chemistry for aggies or “everythin’ i ever needed for chem 111, i learnt in hort 100” a/h 100g...
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![Page 1: Chemistry for Aggies or “Everythin’ I ever needed for CHEM 111, I learnt in HORT 100” A/H 100G J.G. Mexal](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d3a5503460f94a14b6a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chemistry for Aggiesor
“Everythin’ I ever needed for CHEM 111, I learnt in HORT 100”
A/H 100G
J.G. Mexal
![Page 2: Chemistry for Aggies or “Everythin’ I ever needed for CHEM 111, I learnt in HORT 100” A/H 100G J.G. Mexal](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d3a5503460f94a14b6a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chemistry for Aggies
Stuff ya’ll need to know!
• Woolworth’s 5 and 10 ¢
• Metric units
• Fertilizer calculations
• Irrigation requirements
• pH
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Metric Scale
• Things to memorize:– M = 1,000,000
– k = 1,000
– c = 0.01 = 1/100
– m = 0.001 = 1/1000 = 0.000001
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Metric Scale
Yotta Y 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1024
Zetta Z 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1021
Exa E 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 1018
Peta P 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 1015
Tera T 1 000 000 000 000 000 1012
Giga G 1 000 000 000 (billion) 109
Mega M 1 000 000 (million) 106
kilo k 1 000 (thousand) 103
hecta h 1 00 (hundred) 102
deca da 10 (ten) 101
1
deci d 0.1 (tenth) 10-1
centi c 0.01 (hundredth) 10-2
milli m 0.001 (thousandth) 10-3
micro µ 0.000 001 (millionth) 10-6
nano n 0.000 000 001 (billionth) 10-9
pico p 0.000 000 000 001 10-12
femto f 0.000 000 000 000 001 10-15
atto a 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 10-18
zepto z 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 10-21
yocto y 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 10-24
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Chemistry for Aggies Cipherin’ the easy way• Things to memorize:
– M = 1,000,000
– k = 1,000
– c = 0.01 = 1/100
– m = 0.001 = 1/1000 = 0.000001
• Things to help:– 1 m ~ 1 yd
– 1 L ~ 1 qt
– 1 kg ~ 2 lb
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LengthEnglish Metric
(approx.)
Metric English
(approx.)
1 in 2.5 cm 1 mm 0.04 in
1 ft 30 cm 1 cm 0.4 in
1 yd 0.9 m 1 m 3.3 ft
1 mi 1.6 km 1 km 0.6 mi
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AreaEnglish Metric
(approx.)
Metric English
(approx.)
1 in2 6.5 cm2 1 cm2 0.16 in2
1 ft2 0.09 m2 1 m2 1.2 yd2
1 yd2 0.8 m2 1 m2 11 ft2
1 mi2 2.6 km2 1 km2 0.4 mi2
1 acre 0.4 ha 1 ha 2.5 ac
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VolumeEnglish Metric
(approx.)
Metric English
(approx.)
1 in3 16 mL 1 mL 0.06 in3
1 ft3 0.03 m3 1 m3 35 ft3
1 yd3 0.76 m3 1 m3 1.3 yd3
1 fl oz 30 mL 1 mL 0.03 fl oz
1 cup 0.24 L 1 L 4.2 cups
1 pt 0.47 L 1 L 2.1 pt
1 qt 0.95 L 1 L 1.06 qt
1 gal 3.8 L 1 L 0.26 gal
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MassEnglish Metric
(approx.)
Metric English
(approx.)
1 oz 28 g 1 g 0.035 oz
1 lb 454 g 1 kg 2.2 lb
1 lb 0.454 kg 1 ton 1.1 short ton
1 ton (short) 0.9 metric ton 1 ton 1 long ton
1 ton (long) 1 metric ton
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Chemistry for Aggies
Doin’ it the hard way
• How many square inches in a square yard?
• How many ounces in a gallon?
• How many square feet in an acre?
• The K-Mart parking lot is one acre in size and receives 1” or rain. How many gallons will run off into the sewer?
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Chemistry for Aggies
Why use metric units?
