JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1

LECTURER PNNORHAZLINA BTE AMON (Coordinator)

Contact no 019-6462754

Course outlineSYNOPSIS

MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1 provides students an understanding on pure metal alloy and other non-metal materials that are commonly used in the engineering field including a study on metal and alloy microstructure Students also learn the processes of metal work and specific materials used to produce engineering components

WEEKLY SCHEDULE

Week 1 Students Registration

Week 2-3 10 - MATERIAL STRUCTURE AND BINARY ALLOY SYSTEM

Week 4-5 20 ndash FERROUS MATERIAL STRUCTURE AND BINARY ALLOY SYSTEM Week 6-8 30 ndash METAL WORK CASTING PROCESS AND HEAT TREATMENT ON STEEL Week 9 Mid-Semester Break

Week 10-12 40 MATERIAL TESTING

Week 13-15 50 CORROSION AND NON-FERROUS METAL

Week 16-17 60 PLASTIC

Week 18-19 Revision Week and Final Examination

GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)

No Assessment Number (minimum)

total Week

1 Quiz 2 20 W2 W5 W10

2 Theory Test 2 40 W8 W15

3

Other Assessment Task i End of Chapter ii Presentation

2 1

20 20

W2 W5 W12

W16

Overall Total 8 100

REFERENCES

Arens W F (2004) Contemporary Advertising McGraw Hill United States

Brown B C (2007) The Complete Guide To Google Advertising Including Tips and Tricks and Strategies to Create a Winning Advertising Plan Atlantic Publishing Group Inc Florida

Ogivly D (1985) Ogivly on Advertising Random House Inc United States Sissors JZ (2002) Advertising Media Planning McGraw Hill United States

Well WD (2005) Advertising Principles and Pratice United States

Atomic Structurebull Atomic structure is made of

Protons positive (+) charge Neutrons no charge (neutral) Electrons negative (-) charge

bull The nucleus contains the mass of an atom Protons + Neutrons

bull Layers of electrons that orbit around the nucleus are called orbitals or energy-level shells

Atomic Structure

ElementIn chemistry an element is a

pure substances that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by chemical method

Each element has its own atomic mass and a no of protons and electrons for an elements always remains the same

Elements can bond with one another to form compounds

These are some famous elements Iron(Fe) Gold(Au) Hydrogen(H) Carbon(C) Oxygen(O)

These are some compounds (combination of elements)Water(H2O) Carbon dioxide(CO2) Ammonia (NH3)

Periodic Table of Elements

Crystalline amp Amorphous Materials are either

1 Crystalline2 Non-crystalline ndash Amorphous

What is crystalline material

Crystalline solid must have an ordered arrangement of atoms (occupy specific or predictable positions in a 3D array)

Crystalline materials include metals many ceramics and some polymers

Crystalline amp Amorphous In an amorphous solid atoms do not possess well-

defined arrangement (atoms have no periodic packing)

Amorphous structures form in complex structures polymers and rapidly cooled materials

Why do we need to know the crystal structure

bull Crystal structure of a material affects its mechanical properties (strength toughness ductility)

bull Understanding crystal structures is essential in understanding the crystalline materials

Crystalline Structure

1048708 Structure in which the atoms are located at regular and recurring positions in three dimensions

1048708 Unit cell - basic geometric grouping of atoms that is repeated

1048708 The pattern may be replicated millions of times within a given crystal

1048708 Characteristic structure of virtually all metals as well as many ceramics and some polymers

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

Most important engineering metals have one of the following crystal structures

BCC - body centered cubic FCC - face centered cubic HCP ndash hexagonal close packed

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure(a)unit cell with atoms indicated as point locations in a

three-dimensional axis system(b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes called the hard-ball model)(c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure

Number of atoms in a BCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull There is 1 atom in the centre (non shared)

