chemical hazard assessment of stormwater micropollutants

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Chemical hazard assessment of stormwater micropollutants (CHASM) Guidance Manual

Research Project 3023Research solutions through collaboration

APRIL 2016

WaterRA research is funded and supported by the following organisations

South Australian Water CorporationWater Corporation of WA

Melbourne Water CorporationSouth East Water Corporation

WaterNSWYarra Valley Water Ltd

Australian Water Association LtdBarwon Region Water Corporation

City West Water LtdSuez (trading as Degremont Australia)

Hunter Water CorporationPower & Water Corporation

Tasmanian Water & Sewerage Corporation Pty Ltd

Central Gippsland Regional Water CorporationCentral Highlands Water

Coliban Region Water CorporationGoulburn Valley Regional Water Corporation

Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water CorporationWannon Region Water Corporation

Department of Health & Human Services (Vic)GHD Pty Ltd

Lower Murray Urban and Rural Water CorporationNSW Department of Health

Atom ConsultingRisk Edge

Water Futures

Australian Water Quality CentreCentre for Appropriate Technology

ChemCentreCurtin University of Technology

Flinders UniversityGriffith UniversityMonash University

Murdoch UniversityNational Measurement Institute

RMIT UniversitySwinburne University

The University of QueenslandUniversity of Adelaide

University of MelbourneUniversity of Newcastle

University of New South WalesUniversity of South Australia

University of Technology, SydneyUniversity of the Sunshine CoastUniversity of Western Australia

Chemical Hazard Assessment of Stormwater Micropollutants (CHASM)

Guidance Manual

April 2016

Frederic Leusch1, Jason van de Merwe1, Jane-Louise Lampard2, Stuart Khan3, Darryl Hawker4 and Andrew Humpage5

1 Smart Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport Qld 4222; 2 School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast,

Maroochydore DC Qld 4558; 3 School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052; 4 School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia;

5 Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water, Adelaide SA 5000

CHASM GUIDANCE MANUAL V 1.0

Chemical Hazard Assessment of Stormwater Micropollutants (CHASM) - Guidance Manual

April 20, 2016

Manual prepared for Water RA project 3023 by –

Dr Jason van de Merwe and A/Prof Frederic Leusch Smart Water Research Centre Griffith University Southport Qld 4222 Australia

Direct enquiries to –

A/Prof Frederic Leusch Smart Water Research Centre Griffith University Southport Qld 4222 Australia

Phone +61 7 5552 7832

Fax +61 7 5552 7831

Email [email protected]

ii Water Research Australia Ltd CHASM User Guide V1

mailto:[email protected]


TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Purpose of this manual ................................................................................................................ 1

2. Background ................................................................................................................................... 1

2.1 Why CHASM was developed .................................................................................................. 1

2.2 How CHASM works ................................................................................................................. 2

2.3 Intended users of CHASM ...................................................................................................... 2

2.4 Limitations of CHASM ............................................................................................................. 2

3. Information you need before using CHASM ............................................................................... 4

4. Step-by-step instructions for CHASM ......................................................................................... 5

4.1 Open the file ............................................................................................................................ 5

4.2 Use tabs to navigate between content .................................................................................... 5

4.3 Data entry tab .......................................................................................................................... 5

5. Understanding the output of CHASM ......................................................................................... 9

6. The science behind the tool ....................................................................................................... 10

6.1 Catchment yield calculation .................................................................................................. 10

6.2 Land use categories .............................................................................................................. 10

6.3 Links between land use and micropollutants ........................................................................ 10

6.4 Surrogates for monitoring ...................................................................................................... 10

7. Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 11

8. References ................................................................................................................................... 12

Appendix I ............................................................................................................................................ 15

Appendix II ........................................................................................................................................... 17

Water Research Australia Ltd CHASM User Guide V1 iii


1. PURPOSE OF THIS MANUAL This guidance manual has been prepared to assist in the use and understanding of the Chemical Hazard Assessment of Stormwater Micropollutants (CHASM) tool. It includes some background on why CHASM was developed, who it was developed for, how it works, and some of the limitations. This manual also provides guidance on the information you will need before starting, followed by step-by-step instructions for using CHASM, and understanding the output. Finally, the manual provides information on the science behind CHASM to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how it works.

2. BACKGROUND

2.1 Why CHASM was developed Stormwater has been identified as a major untapped resource to augment Australia’s water supply in a context of increased water demand and climate change uncertainty. Public, political and technical acceptance of stormwater reuse requires robust hazard assessment and risk management. The majority of work to date has focused on the acute risks associated with pathogens. Chemical hazards in stormwater have historically been poorly understood, limiting use of this water source for beneficial reuse. Compounding this, sources of chemical micropollutants are often diffuse, and their occurrence is weather event-related and varies between catchments, causing heterogeneity in the contaminants potentially encountered. There is therefore a need to fully understand chemical hazards in alternate water sources such as stormwater – what they are, where they come from, which are most important and how to monitor for them so that the water can be used in a safe way.

