chemical compounds honors chemistry. metals location: to the left of the staircase ion formation...

Chemical Chemical CompoundsCompounds

Honors ChemistryHonors Chemistry

MetalsMetals Location: to the Location: to the leftleft of the staircase of the staircase Ion formation Ion formation – tend to – tend to loselose electrons electrons

resulting in resulting in positivepositive charges charges

NonmetalsNonmetals Location: to the Location: to the rightright of the staircase of the staircase Ion formation Ion formation – tend to – tend to gaingain electrons electrons

resulting in resulting in negativenegative charges charges

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table+1

+2 +3 -1-2-3

0

CATIONCATION““cat”ioncat”ion

ca+ionca+ion

ANIONANION““ant”ionant”ion

a. a. Binary CompoundsBinary Compounds – only monatomic – only monatomic ions in compound ions in compound

sodium chloridesodium chloride

magnesium nitridemagnesium nitride

iron(III) sulfideiron(III) sulfide

copper(I) oxidecopper(I) oxide

Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds – – look at charges; look at charges; roman numerals needed for elements with roman numerals needed for elements with more than one charge (polyvalent)more than one charge (polyvalent)

Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds

Binary Compounds Binary Compounds

HFHF(g)(g)

AlClAlCl33

FeS FeS

CrCr22OO33


Ternary CompoundsTernary Compounds – contain 1/more – contain 1/more polyatomic ions in compoundpolyatomic ions in compound

sodium carbonatesodium carbonate

chromium(III) oxalatechromium(III) oxalate

ammonium sulfateammonium sulfate


TernaryTernary

CoCo33(AsO(AsO44))22

CuSOCuSO33

Note for polyatomic ions: Note for polyatomic ions: -ate vs. –ite-ate vs. –ite

per- and hypo- per- and hypo-

AnionAnion DescriptionDescription ExampleExample

per_____ ate

_______ate

_______ ite

hypo_____ ite

1 extra oxygen

the most common form

1 less oxygen

2 less oxygens

ClO4-1

perchlorate

ClO3-1

chlorate

ClO2-1

chlorite

ClO-1 hypochlorit

e

Now try these…Now try these…

sulfitesulfite

periodateperiodate

phosphitephosphite

bisulfitebisulfite

Check for UnderstandingCheck for Understanding

magnesium hydridemagnesium hydride

calcium acetatecalcium acetate

FeSFeS22OO33

SnISnI44

SaltsSalts

Ionic compound composed of a Ionic compound composed of a cation (positive ion) and an anion cation (positive ion) and an anion (negative ion) from an acid(negative ion) from an acid

NaClNaCl CaSOCaSO44

NaHCONaHCO33

NaHSONaHSO33

HydratesHydrates – ionic compound with – ionic compound with water bonded in its structurewater bonded in its structure

anhydrate anhydrate .. xH xH22OO• anhydrate anhydrate ionic compound ionic compound• add prefix to indicate # of water add prefix to indicate # of water

moleculesmolecules

CuSOCuSO44 .. 5H5H22OO

copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate

Hydrate PracticeHydrate Practice Ni(CHNi(CH33COO)COO)22 4H 4H22O O

FeClFeCl33 6H 6H22OO

lead (II) carbonate monohydratelead (II) carbonate monohydrate

barium chloride dihydratebarium chloride dihydrate

Molecular CompoundsMolecular Compounds – – formed formed between 2 nonmetalsbetween 2 nonmetals

**Use prefixesmono = 1 hexa = 6di = 2 hepta = 7tri = 3 octa = 8tetra = 4 nona = 9penta = 5 deca = 10

Binary CompoundsBinary Compounds: only 2 elements in the : only 2 elements in the compound; use prefixes and –ide endingcompound; use prefixes and –ide ending

CClCCl44

NN22OO55

More PracticeMore Practice

dihydrogen monoxidedihydrogen monoxide

nitrogen tetrabromidenitrogen tetrabromide

SS22OO66

Acids Acids – compounds that – compounds that produce hydrogen ions in produce hydrogen ions in waterwater

1.1. Mineral AcidsMineral Acidsa.a. Binary AcidsBinary Acids

11stst word: word: prefix = hydroprefix = hydro

root formed from anionroot formed from anion

suffix suffix –ide–ide changed to changed to -ic-ic

22ndnd word: word: acidacid

HClHCl(aq)(aq)

HBrHBr(aq)(aq)

OxyacidsOxyacids 11stst word: root from anion word: root from anion

Suffix Suffix ateate changed to changed to icic

Suffix Suffix iteite changed to changed to ousous

**Exceptions: if you have sulf or phos **Exceptions: if you have sulf or phos as roots, change the root to sulfur or as roots, change the root to sulfur or phosphorphosphor

22ndnd word: acid word: acidHNOHNO33

HNOHNO22

phosphorous acidphosphorous acid

Organic AcidsOrganic Acids 11stst word: root formed from anion word: root formed from anion

Suffix Suffix ateate changed to changed to icic 22ndnd word: acid word: acid

CC66HH55COOHCOOH(aq) (aq)

or HCor HC66HH55COOCOO(aq) (aq)

acetic acidacetic acid

Common Acids to Know Common Acids to Know

HClHCl HH22COCO33

HClOHClO44

HH22SOSO44

HH33POPO44

HNOHNO33

CHCH33COOH = HCCOOH = HC22HH33OO22

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

SaturatedSaturated Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons: compounds that compounds that contain all single contain all single bondsbonds

