chapter7 vitamins

Chapter Seven

The Vitamins

Vitamins fall into two categories—fat soluble and water soluble.

©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Vitamin NamesVitamin Names

Characteristics of the Fat-Soluble Characteristics of the Fat-Soluble and Water-Soluble Vitaminsand Water-Soluble Vitamins

Two types of vitaminsTwo types of vitamins

Fat Soluble Fat Soluble VitaminsVitamins– Stored in liverStored in liver

– Do not need to Do not need to consume everydayconsume everyday

– Can develop Can develop toxicitytoxicity

h20 Soluble h20 Soluble VitaminsVitamins– Not stored in liverNot stored in liver

– Do need everydayDo need everyday

– Toxicity uncommonToxicity uncommon

Fat Soluble VitaminsFat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin AVitamin A

Vitamin DVitamin D

Vitamin EVitamin E

Vitamin KVitamin K

Water Soluble VitaminsWater Soluble Vitamins

B complexB complex– Thiamin B1 (TENDER)Thiamin B1 (TENDER)– Riboflavin B2 (ROMANCE)Riboflavin B2 (ROMANCE)– Niacin B3 (NEVER)Niacin B3 (NEVER)– Folate (FAILS)Folate (FAILS)– Pyridoxine B6Pyridoxine B6– Cobalamine B12Cobalamine B12– Biotin (BEAUTIFUL)Biotin (BEAUTIFUL)– Pantothenic acid (PEARLS)Pantothenic acid (PEARLS)

Food Sources of Vitamin AFood Sources of Vitamin A

Colorful foods are often rich in vitaminsColorful foods are often rich in vitamins

The antioxidantsThe antioxidants

Vitamin AVitamin A VITAMIN EVITAMIN E Vitamin CVitamin C SeleniumSelenium

All help the body resist oxidation All help the body resist oxidation which is believed to combat heart which is believed to combat heart disease, cancer, macular disease, cancer, macular degeneration and premature agingdegeneration and premature aging

Figure C7.1The Theory of Free Radicals and Disease


Figure C7.2The Antioxidant Theory of Disease Prevention


Vitamin AVitamin A

Chemical nameChemical name– Inactive: beta Inactive: beta

carotenecarotene (precursor)(precursor)

– Active: RetinolActive: Retinol Functions:Functions:

– NIGHT VISIONNIGHT VISION– Epithelial cellsEpithelial cells– Normal cell Normal cell

developmentdevelopment– reproductionreproduction

DeficiencyDeficiency– Night blindnessNight blindness– Xerophthalmia (dry Xerophthalmia (dry

eye)eye)– Keratinization Keratinization

(goose flesh)(goose flesh) RDARDA

– 700 mcg females700 mcg females– 900 mcg males900 mcg males

Vitamin A – Snapshot Vitamin A – Snapshot

Colorful foods are often rich in vitamins.


The most familiar function of vitamin A is in eyesight.


Figure 6.1Night Blindness


Figure 7.2The Skin in Vitamin A Deficiency


Figure 7.3Vitamin A Deficiency and Toxicity


Vitamin DVitamin D

Chemical NameChemical Name– CholecalciferolCholecalciferol

FunctionsFunctions– Controls calcium Controls calcium

and phosphorus and phosphorus absorption/balanceabsorption/balance

– Bone and teeth Bone and teeth developmentdevelopment

DeficiencyDeficiency– Children: ricketsChildren: rickets– Adults: Adults:

osteomalaciaosteomalacia

RDA RDA – Adults 5-10 mcgAdults 5-10 mcg

Vitamin D – Roles Vitamin D – Roles

Bone integrity Hormone Dangers with

deficiency

Two sterols

This child has the bowed legs of the vitamin D–deficiency disease rickets.


This child displays the beaded ribs common in rickets.


Vitamin D - SnapshotVitamin D - Snapshot

The sunshine vitamin: vitamin D.


Vitamin EVitamin E

Chemical nameChemical name– TocopherolTocopherol

Functions:Functions:– AntioxidantAntioxidant– Nerve developmentNerve development– Immune systemImmune system

How does an How does an antioxidant work?antioxidant work?– Protects cells which Protects cells which

are highly exposed are highly exposed to oxygen (lungs to oxygen (lungs and RBC) from and RBC) from destruction by destruction by keeping keeping membranes strongmembranes strong

The Extraordinary BodyguardThe Extraordinary Bodyguard

Vitamin EVitamin E

Deficiency:Deficiency:– RareRare– Hemolysis in the newbornHemolysis in the newborn