The purpose of CHASM is to provide water professionals with a rapid, simple and yet robust and defensible method to 1) identify the chemical hazards associated with land use and activities in potential stormwater catchments, and 2) provide guidance on a monitoring program that would most efficiently and effectively identify chemicals of concern to ensure safe use.

CHASM has been designed to complement the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling - Stormwater Harvesting and Reuse (NRMMC-EPHC-NHMRC, 2009b), which provides more detailed guidelines on harvesting stormwater for use in Australia (including dealing with pathogen hazards). A stormwater project screening tool is described in Section 3 of the AGWR:SHR (2009) and summarised in Figure 1 below. This should be initially consulted to guide the user on where CHASM can be used in the process of assessing the suitability of stormwater for various potable and non-potable use options.

Water Research Australia Ltd CHASM User Guide V1 1


Figure 1. Stormwater project screening tool adapted from the AGWR:SHR (2009), including areas where CHASM can guide the assessment of suitability of stormwater for various potable and non-potable reuse options.

2.2 How CHASM works CHASM is a Microsoft Excel-based decision support system that provides a list of micropollutants that are likely to be encountered in the stormwater of a particular catchment of known dimensions and land use. The user enters some basic catchment information, including surface area, percent impervious surface, land use and activities. CHASM then uses a database of known associations between land uses or activities in the catchment with micropollutants. A list of micropollutants is produced, and CHASM then provides guidance on monitoring of the stormwater to ensure safe use. This includes suggesting surrogate chemicals in cases where particular chemical groups containing a large and diverse number of micropollutants (e.g. herbicides, PAHs) are identified as hazards.

2.3 Intended users of CHASM CHASM was developed for water professionals interested in harvesting stormwater for beneficial use. However, the use of CHASM need not necessarily be to be limited to stormwater use applications. The quick and easy assessment of micropollutant hazards based on land use/activities can be used by anyone interested in assessing the micropollutant hazards of a catchment. As such, CHASM could also be useful in source water catchments of drinking water schemes. CHASM could also be used by regulators to help guide suitability of water reuse schemes and monitoring regimes.

2.4 Limitations of CHASM CHASM was designed to be an easy to use tool for identifying micropollutants in stormwater, without the need for complicated and difficult to come by information on the accumulation of individual chemicals in a particular catchment. As such, CHASM is a hazard assessment tool – it identifies the micropollutants likely to be in stormwater. It does not calculate or estimate the concentrations of micropollutants in stormwater, and does therefore not allow risk assessments to be performed. Estimating the concentrations of micropollutants in stormwater would require detailed information on the accumulation of micropollutants in a catchment, as well as the timing and intensity of rainfall events. While this may be possible to some extent for specific activities such as the application of a

2 Water Research Australia Ltd CHASM User Guide V1


particular herbicide to a golf course, more cryptic accumulation of micropollutants in a catchment (e.g., accumulation of oil and grease on roads from car traffic) would be more difficult to quantify. Furthermore, detailed information of the compound-specific accumulation associated with diverse chemical groups, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), would further complicate estimations of micropollutant concentrations in stormwater.

There are thousands of chemicals potentially present in stormwater (Cole et al., 1984; Makepeace et al., 1995). While CHASM links catchment land use and activities to particular chemicals and groups of chemicals, the tool does not include all possible chemicals that might be present in stormwater. Instead, the chemicals included in CHASM are limited to the compounds that have been previously identified in Australian stormwater as well as a number of specific compounds known to be associated with particular land uses (see Appendix II). This list includes the majority of the chemicals that are considered to be priority pollutants in stormwater (Eriksson et al., 2005; Eriksson et al., 2007). In addition, all of the major chemical groups potentially present in stormwater are included in CHASM, and the surrogates suggested in the guidance on monitoring ensure the most likely and important chemicals are assessed (see Section 6.5). Finally, micropollutants that are not included in CHASM, but are assessed to be present in a stormwater catchment by the user, can be submitted to Water RA for inclusion in future iterations of the tool.

It is also important to note that the application of CHASM is limited to micropollutant hazards. CHASM does not consider the hazards posed by pathogens, nutrients, salinity, suspended solids or radionuclides, which may also be present in the catchment, and pose even higher risk to human health. It is recommended that the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling - Stormwater Harvesting and Reuse (NRMMC-EPHC-NHMRC, 2009b) and the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: Managing Health and Environmental Risks (Phase 2) Managed Aquifer Recharge (NRMMC-EPHC-NHMRC, 2009a) be consulted for further guidance on assessing these additional hazards. In addition, CHASM does not consider the hazards or risks to aquatic organisms. Therefore, when environmental impacts of stormwater discharge is applicable to a particular stormwater harvest scheme, the Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality (ANZECC-ARMCANZ, 2000) should be consulted.

