form between oxygen (-) and hydrogen (+)

Example: WaterTortoraPages 20-25

Introduction To Basic ChemistryChemical reactionsDehydration synthesisMaking new molecules by extracting water.Example: Linking amino acids to make a protein.TortoraPages 20-25

Introduction To Basic ChemistryDecomposition by adding waterHydrolysisExample: Digesting starch into glucose.TortoraPages 20-25

Introduction To Basic ChemistryChemical reactions are either:

Endergonic: need more energy than they release.orTortoraPages 20-25

Introduction To Basic ChemistryExergonic: Release more energy than they need.TortoraPages 20-25

The Water MoleculeWhy water is polar.

TortoraPages 20-25

The Water MoleculeBecause water is polar:Acts as a solvent.

TortoraPages 20-25

The Water MoleculeParticipates in chemical reactions.

Tuesday 9/10Pages 20-25

The Water MoleculeWater absorbs and releases heat slowly.

TortoraPages 20-25

The Water MoleculeRequires a large amount of heat to change states.

TortoraPages 20-25

The Water MoleculeServes as a lubricant.

TortoraPages 20-25

1.T or F Triglycerides are the most common type of fat in the human body?

2.T or F Carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen are the only three types of atoms found in fats?

3.T or F Glycerol forms the three long chains found in a fat molecule?

4.T or F Carbon atom forms the backbone of the fat molecule?

5.T or F Fat molecules are saturated if they contain all double covalent bonds.Fig 2-10 Homework Quiz

6.T or F Fat molecules that are unsaturated have all straight fatty acid chains.

7.T or F The fatty acid molecules are connected to a backbone glycerol molecule in a lipid molecules.

8.T or F Double bonds in fats cause the fatty acids to bend and so are not straight.

9.T or F Monounsaturated fats have 1 double bond.

10.T or F Glycerol has three carbon atoms.

ANSWERS

TFFTFFTTTT

Structure of ProteinsOne of four classes of macromolecules.

Functions of proteins.

A polymer composed of many monomers (amino acids)

Peptides are short or incomplete proteins.

Structure of ProteinsTypical amino acid.CarbonCarboxyl groupHydrogenAmine groupRadicalAmino acids are linked by dehydration synthesis. Peptide bond is formed by water molecule being extracted.

Structure of ProteinsProteins are formed of polypeptide chains.

Proteins have four levels of structure.

Primary structure is determined by amino acid sequence and length.

Structure of ProteinsSecondary structure results from near neighbor interaction.

Tertiary structure results from amino acid interaction with water.

Quarternary structure results from polypeptide interaction.

Structure of EnzymesFree energy is energy within a cell to do work.A reaction that produces more free energy than it uses is exergonic.A reaction the uses more free energy is endergonic.

Activation EnergyNecessary input of energy for reaction to proceed.Catalysis is the stressing of chemical bonds so as to require less activation energy.Organic catalysts are enzymes.

Speed up reactions byIncrease the frequency of collisions.Position substrate molecules.

Speed up reactions byIncrease the frequency of collisions.Position substrate molecules.

ATP: Energy CurrencyTortoraPage 33Metabolism refers to sum of all energy use in the cell or body.Energy use is necessary to maintain organization.

Energy is also needed for growth and reproduction.

ATP: Energy CurrencyATP acts as the cells battery.Capable of storing energy.Capable of releasing energy.TortoraPage 33

ATP: Energy CurrencyStructure of the ATP molecule.1 Adenine molecule + 1 ribose = adenosine.3 phosphates attached in a string.High energy bonds between the phosphates.Energy is stored as high energy covalent bonds between the phosphates.Each high energy bond equals 7.3 Kcal/mole.TortoraPage 33

ATP: Energy Currency

ATP and the release of energy.ATP ADP + Pi + free energy.

ATP and the storage of energyADP + Pi + Free energy ATP

TortoraPage 33

ATP: Energy CurrencyATP - ADP CycleTortoraPage 33

SCIENTIFIC METHODStarts with an observation and/or question?Develop a hypothesis thats predicts an outcome based on known information.Design an experiment that will directly test the hypothesis.Based on experimental evidence either support of reject the hypothesis.

Developing a HypothesisUse the If, Then format.If (a certain condition exists), Then (predict the results)

1)If substrate concentration is increased, Then reaction rate will increase.2)If enzyme concentration is increased,Then reaction rate will increase.3)If temperature is increased,Then reaction rate will increase.

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