chemical reactions. all the chemical reactions in our bodies are called metabolism. breakdown and...
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Chemical
Reactions
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I. CHEMICAL Reactions:
• All the chemical reactions in our bodies are called metabolism.
•Breakdown and reassemble molecules in the body.
• Chemical bonds are broken and formed during chemical reactions.
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II. Writing a Chemical Equation:
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
REACTANTS PRODUCTSYIELDS
(methane) + (oxygen) (carbon dioxide) + (water)
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II. Writing a Chemical Equation:
• Coefficients = # of molecules of a compound
Ex: 6O2 = 6 molecules of Oxygen (O)
3H2O = 3 molecules of H2O
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
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II. Writing a Chemical Equation:
• Subscripts = # of atoms of an element
Ex: CH4 = 1 atom C, 4 atoms H
CO2 = 1 atom of C, 2 atoms O
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
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II. Writing a Chemical Equation:
• How many atoms of O are in 6O2 ?
12 atoms of O!
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III. Balancing Chemical Equations:• In ALL chemical equations the same
number of atoms of elements are on the reactant and the product side of chemical equations oWhy?
Because of the Law of Conservation of Matter (atoms are never created or destroyed; they are simply rearranged!)
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III. Balancing Chemical Equations:oWe balance equations so the Law
of Conservation of Mater is NOT violated!
oWe must always balance
equations using coefficients!!
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Tips for balancing equations:oSubscripts can never be
changed!
oCoefficients must always be placed in FRONT of the entire compound!
oCreate an atom inventory
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Ex: Balance the following equations so the Law of Conservation of Matter is NOT violated:
H2 + O2 H2O
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Ex: Balance the following equations so the Law of Conservation of Matter is NOT violated:
CaO + KBr K2O + CaBr2
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Ex: Balance the following equations so the Law of Conservation of Matter is NOT violated:
Al2S3 + BaCl2 AlCl3 + BaS
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Energy of Reactions
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IV. Energy of Reactions• The key to a
chemical reaction is energy!
• Most compounds in living things cannot undergo chemical reactions without energy
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IV. Energy of Reactions• Activation energy =
the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reactionoLook at Graph A: the
peak in the graph represents the amount of energy that must be added to the system to make the reaction occur!
Graph A
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IV. Energy of Reactions• All living things are chemical factories
driven by chemical reactions!• Enzymes (catalysts) need to be present in
order to reduce the activation energy and allow the reaction to proceed quickly.
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IV. Energy of Reactions• Look at Graph B: the enzyme
lowers the activation energy and the product will be formed sooner!Graph B
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IV. Energy of Reactions• Catalyst = a substance that
lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
• Enzyme = special proteins that are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction
Essential to life!Specific to one reaction
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How do ENZYMES Work?• The reactants that bind to the
enzyme are called substrates.• The specific location where a
substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site.
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How do ENZYMES Work?
• The active site and substrate have complementary shapes (lock-and-key).oEnzymes are very specific for the substrates that will change!
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How do ENZYMES Work?• When the enzyme-substrate
complex forms, chemical bonds are broken and new bonds form to produce the products.
• Enzyme releases the product and the enzyme can be used again
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Factors That Affect Enzymes:1) pH (how acidic or basic a
substance is)2) Temperature
• most enzymes in human cells are most active at 98.6F
• pH & temperature will denature (change the shape) of the enzyme so it will not be able to bond with the corresponding substrate!
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Examples Of Enzymes Working:• Helps with digestion• DNA replication• Enzymes in the venom of a
venomous snake break down the membranes of a person’s red blood cells
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Examples Of Enzymes Working:
• Hard green apples ripen because of the action of enzymes
• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy for the cell with the help of enzymes
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pH, Acids, Bases
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V. pH, Acid, BASES:
• pH = how acidic or basic a substance is
• Acid = substance that forms H+ (hydrogen ions) in water
HCl H+ + Cl- (pH LESS than 7)
Water
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V. pH, Acid, BASES:
• Base = substance that forms OH- (hydroxide ions) in water
NaOH Na+ + OH-
(pH MORE than 7)
Water
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The pH scale:
0 7 14
BASEACID
NEUTRAL
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