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 21188

1

Number of atoms in a FCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull Each face atom contributes as frac12

bull There are 6 face atoms

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 42

168

8

1

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Course outlineSYNOPSIS

MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1 provides students an understanding on pure metal alloy and other non-metal materials that are commonly used in the engineering field including a study on metal and alloy microstructure Students also learn the processes of metal work and specific materials used to produce engineering components

WEEKLY SCHEDULE

Week 1 Students Registration

Week 2-3 10 - MATERIAL STRUCTURE AND BINARY ALLOY SYSTEM

Week 4-5 20 ndash FERROUS MATERIAL STRUCTURE AND BINARY ALLOY SYSTEM Week 6-8 30 ndash METAL WORK CASTING PROCESS AND HEAT TREATMENT ON STEEL Week 9 Mid-Semester Break

Week 10-12 40 MATERIAL TESTING

Week 13-15 50 CORROSION AND NON-FERROUS METAL

Week 16-17 60 PLASTIC

Week 18-19 Revision Week and Final Examination

GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)

No Assessment Number (minimum)

total Week

1 Quiz 2 20 W2 W5 W10

2 Theory Test 2 40 W8 W15

3

Other Assessment Task i End of Chapter ii Presentation

2 1

20 20

W2 W5 W12

W16

Overall Total 8 100

REFERENCES

Arens W F (2004) Contemporary Advertising McGraw Hill United States

Brown B C (2007) The Complete Guide To Google Advertising Including Tips and Tricks and Strategies to Create a Winning Advertising Plan Atlantic Publishing Group Inc Florida

Ogivly D (1985) Ogivly on Advertising Random House Inc United States Sissors JZ (2002) Advertising Media Planning McGraw Hill United States

Well WD (2005) Advertising Principles and Pratice United States

Atomic Structurebull Atomic structure is made of

Protons positive (+) charge Neutrons no charge (neutral) Electrons negative (-) charge

bull The nucleus contains the mass of an atom Protons + Neutrons

bull Layers of electrons that orbit around the nucleus are called orbitals or energy-level shells

Atomic Structure

ElementIn chemistry an element is a

pure substances that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by chemical method

Each element has its own atomic mass and a no of protons and electrons for an elements always remains the same

Elements can bond with one another to form compounds

These are some famous elements Iron(Fe) Gold(Au) Hydrogen(H) Carbon(C) Oxygen(O)

These are some compounds (combination of elements)Water(H2O) Carbon dioxide(CO2) Ammonia (NH3)

Periodic Table of Elements

Crystalline amp Amorphous Materials are either

1 Crystalline2 Non-crystalline ndash Amorphous

What is crystalline material

Crystalline solid must have an ordered arrangement of atoms (occupy specific or predictable positions in a 3D array)

Crystalline materials include metals many ceramics and some polymers

Crystalline amp Amorphous In an amorphous solid atoms do not possess well-

defined arrangement (atoms have no periodic packing)

Amorphous structures form in complex structures polymers and rapidly cooled materials

Why do we need to know the crystal structure

bull Crystal structure of a material affects its mechanical properties (strength toughness ductility)

bull Understanding crystal structures is essential in understanding the crystalline materials

Crystalline Structure

1048708 Structure in which the atoms are located at regular and recurring positions in three dimensions

1048708 Unit cell - basic geometric grouping of atoms that is repeated

1048708 The pattern may be replicated millions of times within a given crystal

1048708 Characteristic structure of virtually all metals as well as many ceramics and some polymers

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

Most important engineering metals have one of the following crystal structures

BCC - body centered cubic FCC - face centered cubic HCP ndash hexagonal close packed

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure(a)unit cell with atoms indicated as point locations in a

three-dimensional axis system(b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes called the hard-ball model)(c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure

Number of atoms in a BCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull There is 1 atom in the centre (non shared)

