• These smaller particles are:

protons – particle with a positive charge

located in the nucleus

neutrons – particle with NO charge

located in the nucleus

electrons – particle with a negative charge

located outside the nucleus

Atom-

- smallest particle of matter that has all its chemical properties

-Atoms are made up of 3 smaller particles.

ATOMS

protons neutrons electrons

Positive

charge (+)

No

charge (0)

Negative

charge (-)

Inside

the

nucleus

Inside

the

nucleus

Outside

the

nucleus

Element • substance that is made up of only 1 type of atom.

• there are over 100 different elements

• each element has its own symbol usually 1 or 2 letters

Write down the NAME of the following elements:

Mg: ________________________

C: __________________________

Cl: _________________________

Na:__________________________

Write down the symbol for the following elements:

Lithium: ____________ Sulfur:________ Neon:_____________

Krypton:____________ Lead:_________ Gold:_____________

Here’s a picture of a Carbon Atom:

-Protons & Neutrons are bigger in size and are found in the nucleus (center) of

the atom.

-Electrons are smaller in size and are found in orbitals around the nucleus.

-Atoms have NO charge because the number of protons equals the number of

electrons

Atomic Number-

-tells you the number of protons & electrons

-this number is located above the symbol of the element

Write down the ATOMIC NUMBER of the following elements:

S:__________ Silver: __________ Pt: _________ Boron: __________

How many protons does S have? ___________ electrons? ___________

How many protons does Boron have? __________ electrons? ___________

Atomic Mass- • -tells you the number of protons PLUS neutrons

• -this number is located below the symbol of the element

• -this number usually in decimal form because not all atoms are identical; some have

extra neutrons. These atoms are called isotopes

Write down the ATOMIC MASS of the following elements:

S:__________ Silver: __________ Pt: _________ Boron: __________

To find the number of neutrons you must do the following:

Atomic Mass minus Atomic Number

Practice:

How many neutrons does Fluorine have? ___________________________

How many neutrons does Sodium have? ____________________________

HOW TO DRAW AN ATOM:

• First you must figure out how many protons, neutrons & electrons the atom has.

*Remember*

- the Atomic Number tells you the number of protons and electrons

- the Atomic Mass tells you the number of protons PLUS neutrons

- -To find the number of neutrons: atomic mass MINUS atomic number

EXAMPLE: draw an atom of Beryllium

Atomic Number = ________ Atomic Mass = _________

figure out the number of:

Protons = ___________ Electrons = ________ Neutrons = __________

YOU’RE HALF WAY THERE!!

ORBITAL RULES:

• -The 1st orbital holds 2 electrons. Once it has 2 electrons it is FULL

• -The 2nd orbital holds 8 electrons. Once it has 8 electrons it is FULL

• -The 3rd orbital holds 8 electrons. Once it has 8 electrons it is FULL

-Now that you know the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons Beryllium

has, use the orbital rules to draw the atom below:

DRAW THE FOLLOWING ATOMS:

Chlorine: Lithium:

WATER: The chemical formula for water is: H2O

- The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom by a covalent bond

- Each water molecule is attached to each other by a hydrogen bond

-There are 2 Hydrogen atoms & 1 Oxygen atom

-What a water molecule looks like this:

PROPERTIES OF WATER:

-The ability of water to stick to other things is called adhesion

-The ability of water to stick to itself is called cohesion

-Water has a slight positive charge and a slight negative charge. This makes

water a polar molecule.

-The Oxygen atom holds on to the electrons a lot longer, so this side is slightly

negative.

-The Hydrogen atoms rarely see the electrons, so this side is slightly positive.

6 Most Important Elements in Biology:

CARBON:

-Carbon can make 4 (#) bonds, which is the most out of the 6 elements.

- It allows you to make really large/ long molecules.

- Any molecule that contains Carbon is said to be organic.

