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Overview of the Internet of Things (IoTs)Fall 2013Qian ZhangFYTGS, HKUSTIce-breaking

Course InfoInstructor: Qian Zhang www.cse.ust.hk/~qianzhCourse web site http://www.cse.ust.hk/~qianzh/FYTGS5100/fall2013/index.html contains all notes, announcements, etc. Check it regularly!Lecture scheduleWednesday 18:30-21:20 Rm 2406

Course InfoThe reading materials online for paper reading and student presentationCheck recent research papers from high quality conferences and transactionsExperience networking research through team projects (1-2 students)Understand what is good researchHands-on experience in IoT related researchAppreciate team work / collaborations

4Course InfoGrading schemeHomework 20 pointsProject 25 pointsPresentation 20 pointsFinal Exam 35 pointsPaper presentationEveryone reviews and presents 1 paperEmail me ids of 3 papers that youd like to present by Sept. 28Submit a review for one paper of your choice before you present the paper (1-2 pages)

Course ScheduleIntroduction of the Internet of Things (IoT) (1 week)RFID: technology and applications (1 weeks)Wireless and mobile communications (3.5 weeks)Sensors and wireless sensor networks (3.5 weeks)Localization technologies (1 week)Project preparation (1 week)Student presentation (2 weeks)

OutlineWhats Internet of Things (IoT)1State of the Art of IoT2Challenges and Limitation of IoT3Future of IoT47Starting from the InternetInternet appears everywhere in the world

but it is still a connection between people and people

8What is the Internet of Things?

Internet connects all people, so it is called the Internet of People

IoT connects all things, so it is called the Internet of Things9Whats the Internet of ThingsDefinition(1) The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers to a wireless network between objects, usually the network will be wireless and self-configuring, such as household appliances. ------Wikipedia(2) By embedding short-range mobile transceivers into a wide array of additional gadgets and everyday items, enabling new forms of communication between people and things, and between things themselves. ------WSIS 2005WSIS: World Summit on the Information Society, its a pair of conference about information society10Whats the Internet of ThingsDefinition(3) The term "Internet of Things" has come to describe a number of technologies and research disciplines that enable the Internet to reach out into the real world of physical objects. ------IoT 2008(4) Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts. -------IoT in 2020The semantic origin of the expression is composed by two words and concepts: Internet and Thing, where Internet can be defined as The world-wide network of interconnected computer networks, based on a standard communication protocol, the Internet suite (TCP/IP), while Thing is an object not precisely identifiable Therefore, semantically, Internet of Things means a world-wide network of interconnected objects uniquely addressable, based on standard 11Whats the Internet of ThingsHistory1997, The Internet of Things is the seventh in the series of ITU Internet Reports originally launched in 1997 under the title Challenges to the Network.1999, Auto-ID Center founded in MIT2003, EPC Global founded in MIT2005, Four important technologies of the internet of things was proposed in WSIS conference.2008, First international conference of internet of things: The IOT 2008 was held at Zurich.Auto-ID Center focus on EPC-IOT, EPC is Electric Product Code, Its a family of coding schemes created as a low-cost method of tracking goods using RFID Technology, it generated Auto-ID Lab and EPCGlobal, former one is to do R&D and second one is to set standard and run marketing.

Four important technologies are nano tech , wireless sensor, RFID and smart tech12Whats the Internet of Things

From any time ,any place connectivity for anyone, we will now have connectivity for anything!An interesting conclusion13 Whats the Internet of ThingsEvent DrivenAmbient IntelligenceFlexible Structure Semantic SharingComplex Access TechnologiesInternet of ThingsCharacteristics

This part need to be discussed again

AI: the autonomous and intelligent entities will act in full interoperability & will be able to auto-organize themselves depending on the context, circumstances or environment.

ED is to design the scheme depending on the need

FS means that hundreds and thousands of nodes will be disable and will be set to run.

CAT means that theres several kinds of media such as vehicle stone that they need different access technologies.