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 21188

1

Number of atoms in a FCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull Each face atom contributes as frac12

bull There are 6 face atoms

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 42

168

8

1

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

WEEKLY SCHEDULE

Week 1 Students Registration

Week 2-3 10 - MATERIAL STRUCTURE AND BINARY ALLOY SYSTEM

Week 4-5 20 ndash FERROUS MATERIAL STRUCTURE AND BINARY ALLOY SYSTEM Week 6-8 30 ndash METAL WORK CASTING PROCESS AND HEAT TREATMENT ON STEEL Week 9 Mid-Semester Break

Week 10-12 40 MATERIAL TESTING

Week 13-15 50 CORROSION AND NON-FERROUS METAL

Week 16-17 60 PLASTIC

Week 18-19 Revision Week and Final Examination

GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)

No Assessment Number (minimum)

total Week

1 Quiz 2 20 W2 W5 W10

2 Theory Test 2 40 W8 W15

3

Other Assessment Task i End of Chapter ii Presentation

2 1

20 20

W2 W5 W12

W16

Overall Total 8 100

REFERENCES

Arens W F (2004) Contemporary Advertising McGraw Hill United States

Brown B C (2007) The Complete Guide To Google Advertising Including Tips and Tricks and Strategies to Create a Winning Advertising Plan Atlantic Publishing Group Inc Florida

Ogivly D (1985) Ogivly on Advertising Random House Inc United States Sissors JZ (2002) Advertising Media Planning McGraw Hill United States

Well WD (2005) Advertising Principles and Pratice United States

Atomic Structurebull Atomic structure is made of

Protons positive (+) charge Neutrons no charge (neutral) Electrons negative (-) charge

bull The nucleus contains the mass of an atom Protons + Neutrons

bull Layers of electrons that orbit around the nucleus are called orbitals or energy-level shells

Atomic Structure

ElementIn chemistry an element is a

pure substances that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by chemical method

Each element has its own atomic mass and a no of protons and electrons for an elements always remains the same

Elements can bond with one another to form compounds

These are some famous elements Iron(Fe) Gold(Au) Hydrogen(H) Carbon(C) Oxygen(O)

These are some compounds (combination of elements)Water(H2O) Carbon dioxide(CO2) Ammonia (NH3)

Periodic Table of Elements

Crystalline amp Amorphous Materials are either

1 Crystalline2 Non-crystalline ndash Amorphous

What is crystalline material

Crystalline solid must have an ordered arrangement of atoms (occupy specific or predictable positions in a 3D array)

Crystalline materials include metals many ceramics and some polymers

Crystalline amp Amorphous In an amorphous solid atoms do not possess well-

defined arrangement (atoms have no periodic packing)

Amorphous structures form in complex structures polymers and rapidly cooled materials

Why do we need to know the crystal structure

bull Crystal structure of a material affects its mechanical properties (strength toughness ductility)

bull Understanding crystal structures is essential in understanding the crystalline materials

Crystalline Structure

1048708 Structure in which the atoms are located at regular and recurring positions in three dimensions

1048708 Unit cell - basic geometric grouping of atoms that is repeated

1048708 The pattern may be replicated millions of times within a given crystal

1048708 Characteristic structure of virtually all metals as well as many ceramics and some polymers

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

Most important engineering metals have one of the following crystal structures

BCC - body centered cubic FCC - face centered cubic HCP ndash hexagonal close packed

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure(a)unit cell with atoms indicated as point locations in a

three-dimensional axis system(b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes called the hard-ball model)(c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure

Number of atoms in a BCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull There is 1 atom in the centre (non shared)

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 21188

1

Number of atoms in a FCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull Each face atom contributes as frac12

bull There are 6 face atoms

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 42

168

8

1

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)

No Assessment Number (minimum)

total Week

1 Quiz 2 20 W2 W5 W10

2 Theory Test 2 40 W8 W15

3

Other Assessment Task i End of Chapter ii Presentation

2 1

20 20

W2 W5 W12

W16

Overall Total 8 100

REFERENCES

Arens W F (2004) Contemporary Advertising McGraw Hill United States

Brown B C (2007) The Complete Guide To Google Advertising Including Tips and Tricks and Strategies to Create a Winning Advertising Plan Atlantic Publishing Group Inc Florida