RDA 15 mgRDA 15 mg Food Sources vegetable oils, wheat Food Sources vegetable oils, wheat

germ, seedsgerm, seeds

Vitamin E – Snapshot Vitamin E – Snapshot

Figure 7.12Food Sources of Vitamins Selected to Show Range of Values


Vitamin KVitamin K

Chemical nameChemical name– PhylloquinonePhylloquinone

FunctionFunction– Blood clottingBlood clotting

DeficiencyDeficiency– HemorrhagingHemorrhaging

RDARDA– 75-90 mcg75-90 mcg

– Can be synthesized Can be synthesized by intestinal floraby intestinal flora

Vitamin K – SnapshotVitamin K – Snapshot

Food Sources rich in Vitamin KFood Sources rich in Vitamin K

Green leafy vegetablesGreen leafy vegetables Green beansGreen beans Cabbage type vegetables (broccoli, Cabbage type vegetables (broccoli,

brussel sprouts)brussel sprouts) SoybeanSoybean

Non food source:Non food source:– Intestinal flora synthesizes Vitamin KIntestinal flora synthesizes Vitamin K

Sources of Vitamin KSources of Vitamin K

Vitamin K can be made by intestinal bacteria.Vitamin K can be made by intestinal bacteria. Newborns are given a dose of vitamin K at birth.Newborns are given a dose of vitamin K at birth.

Water Soluble VitaminsWater Soluble Vitamins

B complexB complex

Family of vitamins Family of vitamins which commonly which commonly work as coenzymes work as coenzymes in metabolismin metabolism

Vitamin CVitamin C

What is the B Complex?What is the B Complex?

A closer look…

Figure 7.4Coenzyme Action


Figure 7.5Some Roles of the B Vitamins in Metabolism: Examples


The B Vitamins in UnisonThe B Vitamins in Unison

Deficiencies– Every cell is affected– Symptoms – Rarely are isolated deficiencies

Vitamin B1 Vitamin B1

Chemical nameChemical name– ThiaminThiamin

FunctionsFunctions– Coenzyme in Coenzyme in

energy metabolismenergy metabolism– Nerve transmissionNerve transmission

DeficiencyDeficiency– BeriberiBeriberi

Secondary Secondary deficiency caused deficiency caused by alcoholismby alcoholism

RDARDA– 1.1-1.2 mg1.1-1.2 mg– Dependent upon Dependent upon

energy intakesenergy intakes

Thiamin SnapshotThiamin Snapshot

Vitamin B2Vitamin B2

Chemical NameChemical Name– RiboflavinRiboflavin


energy metabolismenergy metabolism

DeficiencyDeficiency– Cracks at corners of Cracks at corners of

mouthmouth– Swollen tongueSwollen tongue– Skin rashSkin rash

RDARDA– 1.1-1.3 mg1.1-1.3 mg

Riboflavin SnapshotRiboflavin Snapshot


Chemical nameChemical name– NiacinNiacin


energy metabolismenergy metabolism

DeficiencyDeficiency– PellagraPellagra

4 “D”s include 4 “D”s include dermatitis, dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, dementia, diarrhea, and deathand death

– RDARDA 14-16 mg14-16 mg

Niacin SnapshotNiacin Snapshot

Figure 7.7Pellagra


The Blood BuildersThe Blood Builders

FolateFolate Vitamin B-12Vitamin B-12 Vitamin B-6Vitamin B-6 IronIron Vitamin EVitamin E Vitamin KVitamin K


Chemical nameChemical name– PyridoxinePyridoxine

Functions:Functions:– Coenzyme in Coenzyme in

protein and fat protein and fat metabolismmetabolism

– Helps to make Helps to make hemoglobin from hemoglobin from Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells

DeficiencyDeficiency– DermatitisDermatitis– IrritabilityIrritability– DepressionDepression– ConfusionConfusion

– Megadose therapyMegadose therapy

– RDAsRDAs 1.5-1.7 mg1.5-1.7 mg

Vitamin BVitamin B66 Snapshot Snapshot

Figure 7.10Vitamin B

6 Deficiency


FolateFolate

Chemical namesChemical names– FolacinFolacin– Folic acidFolic acid

FunctionFunction– Coenzyme in new Coenzyme in new

cell synthesiscell synthesis– RBC productionRBC production– Formation of CNSFormation of CNS– DNA synthesisDNA synthesis

DeficiencyDeficiency– Macrocytic anemiaMacrocytic anemia– Neural tube defectsNeural tube defects– DepressionDepression