SS is the machine can rend and send by themselves. No need to tell humanbeings

14Why Internet of ThingsDynamic control of industry and daily lifeImprove the resource utilization ratio Better relationship between human and natureForming an intellectual entity by integrating human society and physical systems1 and 2 factors are about Resource Efficiency,

Energy conservation is a prerequisite for the Internet of Things. Therefore research producing new knowledge on how to develop more energy efficient electronics will influence the design of all electronics. Concept of energy harvesting will enable larger and larger portions of the consumed energy to be generated by ambient renewable sources available locally thus reducing the losses in long distance energy distribution.

Similar effects will be experienced by road transport and cars. Already today there are hybrid cars available harvesting the kinetic energy of the drive. This, in combination with better and more environmentally friendly energy storage in the future will make electrical vehicles achieve longer range and become more attractive alternatives.

Abundant sensory information will enable unprecedented energy optimised control. Climate control is the most energy consuming activity in modern buildings. The house could adjust the room temperatures according to the personal preferences of those in the room, and avoid heating or cooling rooms excessively without benefits to the inhabitants.

3. is the pollution and disaster avoidance

4.

15Why Internet of Things (ii)Flexible configuration, P&PUniversal transport & internetworkingAccessibility & Usability? Acts as technologies integrator 1 and 2 factors are about Resource Efficiency,

Energy conservation is a prerequisite for the Internet of Things. Therefore research producing new knowledge on how to develop more energy efficient electronics will influence the design of all electronics. Concept of energy harvesting will enable larger and larger portions of the consumed energy to be generated by ambient renewable sources available locally thus reducing the losses in long distance energy distribution.

Similar effects will be experienced by road transport and cars. Already today there are hybrid cars available harvesting the kinetic energy of the drive. This, in combination with better and more environmentally friendly energy storage in the future will make electrical vehicles achieve longer range and become more attractive alternatives.

Abundant sensory information will enable unprecedented energy optimised control. Climate control is the most energy consuming activity in modern buildings. The house could adjust the room temperatures according to the personal preferences of those in the room, and avoid heating or cooling rooms excessively without benefits to the inhabitants.

3. is the pollution and disaster avoidance

4.

16Things Connected: communicated between physical world and information world

18

MIT: Auto-ID-Center1999ITU: ITU Internet Reports 2005IBM: Smart Planet2008IBM: Smart Planet, Winning in China2009Obama: Business Round Table2009Epoch of IOTWen Jiabao: sensing China2009

18Premier Wen and Sensing ChinaPremier Wen visited Wuxi in August 7, 2009.

He proposed Sensing China.

191965 Main Frame1980 PC1995 Internet2010 ?

15-Year Law20The Application of IoT(1)NetworkBiosensor taken by peopleEquipment in public placeHouseRegional OfficeVirtual EnvironmentTransportation VehicleApplication area should be divided by that two 21The Application of IoT(2)Scenario: shopping

(2) When shopping in the market, the goods will introduce themselves.(1) When entering the doors, scanners will identify the tags on her clothing.(4) When paying for the goods, the microchip of the credit card will communicate with checkout reader. (3) When moving the goods, the reader will tell the staff to put a new one. The Application of IoT(3)Scenario: Health Care

Various sensors for various conditionsExample ICP sensor: Short or long term monitoring of pressure in the brain cavityImplanted in the brain cavity and senses the increase of pressureSensor and associated electronics encapsulated in safe and biodegradable materialExternal RF reader powers the unit and receives the signalStability over 30 days so farNew efficient diagnostics combined with nanotechnology enabled lab-on-a-chip technologies open a complete range of novel opportunities for new treatments and prevention of serious diseases. In-vivo equipment will assist in drug dosage closer to the affected organs thus reducing the amount of reagents needed and diminish the risk of adverse effects. It is an established fact that several serious common illnesses like breast cancer, cardio-vascular diseases and Alzheimer's disease have genetic components. It is also known that successful treatment depends on early detection.

Biodegradable materials will offer the possibility to place temporary sensors and lab-on-a-chip equipment on the patient, or in the patient. Temperature and humidity can be measured inside a cast to prevent skin problems. Antigens may be detected on transplanted organs to help prevent rejection. Intelligent micro-robots may be guided to bring drugs to the infected areas by ex-vivo remote guidance, and assist in the diagnosis providing located measurements of vital parameters.