Ogivly D (1985) Ogivly on Advertising Random House Inc United States Sissors JZ (2002) Advertising Media Planning McGraw Hill United States

Well WD (2005) Advertising Principles and Pratice United States

Atomic Structurebull Atomic structure is made of

Protons positive (+) charge Neutrons no charge (neutral) Electrons negative (-) charge

bull The nucleus contains the mass of an atom Protons + Neutrons

bull Layers of electrons that orbit around the nucleus are called orbitals or energy-level shells

Atomic Structure

ElementIn chemistry an element is a

pure substances that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by chemical method

Each element has its own atomic mass and a no of protons and electrons for an elements always remains the same

Elements can bond with one another to form compounds

These are some famous elements Iron(Fe) Gold(Au) Hydrogen(H) Carbon(C) Oxygen(O)

These are some compounds (combination of elements)Water(H2O) Carbon dioxide(CO2) Ammonia (NH3)

Periodic Table of Elements

Crystalline amp Amorphous Materials are either

1 Crystalline2 Non-crystalline ndash Amorphous

What is crystalline material

Crystalline solid must have an ordered arrangement of atoms (occupy specific or predictable positions in a 3D array)

Crystalline materials include metals many ceramics and some polymers

Crystalline amp Amorphous In an amorphous solid atoms do not possess well-

defined arrangement (atoms have no periodic packing)

Amorphous structures form in complex structures polymers and rapidly cooled materials

Why do we need to know the crystal structure

bull Crystal structure of a material affects its mechanical properties (strength toughness ductility)

bull Understanding crystal structures is essential in understanding the crystalline materials

Crystalline Structure

1048708 Structure in which the atoms are located at regular and recurring positions in three dimensions

1048708 Unit cell - basic geometric grouping of atoms that is repeated

1048708 The pattern may be replicated millions of times within a given crystal

1048708 Characteristic structure of virtually all metals as well as many ceramics and some polymers

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

Most important engineering metals have one of the following crystal structures

BCC - body centered cubic FCC - face centered cubic HCP ndash hexagonal close packed

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure(a)unit cell with atoms indicated as point locations in a

three-dimensional axis system(b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes called the hard-ball model)(c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure

Number of atoms in a BCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull There is 1 atom in the centre (non shared)

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 21188

1

Number of atoms in a FCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull Each face atom contributes as frac12

bull There are 6 face atoms

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 42

168

8

1

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Atomic Structurebull Atomic structure is made of

Protons positive (+) charge Neutrons no charge (neutral) Electrons negative (-) charge

bull The nucleus contains the mass of an atom Protons + Neutrons

bull Layers of electrons that orbit around the nucleus are called orbitals or energy-level shells

Atomic Structure

ElementIn chemistry an element is a

pure substances that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by chemical method

Each element has its own atomic mass and a no of protons and electrons for an elements always remains the same

Elements can bond with one another to form compounds

These are some famous elements Iron(Fe) Gold(Au) Hydrogen(H) Carbon(C) Oxygen(O)

These are some compounds (combination of elements)Water(H2O) Carbon dioxide(CO2) Ammonia (NH3)

Periodic Table of Elements

Crystalline amp Amorphous Materials are either

1 Crystalline2 Non-crystalline ndash Amorphous

What is crystalline material

Crystalline solid must have an ordered arrangement of atoms (occupy specific or predictable positions in a 3D array)

Crystalline materials include metals many ceramics and some polymers

Crystalline amp Amorphous In an amorphous solid atoms do not possess well-

defined arrangement (atoms have no periodic packing)

Amorphous structures form in complex structures polymers and rapidly cooled materials

Why do we need to know the crystal structure

bull Crystal structure of a material affects its mechanical properties (strength toughness ductility)

bull Understanding crystal structures is essential in understanding the crystalline materials

