*GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM II(SUG653)Assoc. Prof. Sr. Zamani Bin IsmailRoom C508Contact: 03-55444528 or 019-3605218

*Quote of the dayPeople with goals succeed because they know where theyre goingEarl Nightingale

*Part 2Enterprise GIS

What is a GIS?A GIS allows the geographic features in real world locations to be digitally represented so that they can be abstractly presented in map (analog) form, and they can be worked with and manipulated to address some problem.

*Building the case for a GISWhy GIS?Cost reductione.g. tax assessment, work ordersCost avoidancee.g. minimize delivery costs, avoid flood damageIncreased revenuee.g. attract more customers, sell more mapsGetting wholly new (and valued) products e.g. those too costly or time-consuming previouslyNon-tangible benefitse.g. better decisions, happy staff and customers

*Problems and limitationsWhile GIS may be a valuable and unique tool, there are basic issues in developing a GIS that must be resolved before any action is taken, and several practical issues can prevent or compromise the use of GIS

These basic issues include determining if GIS is appropriate for the situation and which data layers are necessary and sufficient to accomplish the intended task.

*Scope of GIS Based on the types and levels of access & functionality, GIS can be classified into; Project-oriented GISDepartmental GIS (Single department application)Multi departmental applicationEnterprise/Corporate GIS (Enterprise System)Community GIS (Multi Organizational endeavor)#2-5 can be generalized as Database-orientedGIS development undertaking becomes more complex & challenging as the systems are made available to a wider range of users and also when the system capability needs are increase.

*Level I: Project-orientedOrganizational EnvironmentExpected result is a product, e.g. a map or reportProject has an end date an finite projectNo long-term support expected & no commitment to ongoing GISLittle organizational impactExamples of such projects might include the performance of an environmental analysis, the production of maps for a survey, the development of a long-range land use plan, or the design and development of a park.

GIS Implementation ApproachOne-time effort Need best tool for the jobConsultant or contractor may do entire thing

Project-orientedScale and frame of the project is well defined and project life is finite

*Level II: Single DepartmentOrganizational EnvironmentSmall Organization or Single DepartmentWell-defined, existing business function to be supported Ongoing support is required but no commitment to GISLittle or no reorganization e.g. manual drafters shift to GIS workstationManaged by departmental responsible for business activity

GIS Implementation ApproachPC or standalone workstationmaybe CAD focusedLittle or no integration with attribute databasesLittle sharing of information within or beyond department

*Level III: Multi-DepartmentOrganizational EnvironmentMid-size to large organization, more than one departmentMore significant commitment of staff and budget to GISOngoing support and update strategiesSome organizational implications (Champion) Managed by cooperating departments

GIS ImplementationMultiple, networked PCs/workstationsTopological GISObject/Relational databaseSome information sharing between departments

*Level IV: Enterprise SystemOrganizational EnvironmentUsually medium to large organization, multiple departmentsHigh level long-term commitment to GISOrganization-level strategic planning, distributed implementation and maintenanceIncorporation of GIS as part of organizational infrastructure Corporate management support and involvement is essential

GIS ImplementationDistributed client-server network(s)Integration of multiple GIS, database, and related technologiesMulti-department data sharing, standards and metadata

*Level V: Multi-OrganizationalOrganizational EnvironmentPublic organizations or industry allianceMulti-participant organizational structure for planning and policyDistributed maintenance responsibilities across organizationsLong-term, high level commitments among participating organizationsSignificant reorganization of functions across organizations

GIS ImplementationDistributed maintenance of shared elementsData exchange facility and standards and metadata, Internet or other WANData integration from multiple technologies

Basic Definition of Enterprise GISEnterprise GIS is an organization-wide approach to GIS implementation, operation, and management. It integrates spatial data and technology across the organization, coupling centralized management with decentralized use.

Achieving Enterprise GIS :Somers 2005

Enterprise GISThe enterprise approach balances centralized management and decentralized use

*Corporate or Enterprise GISIt is one that is designed to meet the needs of multiple users across multiple units in an organization.It is built around an integrated database that supports the functions of all units that need spatial processing or mapping.Designed for long-term of critical functions within an organization

Enterprise GIS*Ultimately, geographic data becomes information available as readily as other Enterprise information.

Advantages of enterprise GIS over single-unit or project-oriented GISData are standardized and redundancy is reduced.Database integrity is maximized.Units come together through the database.There is a consistent look & feel to output.Geographic information costs are centralized.

The Design & Implementation of Geographic Information System by Harmon J.E. & Anderson S.J. 2003

Advantages of enterprise GIS over single-unit or project-oriented GISData are standardized and redundancy is reduced Each dept has their ways of maintaining and storing data resulting in duplication and confusion to users outside the dept. Database integrity is maximized. Database is kept at the centralized data server and this enables data to be safeguarded from corruption. Units come together through the database. - Each department with their own goals has to understand the needs of other department if they want to reap the benefits of the cooperation. There is a consistent look and feel to output. The standardizing in the design & implementation of Enterprise GIS enables the output to be produced in a consistent manner which is to the liking of the management. Geographic information costs are centralized. - No individual department needs to bear the cost as every department within the organization can has access to the data. Cost will be borne by the organization.

*Components of an enterprise GISAPPLICATIONSPEOPLEDATASOFTWAREHARDWAREmust usethat requirethat is accessed &Manipulated byAll this requires

Enterprise GIS ChallengesUnderestimating the taskInsufficient resources (money, time, personnel, expertise)Generalized implementation planCoordination difficultiesLack of commitmentShareholder reluctance to cede powerLoss of momentumDifficulties justifying the projectLimiting development to incremental developmentAchieving Enterprise GIS :Somers 2005

Key Strategies for SuccessObjective program reviewUseful vision that provides specific guidanceAn actionable planIntegration of enterprise GIS with the enterpriseLeveraged assistanceA network of leadershipEffective technology choicesA policy and procedure frameworkAchieving Enterprise GIS :Somers 2005

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