Furthermore, this new sort of personal medical equipment will enable the patient to stay longer and safer at home since the equipment itself can alarm the hospital in case of critical situations, or the patient can be relieved from the hassle of routine checks when there is nothing wrong. Medical research will advance on data from patients living normal lives and not like guinea pigs in hospitals. Telemedicine may replace costly travel and reduce patient stress. 23

National Health Information Network, Electronic Patient RecordHome care: monitoring and control Pulse oximeters, blood glucose monitors, infusion pumps, accelerometers, Operating Room of the Future Closed loop monitoring and control; multiple treatment stations, plug and play devices; robotic microsurgery System coordination challengeProgress in bioinformatics: gene, protein expression, systems biology, disease dynamics, control mechanismsThe Application of IoT(3)Scenario: Health CareThe Application of IoT(4)Scenario: Intelligent Home Remote monitor for smart house Remote control for smart appliance

Maintaining a comfort temperature and heating of water are the most energy consuming tasks of the house with huge potentials for energy conservation, and as a consequence a significant positive impact on the environment. This is further discussed under environmental aspects and resource efficiency below

There will be robots taking care of the house, performing routine works such as cleaning or maintenance. These will collaborate autonomously with the house sensors, and the house control. The intelligent appliances will collaborate to conserve energy, and to signal need for new supplies of food, detergents, maintenance, etc. Some of which may be satisfied automatically by the maintenance robot. This will take away some of todays tedious housekeeping activities.

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The Application of IoT(5)Scenario: TransportationA network of sensors set up throughout a vehicle can interact with its surroundings to provide valuable feedback on local roads, weather and traffic conditions to the car driver, enabling adaptive drive systems to respond accordinglyThis may involve automatic activation of braking systems or speed control via fuel management systems. Condition and event detection sensors can activate systems to maintain driver and passenger comfort and safety through the use of airbags and seatbelt pre-tensioningSensors for fatigue and mood monitoring based on driving conditions, driver behaviour and facial indicators can interact to ensure safe driving by activating warning systems or directly controlling the vehicleWhen there is a queue, the first cars may tell the cars behind if there is an accident or just too much traffic, and this will eventually make intelligent navigation systems re-plan the route of cars programmed to go down already saturated roads. The cars may help the driver to keep safe distance to the car in front, and may refuse dangerous actions like speeding if the weather conditions are unsafe or overtaking if the oncoming car goes too fast. The cars can go by autopilot on highways reducing the risk of fatigue related accidents.

Cars will also be able to maintain themselves, calling for the appropriate service based on the self diagnosis of the problem and ensuring that the right replacement parts are in stock. The car will plan the time of service according to the diaries and preferences of the usual driver to minimise the petulance of their lives, and make sure that there is a substitute car available if there would be a need for it. 26

In 2005, 30 90 processors per car Engine control, Break system, Airbag deployment system Windshield wiper, Door locks, Entertainment systemCars are sensors and actuators in V2V networks Active networked safety alerts Autonomous navigationFuture Transportation Systems Incorporate both single person and mass transportation vehicles, air and ground transportations. Achieve efficiency, safety, stability using real-time control and optimization.The Application of IoT(5)Scenario: TransportationScenario : Monitoring the Environment

The Application of IoT(6)Life in IoT EraITU has described the scene of IoT era as followsThe car will generate alarm automatically if the driver has made any mistake during the operation;The bag will send out reminder message if the owner forgot bring something;The cloth will tell the washing-machine about its requirement for the water temperature;

Life will be changed completely with the technology of IoT

4 Layers Model for IoTInformation ProcessingInformation TransmissionInformation GenerationSense and Identification LayerNetwork Construction LayerManagement LayerIntegrated Application LayerInformation ApplicationMore on 4 Layers Model