Crystalline Structure

1048708 Structure in which the atoms are located at regular and recurring positions in three dimensions

1048708 Unit cell - basic geometric grouping of atoms that is repeated

1048708 The pattern may be replicated millions of times within a given crystal

1048708 Characteristic structure of virtually all metals as well as many ceramics and some polymers

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

Most important engineering metals have one of the following crystal structures

BCC - body centered cubic FCC - face centered cubic HCP ndash hexagonal close packed

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure(a)unit cell with atoms indicated as point locations in a

three-dimensional axis system(b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes called the hard-ball model)(c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure

Number of atoms in a BCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull There is 1 atom in the centre (non shared)

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 21188

1

Number of atoms in a FCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull Each face atom contributes as frac12

bull There are 6 face atoms

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 42

168

8

1

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Atomic Structure

ElementIn chemistry an element is a

pure substances that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by chemical method

Each element has its own atomic mass and a no of protons and electrons for an elements always remains the same

Elements can bond with one another to form compounds

These are some famous elements Iron(Fe) Gold(Au) Hydrogen(H) Carbon(C) Oxygen(O)

These are some compounds (combination of elements)Water(H2O) Carbon dioxide(CO2) Ammonia (NH3)

Periodic Table of Elements

Crystalline amp Amorphous Materials are either

1 Crystalline2 Non-crystalline ndash Amorphous

What is crystalline material

Crystalline solid must have an ordered arrangement of atoms (occupy specific or predictable positions in a 3D array)

Crystalline materials include metals many ceramics and some polymers

Crystalline amp Amorphous In an amorphous solid atoms do not possess well-

defined arrangement (atoms have no periodic packing)

Amorphous structures form in complex structures polymers and rapidly cooled materials

Why do we need to know the crystal structure

bull Crystal structure of a material affects its mechanical properties (strength toughness ductility)

bull Understanding crystal structures is essential in understanding the crystalline materials

Crystalline Structure

1048708 Structure in which the atoms are located at regular and recurring positions in three dimensions

1048708 Unit cell - basic geometric grouping of atoms that is repeated

1048708 The pattern may be replicated millions of times within a given crystal

1048708 Characteristic structure of virtually all metals as well as many ceramics and some polymers

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

Most important engineering metals have one of the following crystal structures

BCC - body centered cubic FCC - face centered cubic HCP ndash hexagonal close packed

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure(a)unit cell with atoms indicated as point locations in a

three-dimensional axis system(b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes called the hard-ball model)(c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure

Number of atoms in a BCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull There is 1 atom in the centre (non shared)

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 21188

1

Number of atoms in a FCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull Each face atom contributes as frac12

bull There are 6 face atoms

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 42

168

8

1

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

ElementIn chemistry an element is a

pure substances that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by chemical method

Each element has its own atomic mass and a no of protons and electrons for an elements always remains the same

Elements can bond with one another to form compounds

These are some famous elements Iron(Fe) Gold(Au) Hydrogen(H) Carbon(C) Oxygen(O)

These are some compounds (combination of elements)Water(H2O) Carbon dioxide(CO2) Ammonia (NH3)

Periodic Table of Elements

Crystalline amp Amorphous Materials are either

1 Crystalline2 Non-crystalline ndash Amorphous

What is crystalline material

Crystalline solid must have an ordered arrangement of atoms (occupy specific or predictable positions in a 3D array)

Crystalline materials include metals many ceramics and some polymers

Crystalline amp Amorphous In an amorphous solid atoms do not possess well-

defined arrangement (atoms have no periodic packing)

Amorphous structures form in complex structures polymers and rapidly cooled materials

Why do we need to know the crystal structure

bull Crystal structure of a material affects its mechanical properties (strength toughness ductility)

bull Understanding crystal structures is essential in understanding the crystalline materials

