Chemistry 1010

Organic naming and functional groups

Names of Strait Chains

CH4

CH3CH3

CH3CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

methaneethane

propanebutane

pentane

hexane

heptane

octane

nonane

decane

undecaneCH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

Names of Substituents

C

H

H

H

C C

H

H

H

H

H

C C C

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

C

C

C HH

H

HHH

H

C C C C

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

methyl

ethyl

propyl

ios-propyl

butyl

F (Floro) Cl (Chloro) Br (Bromo)I (Iodo)

1. Find the longest carbon chain2. Circle the longest chain3. Number the chain starting at the

end with closest substituent4. Name the substituents5. Name the longest chain

Naming Rules

1. When two or more substituents are on the same carbon, use thenumber twice.

2. When two or more substituents are identical, use prefixes3. When two chains are the same length, use the one with the

most substituents on it.4. If substituents are at equall distances from the ends of the

chain, go to the next substituent.

Naming Tips

Functional group

A Group or Family in Organic Chemistry

Alkane AlkeneAlkyne Halogenated Alcohol AldehydeKetone Carboxylic

AcidEster EtherAmine

R - Group

A Hydrocarbon chain of Varied Length

Alcohol Functional GroupR –OH

CH3 – OH

CH3CH2 – OH

CH3CH2CH2 – OH

ETHANOL

Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) or grain alcohola. Made from the fermentation of grain, fruit, or sugarb. C6H12O6 + yeast 2C2H5OH + CO2

c. The alcohol that is in beveragesd. Added to automotive fuels – 10% as gasohale. 1 pint of pure alcohol will kill most peoplef. caused deterioration of the liver, memory loss

and is harmful to unborn babies

HC C OH

H

H

H

H

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

CC C

OH

HH

H

H

H

HH

Isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol)a. Alcohol used for cuts and cleaningb. Will not be absorbed by the skinc. Toxic if taken internallyd. Sold as a 70% solution – 140 proof

Ethylene glycola. Used for antifreeze in carsb. Very sweet tastingc. Toxic – caused kidney failure and death

C C

HH

HH

OH OH

Liver C C

OH OH

OOKidney CaC2O4

Oxalic acid Calcium Oxalate

C C

HH

HH

OH OH

Ethylene glycol

ALDEHYDE

R C H

O

BENZALDEHYDE

Benzaldehydea. called synthetic oil of almondb. used as flavoring – maraschino cherriesc. used in perfumes

CH

O

Ketone

C

O

R R

ACETONE

A c e t o n ea . M a d e f r o m I s o p r o p y l a l c o h o l

b . U s e d a s a s o l v e n t f o r f a t s , r u b b e r , p l a s t i c s , a n d v a r n i s h e sc . U s e d a s f i n g e r n a i l p o l i s h r e m o v e rd . W i l l n o t m i x w i t h w a t e rW a s h e s w a t e r o f f o f g la s s w a r e a f t e r c le a n in g

C

O

CH 3 C H 3CH 3 C H C H 3

O H - H

C

O

CH3 CH3

CARBOXYLIC ACID

C

O

R OH R COOH

FORMIC ACID

Formic Acida. Irritant to skinb. Part of the venom in ants, bee’s, or wasps

C

O

H OH

ACETIC ACID

Acetic acidThe acid in vinegarC

O

CH3 OH

ESTERS

R O R

O

O

O

Apricot (pentyl buterate)

O

O

Orange (Octyl acetate)

OC

O

CH3 Jasmine (benzyl acetate)

ETHER

R O R

DIETHYL ETHER

D ie th y l e th e ra . U s e d a s a s o l v e n tb . U s e d fo r t h in n in g p a in t sc . B o i l s a t 3 6 C ( d r ie s q u i c k l y )d . U s e d a s a n e s th e t i c o r a s a d r u ge . D is s o lv e s o r g a n ic c o m p o u n d s r e a d i l yf . R e a c ts w i th o x y g e n to fo r m u n s ta b le p e r o x id e s

O

TERT-BUTYL ETHER

Tert-butyl ether (MTBE)a. Gasoline additiveb. Reduces CO emissionsc. Replaced lead as the antiknock compound

CH3 O C

CH3

CH3

CH3

AMINES

N H

H

H

N H

H

R

N R

H

R

N R

R

R

primary

secondary

tertiary

amonia

CH2 N H

H

CH2 Amphetamine (stimulant drug)

N CH3

H

CH3

Dimethyl amineused in volcanizing rubber, tanning hydesand making of soaps

N CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH3

CH3

Triethyl amineattracts insectswarning agent in natural gas