Smart LogisticSmart GridGreen BuildingSmart TransportEnv. MonitorData CenterSearch EngineSmart DecisionInfo. SecurityData MiningWWANWPANWMANWLANInternetGPSSmart DeviceRFIDSensorSensorIntegrated ApplicationInformation ProcessingNetwork ConstructionSensing and IdentificationState of the Art of IoTRFIDSensorSmart TechNano TechTo identify and track the data of things To collect and process the data to detect the changes in the physical status of thingsTo enhance the power of the network by devolving processing capabilities to different part of the network.To make the smaller and smaller things have the ability to connect and interact.Enabling TechnologiesMore than four several technologies

machine-to-machine interfaces and protocols of electronic communicationmicrocontrollerswireless communicationRFIDEnergy harvesting technologiessensor technologyLocation technologySoftwareIPv632Sensor TechnologyThe ability to detect changes in the physical status of things is essential for recording changes in the environment.

Wireless sensor technology play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between the physical and virtual worlds, and enabling things to respond to changes in their physical environment. Sensors collect data from their environment, generating information and raising awareness about context.

Example: sensors in an electronic jacket can collect information about changes in external temperature and the parameters of the jacket can be adjusted accordingly

Add more sensor technology33State of the Art of IoT1MIT Auto-ID Lab & EPC Global.

Stanford University

Georgia Institute of Technology

Cambridge Univ3Nokia SAPIBMGOOGLEAMBIENTMetro GroupSiemensSunCiscoGE2EPFL & ETH Zurich Information and Communication Systems Research Group

Chemnitz University of TechnologyVSR GroupResearch GroupsNeed to improve about the research groups and projects34State of the Art of IoT

Diagram of the whole system of IoT business and R&DAdd some content of economic system of IoT and what it related with other part of society35The Challenge of IoTTotal challenge of IoT

Technological Standardization in most areas are still remain fragmented.managing and fostering rapid innovation is a challenge for governments privacy and securityAbsence of governance

Absence of governance is the first main challenge

One major barrier for the widespread adoption of the Internet of Things technology is the absence of governance. Without an impartial governing authority it will be impossible to have a truly global Internet of Things, accepted by states, companies, trade organizations and the common people. Today there is not a unique universal numbering scheme as just described: PCglobal and the Ubiquitous Networking Lab propose two different, non-compatible ways of identifying objects, and there is the risk to have them competing in the coming future over the global market. There is also the need of keeping governance as generic as possible, as having one authority per application field will certainly lead to overlap, confusion and competition between standards. Objects can have different identities in different contexts so having multiple authorities would create a kind of multi-homing, which can lead to disastrous results.36The Challenge of IoTHow to convincing users that the IoT technology will protect their data and privacy when tracking Potential Solutions

Legal & Regulatory

Technical Control

Social Ethic

Market Self-regulationPrivacy and security

In order to have a widespread adoption of any object identification system, there is a need to have a technically sound solution to guarantee privacy and the security of the customers. While in many cases the security has been done as an add-on feature, it is the feeling that the public acceptance for the IoT will happen only when the strong security and privacy solution are in place. This could be hybrid security mechanisms that for example combine hardware security with key diversification to deliver superior security that makes attacks significantly more difficult or even impossible. The selection of ssecurity features and mechanisms will continue to be determined by the impact on business processes; and trade-offs will be made between chip size, cost, functionality, interoperability, security, and privacy. The security and privacy issues should be addressed by the forthcoming standards which must define different security features to provide confidentiality, integrity, or availability services. There are also a range of issues related to the identity of people. These must be dealt with in politics and legislation, and they are of crucial importance for the efficient public administrations of the future. Although many of the proposed technologies are based on RFID or smart systems, they will not be discussed in this report whose focus is on objects and things and the related technological and application challenges. 37IoT and WSN WSN is IoT IoT aka WSN IoT WSN IoT aka RFID + PerCom IoT is not WSN IoT WSN IoT contains WSN IoT WSN38PPTIoT and WSNThings are diverse

They might be individual like water, soldiers, trees

They also be a set of individuals like ocean, battlefield, forest, 39embedded()()

data-intensive2020301 IoT and WSNWe concern not only about water, tree and soldier, but also about ocean, forest and battlefield.