Crystalline Structure

1048708 Structure in which the atoms are located at regular and recurring positions in three dimensions

1048708 Unit cell - basic geometric grouping of atoms that is repeated

1048708 The pattern may be replicated millions of times within a given crystal

1048708 Characteristic structure of virtually all metals as well as many ceramics and some polymers

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

Most important engineering metals have one of the following crystal structures

BCC - body centered cubic FCC - face centered cubic HCP ndash hexagonal close packed

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure(a)unit cell with atoms indicated as point locations in a

three-dimensional axis system(b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes called the hard-ball model)(c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure

Number of atoms in a BCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull There is 1 atom in the centre (non shared)

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 21188

1

Number of atoms in a FCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull Each face atom contributes as frac12

bull There are 6 face atoms

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 42

168

8

1

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Elements can bond with one another to form compounds

These are some famous elements Iron(Fe) Gold(Au) Hydrogen(H) Carbon(C) Oxygen(O)

These are some compounds (combination of elements)Water(H2O) Carbon dioxide(CO2) Ammonia (NH3)

Periodic Table of Elements

Crystalline amp Amorphous Materials are either

1 Crystalline2 Non-crystalline ndash Amorphous

What is crystalline material

Crystalline solid must have an ordered arrangement of atoms (occupy specific or predictable positions in a 3D array)

Crystalline materials include metals many ceramics and some polymers

Crystalline amp Amorphous In an amorphous solid atoms do not possess well-

defined arrangement (atoms have no periodic packing)

Amorphous structures form in complex structures polymers and rapidly cooled materials

Why do we need to know the crystal structure

bull Crystal structure of a material affects its mechanical properties (strength toughness ductility)

bull Understanding crystal structures is essential in understanding the crystalline materials

Crystalline Structure

1048708 Structure in which the atoms are located at regular and recurring positions in three dimensions

1048708 Unit cell - basic geometric grouping of atoms that is repeated

1048708 The pattern may be replicated millions of times within a given crystal

1048708 Characteristic structure of virtually all metals as well as many ceramics and some polymers

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

Most important engineering metals have one of the following crystal structures

BCC - body centered cubic FCC - face centered cubic HCP ndash hexagonal close packed

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure(a)unit cell with atoms indicated as point locations in a

three-dimensional axis system(b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes called the hard-ball model)(c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure

Number of atoms in a BCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull There is 1 atom in the centre (non shared)

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 21188

1

Number of atoms in a FCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull Each face atom contributes as frac12

bull There are 6 face atoms

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 42

168

8

1

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Periodic Table of Elements

Crystalline amp Amorphous Materials are either

1 Crystalline2 Non-crystalline ndash Amorphous

What is crystalline material

Crystalline solid must have an ordered arrangement of atoms (occupy specific or predictable positions in a 3D array)

Crystalline materials include metals many ceramics and some polymers

Crystalline amp Amorphous In an amorphous solid atoms do not possess well-

defined arrangement (atoms have no periodic packing)

Amorphous structures form in complex structures polymers and rapidly cooled materials

Why do we need to know the crystal structure

bull Crystal structure of a material affects its mechanical properties (strength toughness ductility)

bull Understanding crystal structures is essential in understanding the crystalline materials

Crystalline Structure

1048708 Structure in which the atoms are located at regular and recurring positions in three dimensions

1048708 Unit cell - basic geometric grouping of atoms that is repeated

1048708 The pattern may be replicated millions of times within a given crystal

1048708 Characteristic structure of virtually all metals as well as many ceramics and some polymers

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

Most important engineering metals have one of the following crystal structures

BCC - body centered cubic FCC - face centered cubic HCP ndash hexagonal close packed

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure(a)unit cell with atoms indicated as point locations in a

three-dimensional axis system(b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes called the hard-ball model)(c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure

Number of atoms in a BCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull There is 1 atom in the centre (non shared)