CHASM is intended to be used to identify the potential micropollutant hazards coming from existing land uses within a catchment. Hazards may also arise from unexpected or episodic events such as chemical spills following road accidents or extreme weather events, or from the clean-up after such events. It is advisable to also consider the potential for, and impacts of, such events when assessing a catchment for stormwater harvesting.



3. INFORMATION YOU NEED BEFORE USING CHASM CHASM was developed in Microsoft Excel 365, and has been tested for compliance on versions 2007, 2010, 2013 and 2016 (on both Mac and PC computers). To use CHASM most efficiently, it is suggested that the user compiles the following information about the catchment of interest prior to starting:

1. Basic catchment information: surface area, an estimate of percent impermeable surface, and average annual rainfall in the catchment

2. Details of the sewage infrastructure (if any) in the catchment

3. Details of any specific chemical manufacture, storage or dumping in the catchment

4. Specific activities in the catchment that may have micropollutant consequences: e.g., dog washers, carpet cleaners, pest control

5. Details of any mosquito control activities in the catchment, and the chemicals being used for this

6. Land uses in the catchment using the ALUMP categories (see Appendix I). Note, because the tool is assessing micropollutant hazards only (and not risk), the user is not required to know the extent (or area) of each land use, just whether that land use is in the catchment or not.



4. STEP-BY-STEP INSTRUCTIONS FOR CHASM

4.1 Open the file Open the Excel file (you must have Excel 2007 or above installed on your computer). When prompted, click on “Enable Macros” or “Enable Content”, depending on your version.

4.2 Use tabs to navigate between content First read the contents of the first tab (“0 – README FIRST”). You can also print the page to a PDF file by clicking on the “Print this page as a PDF” at the top right of the page.

Next, click on the tab called “1- START HERE”.

4.3 Data entry tab The tab “1- START HERE” is the main data entry tab. You must enter all information requested. To move to the next field, simply press the ‘Tab’ key after entering your data. Most fields are required. A field that requires information will be highlighted in red.

Once information has been entered, the field will turn green.

Enter all information required in sections 1, 2 and 3. Note that automatically calculated fields are highlighted in grey.

Fields highlighted in orange indicate a dropdown field. Click on the arrow to the right of the field to select one option.



Alternatively, you can also type the answer, but it must exactly match one of the dropdown options (including caps), otherwise a validation error message will appear.

Answer all questions in section 4 and 5 with either Yes or No. If you are unsure, select Yes.

As you respond to those questions, column “D” will fill in with useful information. In addition, chemicals will start appearing in column “E” (see below). If the background is in blue, this means that you may modify the field.

If so, when you click on it a new dialog box will appear where you can select multiple entries. Simply click on the chemical names you would like to add to the box.

Selected chemicals will appear in dark blue. If the chemical you are looking for is not in the list, scroll to the bottom and tick “OTHER” in the “Select Chemicals” window.



Some responses will require additional information. If that is the case, you will see a prompt in column “D” appear, pointing to column “E” highlighted in red. This means you must enter information in this field.

Once you have entered the required information, the cell’s background will turn to green.

At the end of section 5, you will be asked for any entries in the National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) database in the catchment. Follow the link and instructions, and enter all chemicals listed in the “Land” and “Water” columns.

Finally, provide additional notes in section 6 if you would like to.

Then click on “ANALYSE!”

The tool will attempt to validate the data on the sheet and may ask you to confirm some details. It will produce two PDF files of the “analysis” and “next steps” output. Note, that if you have previously run “ANALYSE!” on the same session, you MUST close the PDF files that were previously generated or it produce an error message similar to this one:



Should this happen, click on “End”, close all PDF files, and click on “ANALYSE!” again.

To reset the workbook, click on “Reset this form”. Note, all data will be lost once the reset button has been pressed.



5. UNDERSTANDING THE OUTPUT OF CHASM The tool will now produce two new sheets, one called “2- Analysis” and the other “3- Next steps”. Both of these can be reached by using the tabs at the bottom.

It will also produce two new PDF files, which will be opened on your computer. The “Analysis” sheet will be called “chasm_data.pdf”, while the “Next steps” sheet will be called “chasm_results.pdf”. The PDF files present exactly the same information as the respective excel tabs.

Note that several additional tables are now also visible, for reference. These include the chemical lookup tables (“t- Chem table”), the land use summary table (“t- Land use indicators”) and the surrogate table (“t- Surrogates”).

The “2- Analysis” tab presents the summary of the data entry, with user information, catchment information, yield calculation, a summary of the audit information entered, a list of the chemical groups identified, and a table with the individual chemical(s) identified as chemical consequence of the land-use that you have identified. This output will also be printed as a pdf file called “chasm_data.pdf”. Note that the chemical list only includes chemicals specifically identified by your selected land-uses, and not surrogates of the chemical groups. These will, however, be included on the chemical table in the next tab, described below.