40embedded()()

data-intensive2020301 IoT and WSN

So we have ocean monitoring, Forest management, battlefield control. 41

Digital World

SenseddataSenseddataSenseddataSenseddataSenseddataSenseddataPhysical WorldWhen WSN is UsedTo Connect digital world and physical world

42IoT and CPSIoTC1C2CnP1P2PnCPSInternet orCyber worldC=C1 C2 CnP=P1 P2 Pn43IoT and Pervasive Computing

44CPS and Pervasive Computing

All such buzzwords refers to the same balloon. When it is blasted to large size, it is called Smart Planet; when to middle size, it is called CPS; When to small size, it is called pervasive or embedded system. 4520091231:--smart planet;CPS;pervasive systemEmbedded system.

Internet of Things vs. Cloud Properties

Internet of Things, Cloud and ServicesInternet of Things enablesHigh-resolution managementReal-world controlAdaptive processesIoT IssuePossible SolutionHeterogeneityServices as abstraction layerApplication DevelopmentMash-up of servicesSolution DeploymentSupport through XaaS modelsProducing a lot of dataProcessing of large data quantities in the cloudIoT, Cloud, and Services are complementary aspects of a Real World Internet2 ExamplesFor the public and the societyFor business and enterprisesExample 1: Pachube"The Internet of Things Real-Time Web Service and Applications"Platform to connect sensors and other hardwarePlatform to build IoT services and applicationsRESTful APIs

After the Fukushima Disaster on Pachube

Many People Connected Radiation Sensors

Cool, but Data quality of various sourcesAccuracy of each data pointSensor reliability and availabilityTime of measurementImportant for trust!Unit jungle:nGy/s, mSv/h, Sv/h, Bq/kg, cpm Sometimes misleading, sometimes just hard to compareMix of data sourcesReal sensorsVirtual sensors (data scraping from web pages, e.g., http://www.houshasen-pref-ibaraki.jp/present/result01.html)Business WebA Platform and Marketplace for Business ServicesThe Business Web is a cloud-based business environment that provides access to the necessary infrastructure, applications, content, and connectivity to deliver end-to-end business services optimized for mobility and ease of participation

Business Web:First-class Internet of Things Integration

M2M Scenario Ice Cream CabinetsThe application provides consumer products companies with detailed information about the location and status of its ice cream cabinets.This information can be used to find these cabinets, supply them with new ice cream in time, and monitor their temperature in order to avoid ice cream becoming bad due to a defective ice cream cabinet.The ice cream cabinets become smart items that monitor their energy consumption, send alarms, and become an active part in the companies operation processes as well as sustainability efforts.

IoT Configuration2.5 million ice cream cabinetsWorldwide distributedBiggest growth markets: China and IndiaSensingNeed to refillAvoid stock-outsLocationReliably find and refillTemperature / power outageDetect failures and avoid product lossBehavioral statisticsConclude conversion rateEstimated business value: >5% increased sales

IoT Integration into Business ProcessesRoles and processesCPG BackendOperational BI on supply chain efficiencyUser behavior monitoring and campaign efficiency3rd Party SupplierDispatcher: Improved planning of daily logistics processesGet refill priorities and alarms on power outage and temperaturesTruck Driver: Guidance and real-time integration into processStore OwnerPush alarms to store owners for immediate actionsResolve power outage / close lid to save energyConsumerGuidance to next ice cream cabinet (source of happiness)3rd Party Supplier

ConsumerAugmentedReality App:Guide me to the next ice creamopportunity

Business ValueIce Cream Business is a 60+ billion marketHighest margin business in food CPG10.5%Unilever10+ billion in ice cream salesMarket leader in out-of-home ice cream business30% market share2/3 is out-of-home businessICC scenario estimated benefit is 45 million additional profit per yearPhase 1: Pilot500 ICCs in Germany, 50 mobile usersPhase 2:10.000 ICCs in Germany, 1.000 usersPhase 3:Replacing 200.000 ICCs yearly world wide.

Short SummaryInternet of Things, Cloud Computing and Services are all aspects of a (Future) InternetStrengths of each can and should be combinedExamples of successful combinations existBoth in the public and the business domainWe are at the beginning of an interesting journeyMany challenges still lie aheadRoad is Difficult, but Future is Bright Any TIME Any PLACE Any THING60