chemistry basics element- made of only one kind of atom. the number of protons determines what the...

Chemistry Basics Element- made of only one kind of atom.

The number of protons determines what the element is called. In an atom, the number of protons and electrons are equal. The same element will always have a set

number of protons. The number of neutrons may vary. These are

called isotopes. Electrons may also vary. These are called

ions.

Chemistry Basics

The ion is determined by the number of electrons in the outer shell or orbit. These are called valence electrons.

If an atom gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged.

If an atom loses electrons, it becomes positively charged.

Chemistry Basics

Bonds- joining two or more atoms together

Ionic bond- formed by joining two ions together

Covalent bond-formed by the sharing of electrons

Example: NaCl

Example: C6H12O6

Ionic Bond

Covalent Bond

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates: Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

(CHO) Covalent bonds For every 1 oxygen atom, there are 2

hydrogen atoms 4 types of Carbohydrates:

Sugar Starch/Glycogen Cellulose Chitin

Carbohydrates: Sugar

M on osacch arid esM on o = on e

sacch arid e = su g ar

D isacch arid eD i = tw o

P o lysacch arid eP o ly = m an y

S u g ar

Carbohydrates: Sugars

• Sugar• 1) Monosaccharides: simple sugars

that may contain 5 or 6 carbon atoms. Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

• These simple sugars are made in plant cells. They have the same empirical or molecular formula: C6 H12 O6.

• Their structural formulas are different.

Monosaccharide: Examples

Monosaccharides

Glucose

Galactose

Fructose

Monosaccharides

Structural formulas allow you to visualize the molecule.

Notice, even though these molecules all have the same number of each atom, they look different.

Holt, Modern Biology

pentagon

Sugar: Type 2) Disaccharides Disaccharides Di = two saccharide

=sugar

Two simple sugars form one molecule of a double sugar. One molecule of water is given off. This is called a dehydration synthesis reaction or a condensation reaction.

De = take away hydro = water (from mono’s) for synthesis = putting together (building or making something)

Condensation: the formation of water

Sugar: Disaccharides

Disaccharides

MaltoseSucrose Lactose

Glucose + glucose maltose + water

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O

Dehydration synthesis- take away water to put a molecule together


Disaccharides

Maltose is found in germinating seeds like barley.

Disaccharides

Glucose + fructose sucrose + water

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O

Sucrose is common table sugar. It is found in sugar cane and sugar beets.


Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation)

Prentice Hall, Biology

Sugar: Disaccharides

Lactose is milk sugar, found in the milk of mammals.

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O

Glucose + galactose lactose + water


Nutrition: Digestion When we eat carbohydrates, the

molecules are broken apart to form simple sugars.

Where does the digestion of carb’s begin? What is the name of the enzyme?

In addition to enzymes, what else is needed for this process to occur?

The process is called hydrolysis: hydro=water, lysis=break down or apart

Hydrolysis of Maltose


Hydrolysis of Sucrose


Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are large molecules formed by joining monosaccharides. Poly = many

Starch/Glycogen

Cellulose

Chiten

How to Make a Polysaccharide

Slap together three or more mono’s

/ Dehydration Synthesis

Polysaccharide: Starch Starch is a polysaccharide made up of

glucose connected in branched chains. Each time a glucose molecule is added, one

water molecule is removed (dehydration synthesis).

There may be 500 to many thousands of glucose molecules joined to form a starch molecule.

Examples: potatoes,corn, rice, wheat, and other grains.

Polysaccharide: Glycogen

Glycogen is animal starch. It is made of highly branched

chains of glucose molecules.

It is made in the liver and stored in the liver and muscles.

When extra energy is needed, the liver converts glycogen into glucose.

Polysaccharide: Glycogen

(From an animal)

Polysaccharide: Cellulose

Cellulose is a large polysaccharide made of chains of glucose molecules. It may contain as many as 3,000

glucose molecules.

Cellulose forms a strong fibrous structure in plant cell walls. It gives the walls support.


We do not break down cellulose. For us, it is fiber.

Cows use intestinal bacteria to break it down for them. This is an example of a mutualistic relationship.

Polysaccharide: Chitin

Chitin is a polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton (outer skeleton) of insects, crabs, shrimps, and lobsters and in the internal structures of other invertebrates and in the cell walls of fungi. It has a nitrogen group added to the glucose.

REVIEW

Macromolecules

Carbohydrates Lipids

Proteins Nucleic Acids

Network Tree

N

Carbohydrates

Starch Cellulose

SugarMonosaccharide

Glucose

FructoseGalactose Disaccharide

Maltose

Sucrose

Lactose

Polysaccharide

Glycogen

1

2

3+

(C,H,O) Chitin

N

MonosaccharidesStructural formulas allow you to visualize the molecule.

Notice, even though these molecules all have the same number of each atom, they look different.


Disaccharides: How are they put together?

Glucose + glucose maltose + water

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O


Glucose + fructose sucrose + water

Glucose + galactose lactose + water

Dehydration Synthesis: What does it look like?


Disaccharides: How do we digest them?

Hydrolysis. Water is added to maltose in order to break it down into two glucose molecules. Of course, enzymes would control this process.


Review

Starch Glycogen

Branched chains of glucose

Stored for later, converted into glucose for respiration..

Big

Plants Animals

Compare and Contrast

Starch Cellulose

glucose

Polysaccharides

CarbohydratesBranched chains

Stored for later, converted into glucose for respiration.

Big

Straight Chains

Found in plant cell walls

Used for support

Compare and Contrast

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