The “3- Next steps” tab presents supporting information to prepare for the next steps, including monitoring to establish concentrations of the potential contaminants, including some important caveats, considerations on moving from hazard to risk assessment, recommendations for a sampling plan, and lists of analytes (both generic and specific to your catchment) that you may wish to consider. Note that the list is there to inform your sampling and analysis plan, and you should refine the list based on the specifics of your scheme and its risk profile. This tab will also be printed as a pdf file called “chasm_results.pdf”.

It is important to note that CHASM is for guidance only. The user is often referred to the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling (2009): Stormwater Harvesting and Reuse (phase 2 module 2) and the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling (2009): Managing Health and Environmental Risks (Phase 2) Managed Aquifer Recharge to provide further guidance throughout the catchment assessment process.



6. THE SCIENCE BEHIND THE TOOL

6.1 Catchment yield calculation The equation used to calculate catchment yield (ML/yr = mean annual rainfall (mm) x 0.01 x 0.5 x catchment surface area (ha) x percent impervious area) was derived from yield, rainfall, surface area and percent impervious area data from the Parafield Airport, Barker Inlet and Fitzgibbon stormwater catchments. This calculation of yield has been included to provide the user with a conservative estimate of the amount of water they could expect from their catchment each year. A site-specific assessment of rainfall, impervious area and stormwater infrastructure would be required if a more accurate assessment of stormwater yield is required for a particular catchment.

6.2 Land use categories The land use categories used in CHASM were adopted from the Australian Land Use and Management (ALUM) classification system (DAWR, 2010). To simplify the land use categories in CHASM, land uses with links to similar micropollutants were grouped together. The use of ALUM categories simplifies the collection of land use data, and ensures consistency between catchment assessments.

6.3 Links between land use and micropollutants For each land use category, a literature search was performed to identify the micropollutants that may be associated with that land use (see Appendix I). In cases where links between land use and micropollutants could only be identified to the chemical group level (e.g. PAHs associated with roads), only individual compounds from that group that have been previously identified in Australian stormwater were included within CHASM. The chemical compounds that have previously been identified in Australian stormwater were sourced from the published literature (Lampard et al., 2010; NRMMC-EPHC-NHMRC, 2009b; O'Connor, 2012; Page et al., 2013; Page and Levett, 2010; Page et al., 2009; Sidhu et al., 2012), as well as unpublished monitoring data supplied by our industry partner collaborators. This resulted in 122 individual compounds and 13 chemical groups being included in the chemical list of CHASM (Appendix II).

6.4 Surrogates for monitoring The final output of CHASM provides a list of surrogate chemicals to monitor that would best represent each group of contaminants identified as a hazard in the catchment (Table 1). Providing a list of surrogates significantly simplifies the monitoring program, while ensuring that most (if not all) chemicals of concern are detected. The surrogates were generally based on compounds that are regularly detected in Australian stormwater (Lampard et al., 2010; NRMMC-EPHC-NHMRC, 2009b; O'Connor, 2012; Page et al., 2013; Page and Levett, 2010; Page et al., 2009; Sidhu et al., 2012). However, for categories such as AgVet pharmaceuticals, personal care products and pharmaceuticals, surrogates included chemicals that are most commonly detected in agricultural feedlots (Coleman et al., 2013; Khan et al., 2008) and wastewater (Santiago-Morales et al., 2012; Shareef et al., 2010), respectively.



Table 1. Suggested surrogate chemical(s) for each chemical group identified as a hazard in the catchment.

Chemical group Surrogates

AgVet pharmaceuticals A variety of pharmaceuticals are used by the agricultural sector, including the ectoparasiticide, ivermectin.

Detergents A common and useful measure of detergents is the methylene blue active substances (MBAS) test, which measures the presence of anionic surfactants as a whole.

Dioxin-like compounds Dioxins and furans, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are common dioxin-like compounds.

Elements Elemental analysis (such as ICP-MS) can provide a measure of all elements. Those likely to be particularly relevant in stormwater include Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn, As and Cr.

Fire retardants Common fire retardants include tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA).

Herbicides Herbicide use can be very case-specific, and you may need to enquire with users about what herbicides they use. Some commonly used herbicides include glyphosate, simazine, diuron and mecoprop.

Human additives Compounds such as caffeine and artificial sweeteners (sucralose, acesfulame K) are good indicators of human inputs (not necessarily linked to wastewater). Microbial indicators (such as E.coli) could also be considered.

Industrial chemicals Industrial chemicals include industrial solvents. Analysing total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and BTEX can provide a sum measure of hydrocarbon compounds.

PAHs Most laboratories can provide a "total PAH" analysis. PAHs commonly detected in road run-off include anthracene, benzo-a-pyrene (the most toxic), naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene.

Personal care products Triclosan and galaxolide are two personal care products that occur in sewage. Concentrations in stormwater are, however, likely to be low, and microbial indicators (e.g., E.coli) maybe a simpler measure of sewage contamination.

Pesticides Pesticide use can be very case-specific, and you may need to enquire with users about the pesticides they use. Some commonly used pesticides include chlorpyrifos and azinphos-methyl and imidacloprid.