1. Alkanes: each : each carbon is bonded carbon is bonded to 4 atomsto 4 atoms– aka paraffin seriesaka paraffin series– Only contain single Only contain single

bondsbondsMolecular formula:

CnH2n+2

Unsaturated HydrocarbonsUnsaturated Hydrocarbons

Compounds that contain at least Compounds that contain at least

one double bond or triple bondone double bond or triple bond

1.1. AlkenesAlkenes: compounds that contain a : compounds that contain a double bonddouble bond

• aka: olefinsaka: olefins• Skeleton: C=CSkeleton: C=C• Molecular formula = CMolecular formula = CnnHH2n2n

AlkaAlkadidienesenes: compounds that : compounds that contain 2 double bonds contain 2 double bonds (C=C-C-C=C)(C=C-C-C=C)

AlkaAlkatritrienesenes: compounds that : compounds that contain 3 double bonds contain 3 double bonds (C=C-C=C=C)(C=C-C=C=C)

Conjugated alkenesConjugated alkenes: double : double bonds are alternating bonds are alternating (C=C-C=C-C)(C=C-C=C-C)


Lycopene

2.2. AlkynesAlkynes: compounds that contain a : compounds that contain a triple bondtriple bond

– Hybridization: Hybridization: spsp (linear) (linear)– Skeleton: CSkeleton: CCC

– Molecular formula = CMolecular formula = CnnHH2n-22n-2


Naming Alkanes (IUPAC)Naming Alkanes (IUPAC)

1.1. Find the longest chain of carbon atoms. Find the longest chain of carbon atoms. Choose the base name that describes the Choose the base name that describes the number of carbon atoms in this chain, number of carbon atoms in this chain, with the ending with the ending -ane-ane

# C atoms Stem # C atoms Stem

1 meth 9 non

2 eth 10 dec

3 prop 11 undec

4 but 12 dodec

5 pent 13 tridec

6 hex 14 tetradec

7 hept 15 pentadec

8 oct 16 hexadec

2. Number the carbon atoms in this longest chain beginning at the end nearest the 1st branching.

• If there is branching at equal distances from both ends of the longest chain, begin numbering at the end nearest the branch that is 1st in alphabetical order.


1 2 3 4

3.3. Assign the name (stem with Assign the name (stem with ylyl ending) & ending) & position number to each substituent or position number to each substituent or branch. Arrange the substituents in branch. Arrange the substituents in alphabetical order.alphabetical order.

The hydrocarbon branches are called alkyl groups:The hydrocarbon branches are called alkyl groups:

-CH-CH33 methylmethyl -CH -CH22CHCH22CHCH3 3

propyl propyl

-CH-CH22CHCH3 3 ethylethyl -CH -CH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH3 3 butyl butyl


4.4. Use the appropriate prefix to group like Use the appropriate prefix to group like substituents: di = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4, substituents: di = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4, etc. Do not use these prefixes when etc. Do not use these prefixes when alphabetizing attached groupsalphabetizing attached groups

5.5. Write the name as a single word. Use Write the name as a single word. Use hyphens to separate numbers & letters hyphens to separate numbers & letters and commas to separate numbers. Do and commas to separate numbers. Do not leave any spaces.not leave any spaces.


Naming Organic Halides Naming Organic Halides (Alkyl Halides)(Alkyl Halides)

The organic halides are named as halo- derivatives of the parent hydrocarbon. The prefix can be fluoro-, chloro-, bromo- or iodo-.

Naming AlkenesNaming Alkenes1.1. Locate the carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain Locate the carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain

that contains the double bond. Use the stem with the that contains the double bond. Use the stem with the ending ending ––eneene..

2.2. Number the carbon atoms of this chain sequentially, Number the carbon atoms of this chain sequentially, beginning at the end nearer the double bond. If the beginning at the end nearer the double bond. If the parent chain has more than 3 carbons, insert the parent chain has more than 3 carbons, insert the number describing the position of the double bond number describing the position of the double bond (indicated by its 1(indicated by its 1stst carbon location) before the base carbon location) before the base name.name.

http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/476/488316/index.html

3.3. In naming alkenes, the In naming alkenes, the double bond double bond takes positional precedencetakes positional precedence over over substituents on the carbon chain. The substituents on the carbon chain. The double bond is assigned the double bond is assigned the lowest lowest possible numberpossible number..

Naming AlkenesNaming Alkenes

Alkene ExamplesAlkene Examples

Naming AlkenesNaming Alkenes

Consideration must be given to compounds with different arrangements of groups on opposite sides of a double bond. This is known as geometric isomerism.

cis – adjacent to or same side

trans – opposite side

cis-2-butene

trans-2-buteneThese are called stereoisomers

Alkene ExamplesAlkene Examples

Named just like the alkenes except the suffix –yne is added

Naming AlkynesNaming Alkynes

Alkyne ExamplesAlkyne Examples

Diffusion and EffusionDiffusion and EffusionDiffusion: the mixing of molecules of 2

or more gases due to their molecular motion (spontaneous)

Effusion is the movement of gas atoms or molecules through a small opening. Gases confined in a container randomly pass through a tiny opening in the container. ex) hole in a tire; soda bottle (CO2 escaping)

Graham’s Law: The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.

He and SF6 demo

1 2

2 1

r M

r M

1Effusion =

M

chemical compounds honors chemistry. metals location: to the left of the staircase ion formation...

Documents