1. CARBON 2. HYDROGEN 3. OXYGEN

4. NITROGEN 5. PHOSPHORUS 6. SULFUR

**THE MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF THESE IS: CARBON

Organic Molecules (Biological Molecules)

Carbohydrates: Proteins:

Lipids: Nucleic Acids:

-There are 4 (#) different types of organic molecules:

1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins

3. Lipids 4. Nucleic Acids

1. Carbohydrates: (Sugars)

- Shape: Carbohydrates look like rings hooked

together to form a chain.

- JOB: to provide living organisms with energy

- Elements: C, H, O

-Subunit: monosaccharide - means 1 sugar

disaccharide - means 2 sugars

polysaccharide - means many sugars

Examples of Carbohydrates:

2nd type- STRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATE- helps with shape

There are 2 major types of carbohydrates:

1 type- STORAGE CARBOHYDRATE- stores extra sugar

examples: starch is found in plant cells

glycogen is found in animal cells

examples: cellulose is found in plant cells

chitin is found in animal cells

2. Proteins:

- Examples: Proteins are found all over your body! Here are some examples:

- Keratin- found in your hair & nails

(makes them strong & shiny)

- Collagen- found in your skin (makes it smooth & wrinkle-free)

- Hemoglobin- found in your blood (carries oxygen)

- Enzymes- speed up chemical reactions

- When a protein loses its shape and can’t work anymore it’s said to be

denatured. (like if your key got ran over by a car…..it loses it’s shape and can’t work

anymore)

- JOB: many different jobs; depends on the protein

-Elements: C, H, O, N, S

-Subunit: Proteins are made out of Amino Acids

- Shape: Proteins start off as a chain, but then their final shapes vary

3. Lipids:

- JOB: to store energy; (long term energy source)

-Elements: C, H, O, P

-Subunit: made out of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

-There is a special lipid called a phospholipid, which is found in the cell membrane of all cells.

-Shape: lipids with 3 fatty acids look like this:

-Shape: lipids with 2 fatty acids (phospholipids) look like this:

Examples of Lipids:

2 types of fats:

1. Saturated Fats- are BAD for you & come from ANIMALS

2. Unsaturated Fats- are GOOD for you & come from PLANTS

4. Nucleic Acids: - JOB: store & transmit genetic information

-Elements: C, H, O, P, N

-Subunit: nucleic acids are made out of nucleotide

- a nucleotide is made up of 3 things:

1.sugar 2. phosphate 3. base

-Shape & Examples:

-RNA- stands for Ribonucleic Acid

RNA looks like this

-DNA- stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA looks like this

ORGANIC MOLECULES

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Made of Made of Made of Made of

C, H, O C, H, O, N, S C, H, O, P C, H, O, P, N

Keratin,

hemoglobin,

enzymes

Sugars

Fats

(saturated/

unsaturated)

DNA /

RNA

examples examples examples examples

How are Organic Molecules made and broken down? How Organic Molecules are made:

- Dehydration Synthesis- -process of building organic molecules by removing a molecule of water

How Organic Molecules are broken down:

-Hydrolysis- process of breaking down

organic molecules by

adding a molecule of water

ENZYMES:

-A.k.a.: catalyst

-Made out of protein

-Typically end in ‘ase’

-Job: to speed up chemical reactions

by lowering the activation energy needed

-Enzymes work on a substance called a substrate (they fit together like 2

puzzle pieces)

-The enzyme and the substrate join at the active site

-This is where a chemical reaction takes place

-Then the product is released

-The enzyme is now free to find another substrate

Factors that can affect how an enzyme works:

2 Major factors that affect how enzymes work are:

1. Temperature-

• Enzymes work at specific temperatures

• If that temperature changes, it can denature an enzyme, which

means it can’t work anymore!

2. pH-

• this measures acidity levels

• the scale is: 0 to 14

•0-6 = acid

•7 = neutral

• 8-14 = base

• enzymes work at specific pH levels

• If that pH level changes, it can denature an

enzyme, which means it can’t work anymore!

ENZYMES (aka- catalysts)

Made out of

protein

Speed up

chemical

reactions

Act on

molecules

called

substrates