Pharmaceuticals Commonly used pharmaceuticals are reliably detected in sewage. Concentrations in stormwater are, however, likely to be low, and microbial indicators (e.g., E.coli) maybe a simpler measure of sewage contamination.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to acknowledge the input on the development of CHASM provided by Dennis Gonzalez and Declan Page (CSIRO Land and Water). We would also like to thank Peter Dillon and Mike Sharpin for reviewing CHASM and the Guidance Manual. Finally, thanks to Claire McInnes (WaterRA), David Halliwell (WaterRA), Duncan Middleton (Seqwater) and Michael Bartkow (Seqwater) for testing CHASM against real catchment data.



REFERENCES

ANZECC-ARMCANZ, 2000. Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand (ARMCANZ), Canberra.

Cole H, Frederick RE, Healy RP, Rolan RG (1984) Preliminary findings of the priority pollutant monitoring project of the nationwide urban runoff program. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 56, 898-908.

Coleman HM, Trinh T, Le-Minh N, Klein M, Roser DJ, Tucker RW, Stuetz RM, Peters G, Khan SJ, (2013) Occurrence of ectoparasiticides in Australian beef cattle feedlot wastes. Environmental Pollution 174, 265-272.

DAWR (2010) The Australian Land Use and Management (ALUM) Classification, version 7, May 2010, Canberra, Australia.

DSEWPC (2006) State of the Environment 2006. Indicator: IW-16 Total pesticide use. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (DSEWPC), Canberra.

Ellis JB, Revitt DM, Llewellyn N (1997) Transport and the environment: Effects of organic pollutants on water quality. Water and Environment Journal 11, 170-177.

Eriksson E, Baun A, Mikkelsen PS, Ledin A (2005) Chemical hazard identification and assessment tool for evaluation of stormwater priority pollutants. Water Science and Technology 51, 47-55.

Eriksson E, Baun A, Scholes L, Ledin A, Ahlman S, Revitt M, Noutsopoulos C, Mikkelsen PS (2007) Selected stormwater priority pollutants - a European perspective. Science of the Total Environment 383, 41-51.

Hall KJ, Anderson BC (1988) The toxicity and chemical composition of urban stormwater runoff. Canadian Journal of Engineering 15, 98-106.

Ingerson T, Flowers T, Todd J (2007) Code of Practice for the environmental management of the South Australian abalone aquaculture industry. South Australian Environment Protection Authority, Adelaide.

Kershaw W, Gaffel J 2008. Australian Dairy Manufacturing Industry Sustainability Report – (2007/08) Dairy Manufacturers Sustainability Council, Brisbane.

Khan SJ, Roser DJ, Davies CM, Peters GM, Stuetz RM, Tucker R, Ashbolt NJ (2008) Chemical contaminants in feedlot wastes: Concentrations, effects and attenuation. Environment International 34, 839-859.

Lampard J-L, Chapman H, Escher BI, Ort C, Gernjak W (2010) Stormwater Harvesting and Reuse: Risk and Health, Melbourne, VIC.

Le Corre K, Katouli M, Stratton H, Ort C, Keller J (2012) Hospital Wastewater. Urban Water Security Research Alliance Technical Report No. 76, Brisbane.

Legret W, Pagotto C (1999) Evaluation of pollutant loadings in the runoff waters from a major rural highway. Science of the Total Environment 235, 143-150.

Li J, McAteer P (2000) Urban oil spills as a non-point pollution source in the Golden Horseshoe of Southern Ontario. Water Qualty Research Journal of Canada 35, 331-340.

Makepeace DK, Smith DW, Stanley SJ (1995) Urban stormwater quality: summary of contaminant data. Critical Reviews in Environmentla Science and Technology 25, 93-139.

May B, Smethurst P, Carlyle C, Mendham D, Bruce J, Baillie C (2008) Review of fertiliser use in Australian forestry. Food and Wood Products Australia Limited, Melbourne.



NRMMC-EPHC-NHMRC, (2009a) Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: Managing Health and Environmental Health (Phase 2) - Managed Aquifer Recharge. Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Environment Protection and Heritage Council, National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra.

NRMMC-EPHC-NHMRC, (2009b) Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: Managing Health and Environmental Risks (Phase 2) - Stormwater Harvesting and Reuse. Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Environment Protection and Heritage Council, National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra.

O'Connor N (2012) Risk Assessment of Stormwater Quality for the Kalkallo Stormwater Recycling Scheme. Ecos Environmental Consulting, Pumpenbil, NSW.

Page D, Gonzalez D, Dillon P, Vanderzalm J, Vadakattu G, Toze S, Sidhu J, Miotlinski K, Torkzaban S, Barry K (2013) Managed Aquifer Recharge Stormwater Use Options: Public Health and Environmental Risk Assessment Final Report. Goyder Institute for Water Research.

Page D, Levett K (2010) Stormwater harvesting and reuse risk assessment for various uses, Water for a Healthy Country Flagship Report series. CSIRO.