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 21188

1

Number of atoms in a FCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull Each face atom contributes as frac12

bull There are 6 face atoms

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 42

168

8

1

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Crystalline amp Amorphous Materials are either

1 Crystalline2 Non-crystalline ndash Amorphous

What is crystalline material

Crystalline solid must have an ordered arrangement of atoms (occupy specific or predictable positions in a 3D array)

Crystalline materials include metals many ceramics and some polymers

Crystalline amp Amorphous In an amorphous solid atoms do not possess well-

defined arrangement (atoms have no periodic packing)

Amorphous structures form in complex structures polymers and rapidly cooled materials

Why do we need to know the crystal structure

bull Crystal structure of a material affects its mechanical properties (strength toughness ductility)

bull Understanding crystal structures is essential in understanding the crystalline materials

Crystalline Structure

1048708 Structure in which the atoms are located at regular and recurring positions in three dimensions

1048708 Unit cell - basic geometric grouping of atoms that is repeated

1048708 The pattern may be replicated millions of times within a given crystal

1048708 Characteristic structure of virtually all metals as well as many ceramics and some polymers

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

Most important engineering metals have one of the following crystal structures

BCC - body centered cubic FCC - face centered cubic HCP ndash hexagonal close packed

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure(a)unit cell with atoms indicated as point locations in a

three-dimensional axis system(b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes called the hard-ball model)(c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure

Number of atoms in a BCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull There is 1 atom in the centre (non shared)

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 21188

1

Number of atoms in a FCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull Each face atom contributes as frac12

bull There are 6 face atoms

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 42

168

8

1

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Crystalline amp Amorphous In an amorphous solid atoms do not possess well-

defined arrangement (atoms have no periodic packing)

Amorphous structures form in complex structures polymers and rapidly cooled materials

Why do we need to know the crystal structure

bull Crystal structure of a material affects its mechanical properties (strength toughness ductility)

bull Understanding crystal structures is essential in understanding the crystalline materials

Crystalline Structure

1048708 Structure in which the atoms are located at regular and recurring positions in three dimensions

1048708 Unit cell - basic geometric grouping of atoms that is repeated

1048708 The pattern may be replicated millions of times within a given crystal

1048708 Characteristic structure of virtually all metals as well as many ceramics and some polymers

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

Most important engineering metals have one of the following crystal structures

BCC - body centered cubic FCC - face centered cubic HCP ndash hexagonal close packed

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure(a)unit cell with atoms indicated as point locations in a

three-dimensional axis system(b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes called the hard-ball model)(c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure

Number of atoms in a BCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull There is 1 atom in the centre (non shared)

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 21188

1

Number of atoms in a FCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull Each face atom contributes as frac12

bull There are 6 face atoms

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 42

168

8

1

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Why do we need to know the crystal structure

bull Crystal structure of a material affects its mechanical properties (strength toughness ductility)

bull Understanding crystal structures is essential in understanding the crystalline materials

Crystalline Structure

1048708 Structure in which the atoms are located at regular and recurring positions in three dimensions

1048708 Unit cell - basic geometric grouping of atoms that is repeated

1048708 The pattern may be replicated millions of times within a given crystal

1048708 Characteristic structure of virtually all metals as well as many ceramics and some polymers

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

Most important engineering metals have one of the following crystal structures

BCC - body centered cubic FCC - face centered cubic HCP ndash hexagonal close packed

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure(a)unit cell with atoms indicated as point locations in a

three-dimensional axis system(b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes called the hard-ball model)(c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure

Number of atoms in a BCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull There is 1 atom in the centre (non shared)

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 21188

1

Number of atoms in a FCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull Each face atom contributes as frac12

bull There are 6 face atoms

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 42

168

8

1

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Crystalline Structure

1048708 Structure in which the atoms are located at regular and recurring positions in three dimensions

1048708 Unit cell - basic geometric grouping of atoms that is repeated

1048708 The pattern may be replicated millions of times within a given crystal

1048708 Characteristic structure of virtually all metals as well as many ceramics and some polymers

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

Most important engineering metals have one of the following crystal structures

BCC - body centered cubic FCC - face centered cubic HCP ndash hexagonal close packed