• Metrics involves the judicious movement of zeros to determine the answer. There are no complicated conversions to learn.
• RoT: If the answer looks right--it probably is!
• The question you must always ask yourself is: “Does the answer make sense?”
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Chemistry for Aggies Cipherin’ the easy way• How many cm2 in a m2?
• How many mL in a L?
• The WalMart parking lot is 1 ha in size and receives 1 cm of rain. How many L of water will run off into the sewer?
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Chemistry for Aggies Rule of Thumb• 1 g = 1 mL = 1 cc or 1 cm3
• This rule really holds only for pure water at 4OC. But remember, this is Chemistry for Aggies, and this estimate is “close enuf”.
• This will allow you convert from weight (g) to volume (mL) to length (cm).
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Chemistry for Aggies Cipherin’ the easy way• 1 m = 100 cm = 1,000 mm
– 1 km = 1,000 m– 1 ha = 100 m x 100 m
• 1 L = 1,000 mL
• 1 g = 1,000 mg– 1 kg = 1,000 g– 1,000 kg = 1 ton = 1 Mg
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Chemistry for Aggies Cipherin’ the easy way• How many cm2 in a m2?
• Answer:= 1 m = 100 cm= 1 m x 1 m = 100 cm x 100 cm= 1 m2 = 10,000 cm2
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Chemistry for Aggies Cipherin’ the easy way• How many mL in a L?
• Answer:= 1 L = 1,000 mL
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Chemistry for Aggies Cipherin’ the easy way
• The WalMart parking lot is 1 ha in size and receives 1 cm or rain. How many L of water will run off into the sewer?
• Answer:
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Chemistry for Aggies Cipherin’ the easy way
• The WalMart parking lot is 1 ha in size and receives 1 cm or rain. How many L of water will run off into the sewer?
• Answer:* 1 ha = 100 m x 100 m = (100 m x 100 cm/m) x
(100 m x 100 cm/m) = 100,000,000 cm2
* 1 cm of rain on 100,000,000 cm2 = 100,000,000 cm3
* 100,000,000 mL x 1 L/ 1,000 mL = 100,000 L
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Chemistry for Aggies Woolworth’s 5 and 10 ¢• To estimate the temperature in OC,
beginning at the freezing point of water (32OF and 0OC), the Celsius scale changes about 5O for every 10O change in the Fahrenheit scale.
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Chemistry for Aggies Woolworth’s 5 and 10 ¢
OF
OC (approximate)
OC (exact) 10 -10 -12 20 - 5 - 7
32 (30) 0 0
40 5 4
50 10 10
60 15 16
70 20 21
80 25 27
90 30 32
100 35 38
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Chemistry for Aggies More Cipherin’ the easy way• The Rio Grande has 300 ppm dissolved
salts. If a farmer applies 5 cm of irrigation water to one ha, how may tons of salts is the farmer adding?
• Answer:
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Chemistry for Aggies More Cipherin’ the easy way• The Rio Grande has 300 ppm dissolved salts. If a
farmer applies 5 cm of irrigation water to one ha, how may tons of salts is the farmer adding?
• Answer: Calculate the amount of water
* 1 ha = 100 m x 100 m = (100 m x 100 cm/m) x
(100 m x 100 cm/m) = 100,000,000 cm2
* 5 cm of water on 100,000,000 cm2 = 500,000,000 cm3
* 500,000,000 mL x 1 L/ 1,000 mL = 500,000 L
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Chemistry for Aggies More Cipherin’ the easy way
• Now calculate the amount of salts in the water:
300 ppm is 300 mg/L (How do I know this?)
300 mg/L x 500,000 L = 150,000,000 mg
150,000,000 mg x 1 g/1,000 mg x 1 kg/1,000 g x 1 t/1,000 kg =
150,000 g
150 kg
0.15 t of salt
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Chemistry for Aggies
%, ppm, mg/L
• % = parts/100
• ppm = parts/million
• ppb = parts/billion (hazardous materials)• mg/L= 0.001 g/1,000 g (or 1,000 mL)
= 1 g/1,000,000 g
= ppm
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Chemistry for Aggies
%, ppm, mg/L
• The atmosphere is 21% oxygen and 310 ppm carbon dioxide.
• Express carbon dioxide in %
• Express oxygen in ppm
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Chemistry for Aggies
%, ppm, mg/L
• The atmosphere is 21% oxygen and 310 ppm carbon dioxide.
• Express carbon dioxide in %= _____310 ____31 ___3.1 _0.31 0.031 or
0.031%
1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100
• Express oxygen in ppm= 21 210 2,100 21,000 210,000 or 210,000 ppm
100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
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Chemistry for Aggies
%, ppm, mg/L
• How much nutrient is in a fertilizer?• Example: N in ammonium sulfate• Answer:Calculate molecular weight
– ammonium sulfate = (NH4)2SO4
– H = 1, N = 14, O = 16, S = 32
– What % is N of AmSul?
– is / of = 14 + 14 / 28+8+32+64 = 28/132
– N% = 21%
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Chemistry for Aggies
%, ppm, mg/L• Fertigate with 150 ppm N , using ammonium sulfate
(NH4)2SO4, which is 21% N. The injector dilutes the stock solution 100:1. How much fertilizer should be added to the stock solution?
• Answer: How much nitrogen do you need?
150 mg N/L-I x 100 -I / 1L-S = 15,000 mg N/L-S
= 15 g N/ L-S
How much ammonium sulfate do you need?
• RoT = % = is/of 21% = 15 g/ ? .21 x ? = 15 g
? = 15 / .21 ? = 71 g AmSul
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Chemistry for Aggies
%, ppm, mg/L
• Conclusion: You will need to add 71 g of ammonium sulfate per liter of stock solution to deliver 150 ppm N from your 1:100 injection fertigater.
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More problems
• A cabbage crop is 1.5% N. If 1 ha yields 2,000 boxes of 24 heads each weighing 0.1 kg (DW), how much ammonium nitrate should be added to meet the minimum nitrogen requirement?– Hints: H = 1, N = 14, O = 16
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More problems
• A homeowner irrigates the yard with city water (150L/min). If his yard is 800 m2 (40 m x 20 m), how long will it take to apply 1 cm?
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More problems
• Your roommate decides to kill you for eating all the Oreos. The only thing toxic in the house is some A-rest from your HORT 100 lab. If the plant growth regulator A-rest is toxic to humans at a rate of 5000 mg A-rest to 1 kg human body weight, what % A-rest will be found in your body at the time of death?
• Alternatively, could he force feed you Oreos (sucrose LD50 = 5,440 mg/kg)?
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More problems
• How much ammonium nitrate should be applied to fertilize a crop at the 35 kg N/ha rate. Ammonium nitrate = NH4NO3, N = 14, H = 1, O = 16, S = 32, K = 39.
• How much hydrogen are you applying?
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More problems
• A farmer applies 40 t dry cow manure to 1 ha. If the manure contains 1% N and 7% salts (Ca, Mg, K, Na, etc):
Hint: 1 t = 1,000 kg, 1 ha = 100 m2 x 100 m2
• How much N is added to the field?• How much total salt is added?
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pH
• pH is the measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in solution
• pH is calculated as = -- log [H+]
= -- log (10-7 g H+ /LH20)
= -- (--7)
= -- 7 (neutral)Neutral means there are equal amounts of H+ and OH-
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pH
• pH 6 = 0.000001 g H+ / L = 10-6 g H+ /L• pH 7 = 0.0000001 g H+ / L = 10-7 g H+ /L• pH 8 =0.00000001 g H+ / L = 10-8 g H+ /L
• Change from pH 8 to pH 6?– pH 6 = 0.00000100 g H+ / L = 10-6 g H+ /L– pH 8 =-- 0.00000001 g H+ / L = -10-8 g H+ /L– Add 0.00000099 g H+ / L = 9.9 x 10-7 g H+ /L
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pH
• Therefore, to change 1L of pH 8 solution to pH 6, you need to add 0.00000099 g H+ or add 1 L of pH 6.004 solution.