Page D, Vanderzalm J, Barry K, Levett K, Kremer S, Ayuso-Gabella M, Dillon P, Toze S, Sidhu J, Shackleton M, Purdie M, Regel R (2009) Operational residual risk assessment for the Salisbury stormwater ASTR project. CSIRO Land and Water, Adelaide, SA.

Reigart JR, Roberts JR (1999) Recognition and managment of pesticide poisonings. 5th edition. United States Environmental Protection Agency Ofiice of Pesticide Programs, Washington DC.

Santiago-Morales J, Gómez MJ, Herrera S, Fernández-Alba AR, García-Calvo E, Rosal R (2012) Oxidative and photochemical processes for the removal of galaxolide and tonalide from wastewater. Water Research 46, 4435-4447.

Shareef A, Tjandraatmadja G, Kookana R, Williams M (2010) Determination of Organic Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Domestic Wastewater from Urban Sources. CSIRO: Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship.

Sidhu J, Gernjak W, Toze S (2012) Health risk assessment of urban stormwater, Urban Water Security Research Alliance Technical Report No. 102. CSIRO.

Sonogan B, (2008) Fertiliser Use in Farm Forestry. Agricultural Note. Department of Primary Industries, State Government of Victoria, Melbourne.

USEPA (1995a) Profile of the Electronics and Computer Industry. EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project. Publication number EPA/310-R-95-002. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington DC.

USEPA (1995b) Profile of the Fabricated Metal Products Industry. EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project. Publication number EPA/310-R-95-007. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington DC.

USEPA (1995c) Profile of the Lumber and Wood Products Industry. EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project. Publication number EPA/310-R-95-006. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington DC.

USEPA (1995d) Profile of the Petroleum Refining Industry. EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project. Publication number EPA/310-R-95-013. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington DC.

USEPA (1995e) Profile of the Printing Industry. EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project. Publication number EPA/310-R-95-014. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington DC.



USEPA (1995). Profile of the Rubber and Plastic Industry. EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project. Publication number EPA/310-R-95-014. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington DC.

USEPA (1997) Profile of the Textile Industry. EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project. Publication number EPA/310-R-97-005. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington DC.

USEPA (2000a) Profile of the Agricultural Crop Production Industry. EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project. Publication number EPA/310-R-00-001. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington DC.

USEPA (2000b) Profile of the Agricultural Livestock Production Industry. EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project. Publication number EPA/310-R-00-0021. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington DC.

USEPA (2006) Sector U: Food and Kindred Products Facilities. Industrial Stormwater Fact Sheet Series. Report EPA-833-F-06-036. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington DC.

Wixtrom RN, Brown SL (1992) Individual and population exposures to gasoline. Journal of Esposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 2, 23-78.

Wu L, Liu G, Yates MV, Green RL, Pancheco P, Gan J, Yates SR (2002) Environmental fate of metalaxyl and chlorothalonil applied to a bentgrass putting green under southern California climatic conditions. Pest Management Science 58, 335-342.



APPENDIX I. The Australian Land Use and Management (ALUM) classification system land use categories used in CHASM, including the micropollutants that are linked to each land use category.

Land use category ALUM number(s) Linked micropollutants References Nature reserves, undeveloped areas 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1,

3.2, 3.6, 4.2 and 4.6 None known N/A

Plantation forestry 2.2, 3.1 and 4.1 Herbicides (99%), pesticides (1%) May et al. (2008); Sonogan (2008); stakeholder workshops

Cropping, horticulture, plant nursery 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 and 5.1

Herbicides, pesticides, oil and grease Reigart and Roberts (1999); USEPA (2000a); stakeholder workshops

Intensive animal husbandry 5.2 AgVet pharmaceuticals, detergents, oil and grease

USEPA (2000b); Ingerson et al. (2007); Coleman et al. (2013); stakeholder workshops

General purpose factory 5.3.1 Industrial chemicals, PAHs, detergents, dioxin-like compounds, elements

USEPA (1997); USEPA (1995b); USEPA (1995a); USEPA (1995e); USEPA (1995f); stakeholder workshops

Food processing factory 5.3.2 PAHs, detergents, industrial chemicals USEPA (2006); stakeholder workshops

Abattoirs 5.3.5 Detergents, oil and grease Kershaw and Gaffel (2008); stakeholder workshops

Oil storage 5.3.6 and 5.6.5 PAHs, industrial chemicals, oil and grease, elements, fire retardants

Li and McAteer (2000); Wixtrom and Brown (1992); USEPA (1995d); stakeholder workshops

Sawmill 5.3.7 PAHs, industrial chemicals, oil and grease USEPA (1995c); stakeholder workshops

Abandoned manufacturing site 5.3.8 specific to manufacture process N/A



Land use category ALUM number(s) Linked micropollutants References Residential areas 5.4 and 5.5.2 Herbicides and pesticides (mainly

glyphosate, simazine, MCPA, dicamba, diazinon, bifenthrin), detergents, PAHs, oil and grease, fire retardants

DSEWPC (2006); stakeholder workshops

Commercial services 5.5.1 Elements (mainly Zn, Cu, Fe and Pb), PAHs, oil and grease, fire retardants

NRMMC-EPHC-NHMRC (2009b); stakeholder workshops

Medical clinics, hospitals and veterinaries 5.5.2 Pharmaceuticals (lincomycin and Gd as relatively specific hospital tracers)

Le Corre et al. (2012); stakeholder workshops

Recreational and cultural areas 5.5.3 Herbicides (mainly glyphosate, atrazine, simazines, mecoprop)

Wu et al. (2002); stakeholder workshops

Electricity generation, substations and transmission

5.6 PAHs, dioxin-like compounds, oil and grease stakeholder workshops

Airports/aerodromes 5.7.1 PAHs, elements (mainly Cd, Cr, Fe, Pb, Zn), fire retardants

stakeholder workshops

Roads 5.7.2 Herbicides (mainly glyphosate, atrazine, simazines, mecoprop), PAHs, elements (mainly Cd, Cr, Fe, Pb, Zn), oil and grease

Ellis et al. (1997); Hall and Anderson (1988); Legret and Pagotto (1999); stakeholder workshops

Railways 5.7.3 PAHs, oil and grease, herbicides (mainly glyphosate)

Ellis et al. (1997); stakeholder workshops

Sewage infrastructure 5.9 Pharmaceuticals, human additives, personal care products

Shareef et al. (2010); stakeholder workshops



APPENDIX II. Table of chemicals included in the tool, including the maximum reported concentration of each in Australian stormwater systems. Chemical name CASRN Chemical group Max reported

concentration (μg/L) Source for max reported concentrationa

1,2-Dichloroethane 107-06-2 Industrial chemicals 120 Parafield 1-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole 13351-73-0 Industrial chemicals 0.3 Adelaide Airport 2,4-D 94-75-7 Herbicides 500 Greenfields3 2,4-Dimethylphenol 105-67-9 Industrial chemicals 0.1 Barker Inlet 2-Chlorophenol 95-57-8 Industrial chemicals 1.1 Orange 2-Methylnaphthalene 91-57-6 PAHs 0.1 Barker Inlet 2-Methylphenol 95-48-7 Industrial chemicals 0.5 Barker Inlet 3-Methylphenol 108-39-4 Industrial chemicals 2.4 Adelaide Airport 4-Methylphenol 106-44-5 Industrial chemicals 4.2 Barker Inlet 5-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole 136-85-6 Industrial chemicals 1.2 Adelaide Airport Acenaphthylene 208-96-8 PAHs 0.16 Orange Acesulfame K 55589-62-3 Human additives Acetone 67-64-1 Industrial chemicals Aluminium 7429-90-5 Elements 18080 Parafield Amitrole 61-82-5 Herbicides Anthracene 120-12-7 PAHs 0.18 Orange Antimony 7440-36-0 Elements 9.5 Makerston1 Arsenic 7440-38-2 Elements 14 Unity Park3 Atrazine 1912-24-9 Herbicides 1.4 Greenfields3 Azinphos-methyl 86-50-0 Pesticides 0.76 Parafield Barium 7440-39-3 Elements 283 Orange Benzene 71-43-2 Industrial chemicals Benzo(a)anthracene 56-55-3 PAHs 0.4 Orange Benzo(a)pyrene 50-32-8 PAHs 0.9 Orange Benzo(b)fluoranthene 205-99-2 PAHs 1.2 Orange Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 191-24-2 PAHs 0.24 Orange



Benzo(k)fluoranthene 207-08-9 PAHs 0.14 Orange Beryllium 7440-41-7 Elements 1 Unity Park3 Bifenthrin 82657-04-3 Pesticides Boron 7440-42-8 Elements 442 Parafield Bromide 24959-67-9 Elements 2450 Parafield Bromodichloromethane 75-27-4 Industrial chemicals 1.7 Parafield2 Cadmium 7440-43-9 Elements 36.9 Orange Caffeine 58-08-2 Human additives Calcium 7440-70-2 Elements 98500 Parafield Carbamazepine 298-46-4 Pharmaceuticals Chlopyralid 1702-17-6 Herbicides Chloride 16887-00-6 Elements 666000 Parafield Chlorpyrifos 2921-88-2 Pesticides 100 Paddocks/Unity Park3 Chromium 7440-47-3 Elements 130 Orange Chrysene 218-01-9 PAHs 0.34 Orange Cobalt 7440-48-4 Elements 72 Orange Copper 7440-50-8 Elements 105.4 Parafield Cyanide 57-12-5 Elements Dalapon 75-99-0 Herbicides 0.03 Parafield DEET 134-62-3 Pesticides 140 Parafield3 Desethyl Atrazine 6190-65-4 Herbicides 0.06 Parafield Desisopropyl Atrazine 1007-28-9 Herbicides 0.1 Barker Inlet Diazinon 333-41-5 Pesticides 0.5 Greenfields3 Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 53-70-3 PAHs 0.11 Orange Dicamba 1918-00-9 Herbicides 500 Greenfields3 Dichloromethane 75-09-2 Industrial chemicals 9.7 Parafield Diuron 330-54-1 Herbicides 0.9 Makerston1 Ethylene 74-85-1 Industrial chemicals Fenitrothion 122-14-5 Herbicides 500 Greenfields3



Fipronil 120068-37-3 Pesticides Fluoranthene 206-44-0 PAHs 1.3 Orange Fluorene 86-73-7 PAHs 0.03 Orange Fluoride 16984-48-8 Elements 1200 Parafield Gadolinium 7440-54-2 Pharmaceuticals Galaxolide 1222-05-5 Personal care products Glyphosate 1071-83-6 Herbicides 31 Orange Heptachlor 76-44-8 100 Paddocks/Unity Park3 Hexane 110-54-3 Industrial chemicals Hexazinone 51235-04-2 Herbicides 0.5 Greenfields3 Ibuprofen 15687-27-1 Pharmaceuticals Imidacloprid 138261-41-3 Pesticides 0.09 Barker Inlet Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 193-39-5 PAHs 0.22 Orange Iron 7439-89-6 Elements 71000 Commercial in confidence Ivermectin 70288-86-7 AgVet pharmaceuticals Lead 7439-92-1 Elements 69 Orange Lincomycin 154-21-2 Pharmaceuticals Lithium 7439-93-2 Elements 6 Cobbler Creek3 Magnesium 7439-95-4 Elements 84900 Parafield Manganese 7439-96-5 Elements 4200 Commercial in confidence Malathion 121-75-5 500 Greenfields3 MCPA 94-74-6 Herbicides 500 Greenfields3 Mecoprop 93-65-2 Herbicides 0.08 Orange Mercury 7439-97-6 Elements 4 Makerston1 Metformin 1115-70-4 Pharmaceuticals Methylparathion 298-00-0 Pesticides Metolachlor 51218-45-2 Herbicides 30 Parafield3 Molybdenum 7439-98-7 Elements 4.8 Parafield Naphthalene 91-20-3 PAHs 0.24 Orange



N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide 3622-84-2 Industrial chemicals 0.6 Barker Inlet Nickel 7440-02-0 Elements 103 Orange Nonylphenol 25154-52-3 Detergents Oil and grease N/A Oil and grease 6000 Orange2 Paracetamol 103-90-2 Pharmaceuticals Parathion 56-38-2 500 Greenfields3 Parathion methyl 298-00-0 500 Greenfields3 Permethrin 52645-53-1 Pesticides Perylene 198-55-0 PAHs 0.1 Parafield2 PFOA 206-397-9 Fire retardants PFOS 1763-23-1 Fire retardants Phenanthrene 85-01-8 PAHs 500 Greenfields3 Phenol 108-95-2 Industrial chemicals 0.4 Adelaide Airport Picloram 1918-02-1 Herbicides 0.92 Orange Piperonyl butoxide 51-03-6 Pesticides 0.3 Adelaide Airport Potassium 7440-09-7 Elements 15000 Parafield Prometryn 7287-19-6 500 Greenfields3 Pyrene 129-00-0 PAHs 1.4 Orange Selenium 7782-49-2 Elements 7 Cobbler Creek3 Silver 7440-22-4 Elements 4 Orange Simazine 122-34-9 Herbicides 10200 Karuna Park3 Sodium 7440-23-5 Elements 276000 Parafield Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate 25155-30-0 Detergents Strontium 7440-24-6 Elements 59 Commercial in confidence Sucralose 56038-13-2 Human additives Sulfate 14808-79-8 Elements 197000 Unity Park3 TCEP 115-96-8 Fire retardants 0.3 Barker Inlet TCPP 13674-84-5 Fire retardants 0.6 Barker Inlet Terbutryn 886-50-0 Herbicides 0.01 Parafield



Thiourea 62-56-6 Detergents Toluene 108-88-3 Industrial chemicals Trichloroethylene 79-01-6 Industrial chemicals 9.7 Parafield Trichloromethane (chloroform) 67-66-3 Industrial chemicals 2.5 Parafield2 Triclopyr 55335-06-3 Herbicides 500 Greenfields3 Triclosan 3380-34-5 Personal care products Vanadium 7440-62-2 Elements 50 Makerston1 Xylene 1330-20-7 Industrial chemicals Zinc 7440-66-6 Elements 633.1 Parafield

a the stormwater catchment from which the monitoring data has been collected. This is mostly unpublished data from collaborators, but if published data available, the reference has been supplied (see below) 1 Sidhu et al. (2012); 2 Page and Levett (2010); 3Page et al. (2013)


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chemical hazard assessment of stormwater micropollutants

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