RDARDA– 400 mcg adults400 mcg adults– 600 mcg pregnancy600 mcg pregnancy

Folate SnapshotFolate Snapshot

Rich Food Source of FolateRich Food Source of Folate

LegumesLegumes Whole and enriched grainsWhole and enriched grains Dark green leafy vegetablesDark green leafy vegetables Oranges/OJOranges/OJ LiverLiver

Folate and Birth DefectsFolate and Birth Defects


Chemical nameChemical name– CyanocobalamineCyanocobalamine

FunctionsFunctions– Coenzyme in new cell Coenzyme in new cell

synthesissynthesis– Nerve cell maintenanceNerve cell maintenance– RBC synthesisRBC synthesis

DeficiencyDeficiency– Macrocytic anemiaMacrocytic anemia– (pernicious anemia)(pernicious anemia)

– Reliant upon Reliant upon intrinsic factorintrinsic factor

RDARDA– 2.4 mcg2.4 mcg

Food Sources:Food Sources:– Animal sourcesAnimal sources

Vitamin BVitamin B1212 Snapshot Snapshot

Vitamin CVitamin C

Chemical nameChemical name– Ascorbic acidAscorbic acid

FunctionsFunctions– Collagen synthesisCollagen synthesis– Immune responseImmune response– Absorption of ironAbsorption of iron– antioxidantantioxidant

DeficiencyDeficiency– ScurvyScurvy– Pinpoint Pinpoint

hemorrhageshemorrhages– Impaired wound Impaired wound

healinghealing

RDAsRDAs– Females 75 mgFemales 75 mg– Males 90 mgMales 90 mg

Vitamin C – Snapshot Vitamin C – Snapshot

Rich Vitamin C containing Rich Vitamin C containing Foods Foods

Citrus fruitsCitrus fruits Cabbage like vegetablesCabbage like vegetables Strawberries/kiwiStrawberries/kiwi MelonMelon Mango/papayaMango/papaya Green and red pepperGreen and red pepper Tomatoes!Tomatoes! Baked potatoesBaked potatoes

Long journeys without fresh fruits and vegetables spelled death by scurvy for the crew.


Can vitamin C ease the sufferings of the common cold?


Figure 7.10Scurvy Symptoms—Gums and Skin


The need for Vitamin C.


Vitamin/Mineral PartnershipsVitamin/Mineral Partnerships

Calcium, Phosphorus and Vitamin DCalcium, Phosphorus and Vitamin D

Vitamin C and IronVitamin C and Iron

Folate and Vitamin B-12Folate and Vitamin B-12

Should you take a vitamin Should you take a vitamin mineral supplementmineral supplement

Let’s take a lookLet’s take a look

Multi Vitamin Mineral SupplementsMulti Vitamin Mineral Supplements

RecommendationsRecommendations– Avoid natural sources (ie rose hips/oyster shell)Avoid natural sources (ie rose hips/oyster shell)– Buy genericBuy generic– Avoid product which contains vitamins above Avoid product which contains vitamins above

100%RDA100%RDA– Choose supplement which contains beta Choose supplement which contains beta

carotene NOT retinolcarotene NOT retinol– Additional supplements may be needed for Additional supplements may be needed for

calcium and iron especially for womencalcium and iron especially for women

Controversy: Controversy: Vitamin Supplements: Do the Vitamin Supplements: Do the

Benefits Outweigh the Risks?Benefits Outweigh the Risks?

Which is the best source?Which is the best source?

Vitamin JargonVitamin Jargon

Megadose: excessively high dose of a Megadose: excessively high dose of a vitamin or mineralvitamin or mineral

Toxicity: overdose of vitamin or mineral Toxicity: overdose of vitamin or mineral usually caused by supplement useusually caused by supplement use

Non vitamin substances:Non vitamin substances:– Vitamin B15Vitamin B15– CholineCholine– Pangamic acidPangamic acid– InositolInositol

Figure 7.11Supplement Label


Dietary Antioxidants—best from food or best form pills?


Some Valid Reasons for Taking Some Valid Reasons for Taking SupplementsSupplements

BOTTOM LINE….on vitamin BOTTOM LINE….on vitamin pillspills

Assess the adequacy of your dietAssess the adequacy of your diet If you are falling 75% below for If you are falling 75% below for

several vitamins/minerals typically, several vitamins/minerals typically, you may want to supplement your diet you may want to supplement your diet with a vitamin/mineral pillwith a vitamin/mineral pill

There is no substitute for a healthy There is no substitute for a healthy dietdiet

The best way to get your vitamins and The best way to get your vitamins and minerals is through foodsminerals is through foods

Figure C7.3Vegetable and Fruit Intakes and Cancer in Population Studies


For your latest cancer fighter, visit your local produce center.


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