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure(a)unit cell with atoms indicated as point locations in a

three-dimensional axis system(b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes called the hard-ball model)(c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure

Number of atoms in a BCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull There is 1 atom in the centre (non shared)

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 21188

1

Number of atoms in a FCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull Each face atom contributes as frac12

bull There are 6 face atoms

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 42

168

8

1

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

Most important engineering metals have one of the following crystal structures

BCC - body centered cubic FCC - face centered cubic HCP ndash hexagonal close packed

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure(a)unit cell with atoms indicated as point locations in a

three-dimensional axis system(b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes called the hard-ball model)(c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure

Number of atoms in a BCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull There is 1 atom in the centre (non shared)

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 21188

1

Number of atoms in a FCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull Each face atom contributes as frac12

bull There are 6 face atoms

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 42

168

8

1

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Principals Metallic Crystal Structures

BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure(a)unit cell with atoms indicated as point locations in a

three-dimensional axis system(b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes called the hard-ball model)(c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure

Number of atoms in a BCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull There is 1 atom in the centre (non shared)

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 21188

1

Number of atoms in a FCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull Each face atom contributes as frac12

bull There are 6 face atoms

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 42

168

8

1

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure(a)unit cell with atoms indicated as point locations in a

three-dimensional axis system(b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes called the hard-ball model)(c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure

Number of atoms in a BCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull There is 1 atom in the centre (non shared)

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 21188

1

Number of atoms in a FCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull Each face atom contributes as frac12

bull There are 6 face atoms

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 42

168

8

1

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Number of atoms in a FCC unit cell

Each corner atom contributes as 18

There are 8 corner atoms BCC unit cell

bull Each face atom contributes as frac12

bull There are 6 face atoms

cellunitatomsatomsofnumber 42

168

8

1

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Crystal Structures for Common Metals(at Room Temperature)

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Chromium Iron Molybdenum Tungsten

Face-centered cubic (FCC) Aluminum Copper Gold Lead Silver Nickel

Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Magnesium Titanium Zinc

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Lattice - A collection of points that divide space into smaller equally sized segments

Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Space Lattice amp Unit Cell

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Grain And Grain BoundaryGrain ndash Most Crystalline solids are

composed of a collection of many crystals

Grain Boundary ndash There exist some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Atomic Bondingbull Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

bull In an atomic bonding electrons are gained lost or shared

bull There are 4 main types of bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding Van der waals

Primary Bonding

Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Covalent Bondingbull In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms

bull Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

eg Diamond (Carbon)

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Ionic Bondingbull Ionic bonding occurs

between + and ndash ions

bull Requires electron transfer between atoms forming attracting ions

bull Example sodium chloride (NaCl)

bull Other compounds having ionic bonding MgO CsCl

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

bull Ionic compounds are usually hard rigid and brittle the results of ions being held in specific positions

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Metallic Bonding

Valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an electron sea that glues the ions together

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

Secondary Bonding-ex Polymer (PVC)

• JF302 ndash MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1
• Course outline
• Slide 3
• GRADING (CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT)
• Atomic Structure
• Atomic Structure (2)
• Element
• Slide 8
• Periodic Table of Elements
• Crystalline amp Amorphous
• Crystalline amp Amorphous (2)
• Slide 12
• Crystalline Structure
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures
• Principals Metallic Crystal Structures (2)
• BCC ( Body-Centered Crystal)
• Slide 17
• Crystal Structures for Common Metals (at Room Temperature)
• TERMS USE IN RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS Space Lattice amp Unit Ce
• Space Lattice amp Unit Cell
• Grain And Grain Boundary
• Atomic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
• Slide 25
• Metallic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding