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Professional Practices and Communication (CE 3101)

Chapter: Writing Reports

Lecture prepared by

Md Nuruzzaman

Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering

Bangladesh Army University of Engineering and Technology (BAUET)

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Phone: +8801719456829

mailto:[email protected]


Writing Reports

What is a report?

A written report is a document that presents specific information as

accurately and as concisely as possible to a particular audience.

Reports are often used to communicate the results of a project or

investigation to, for example, an employer or other critical reader who

might be looking for specific information.

Report brief

When asked to write a report, usually a report brief will be given, which

provides with instructions and guidelines. The report brief may outline

the purpose, audience and problem or issue that the report must

address, together with any specific requirements for format or

structure.

Writing Reports

Functions of a report

There are a number of reasons for writing a report, including one or

more of:

1. providing a record of an event or meeting;

2. aiding decision-making;

3. persuading or influencing an audience;

4. setting out procedures.

Writing Reports

Types of report

1. Technical and business reports

Technical and business reports often simulate the process of report

writing in industry, where a problem or a case study is addressed and

resolved for the benefit of a prospective client.

2. Field reports

Field reports are common in disciplines such as law (e.g. a Court

observation), history (e.g. a site report) where observations of

phenomena or events in the real world might be analysed using

theories studied in the course.

Writing Reports

Types of report

3. Scientific reports

Scientific reports (also called laboratory reports) are common in all the

sciences. They use a standard format describing methods, results and

conclusions to report on an experiment or other empirical

investigation.

Writing Reports

A well written report demonstrates the ability to:

1. understand the purpose of the report brief and adhere to its

specifications;

2. gather, evaluate and analyze relevant information;

3. structure material in a logical and coherent order;

4. present report in a consistent manner according to the instructions

of the report brief;

5. make appropriate conclusions that are supported by the evidence

and analysis of the report;

6. make thoughtful and practical recommendations where required.

Writing Reports

The structure of a report

➢ Title Page

➢ Summary (Abstract)

➢ Terms of Reference

➢ Contents (Table of Contents)

➢ Introduction

➢ Methods

➢ Results

➢ Discussion

➢ Conclusion

➢ Appendices

➢ Bibliography

➢ Acknowledgements

➢ Glossary of Technical Terms

Writing Reports

Title Page

This should briefly but explicitly describe the purpose of the report (if

this is not obvious from the title of the work). Other details may include

name, the date and for whom the report is written.

Terms of Reference

Under this heading, a brief explanation of who will read the report

(audience), why it was written (purpose) and how it was written

(methods) can be included.

Writing Reports

Summary (Abstract)

The summary should briefly describe the content of the report. It

should cover the aims of the report, what was found and what, if any,

action is called for.

Contents (Table of Contents)

The contents page should list the different chapters and/or headings

together with the page numbers.

Writing Reports

Introduction

The introduction sets the scene for the main body of the report. The

aims and objectives of the report should be explained in detail. Any

problems or limitations in the scope of the report should be identified,

and a description of research methods, the parameters of the research

and any necessary background history should be included.

Writing Reports

Methods

Information under this heading may include: a list of equipment used;

explanations of procedures followed; relevant information on materials

used, including sources of materials and details of any necessary

preparation; reference to any problems encountered and subsequent

changes in procedure.

Writing Reports

Results

This section should include a summary of the results of the

investigation or experiment together with any necessary diagrams,

graphs or tables of gathered data that support your results.

Discussion

The facts and evidence you have gathered should be analyzed and

discussed with specific reference to the problem or issue.

Writing Reports

Conclusion

In the conclusion, the overall significance of what has been covered is

shown. The most central issues or findings are highlighted. However,

no new material should be introduced in the conclusion.

Appendices

Under this heading all the supporting information that have been used

are included. This might be tables, graphs, questionnaires, surveys or

transcripts.

Writing Reports

Bibliography

The bibliography should list, in alphabetical order by author, all

published sources referred to in your report.

Acknowledgements

Where appropriate the assistance of particular organisations or

individuals who provided information, advice or help should be

acknowledged.

Writing Reports

Glossary of Technical Terms

It is useful to provide an alphabetical list of technical terms with a brief,

clear description of each term. Explanations of the acronyms,

abbreviations or standard units used in the report can be included.

Writing Reports

Essential stages of writing the report: the

Stage 1: Understanding the report brief

Stage 2: Gathering and selecting information

Stage 3: Organizing material

Stage 4: Analyzing material

Stage 5: Writing the report

Stage 6: Reviewing and redrafting

Stage 7: Presentation

Writing Reports

Reference list

Burns, T. and Sinfield, S. (2008) Essential study skills: the complete guide to success at university (2nd ed.).

London: Sage

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2008) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear

Tree Books.

Turner, J., Shahabudin, K. and Reid, M. (2009) Better report writing for university students. Available at:

http://www.learnhigher.ac.uk/learningareas/reportwriting/betterreportwriting.htm (Accessed: 9th June 2010)

Unilearning (2000) Report writing. Available at: http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/report/index.html (Accessed: 9th

June 2010)

Wilson, J. (1996) Report writing for business students. Preston: University of Central Lancashire

Oral Presentation

Preparation for Oral Presentation

1. Analyzing audience, and limit topics accordingly.

2. Determining the primary purpose.

3. Analyzing the presentation environment.

4.Selecting effective supporting information and an appropriate pattern

of organization.

5. Preparing an outline.

6. Selecting appropriate visual aids.

7. Preparing a suitable introduction.

8. Preparing a closing summary.Credit: Asst.Prof.Dr. Ferda Can Çetinkaya, EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN UNIVERSITY

Oral Presentation

Analyzing audience

Asking the following questions will enable to analyze the audience:

• What do your listeners already know about the topic?

• What do they need or want to know about it?

• How much new information about it can they absorb?

Oral Presentation

The Presentation Environment

The following questions describes the presentation environment.

• Is it a large auditorium or a small conference room?

• Will the audience be seated theater-style or around table?

• Are there potentially distracting elements in the environment such as

noisy air-conditioners?

• What will the arrangement be for the speaker? Will there be a

podium, microphone, a table, and a visual equipment?

Oral Presentation

Selecting Effective Supporting Information

Asking the following questions describes the Effective Supporting

Information collection process:

• What kind of information will best support the main point?

• What kind of information will appeal to the listeners?

Oral Presentation

Guidelines for Outlining the Presentation

• Each level of the outline should be similar in scope.

• Each section of the outline should present one idea.

• Sections should not overlap, so that the audience is not confused.

Oral Presentation

Guidelines for Visual Aids

•They must be visible, large enough for the whole audience to see-

even those people who insist on sitting in back row.

•They must be clear; their meaning must be obvious at a glance

without explanation.

•They must be simple and easy for the audience to comprehend.

•They must be controllable, easy for you to use with your presentation.

Oral Presentation

Eye Contact

A good speaker looks at the audience, not anything else, but does not

stare at any one person.


Chapter: Writing Proposals

Reference: Open Oregon Press books – Technical Writing

Lecture prepared by

Md Nuruzzaman




Phone: +8801719456829



Writing Proposals

Definition

A proposal is a written document prepared in application for funding.

A project proposal is a detailed description of a series of activities

aimed at solving a certain problem.

The proposal should contain a detailed explanation of the:

• justification of the project;

• activities and implementation timeline;

• methodology; and

• human, material and financial resources required.

A proposal should demonstrate that your project will:

Provide economic benefit to an area or a community

Have a high probability of success

Address a strategic priority

Demonstrate need for financial assistance

Be economically viable

Have stakeholder support

Be consistent with development strategies

Writing Proposals

Types of Proposal

Internal

External

Solicited/Formal

Unsolicited

Writing Proposals

Common sections in proposals (Structure/Format of a Proposal)

• Introduction

• Background on the problem, objectives

• Benefits and feasibility of the proposed project

• Method, procedure, theory

• Schedule

• Costs, resources required

• Conclusory remarks

Writing Proposals

Elements of effective proposal writing include:

• Proper formatting

• Content development

• Satisfying program criteria

• Demonstrating economic and social benefits

• Addressing funding agency requirements

• Demonstrating the sustainability of the project’s

output

• Selecting qualified consultants

• Monitoring and evaluation provisions

• Proposal follow up

• Proper referencing of other documentation and

other sources of information used in preparing the

proposal

Writing Proposals

Credit: Open Oregon

https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/technicalwriting/chapter/3-4-common-sections-in-proposals/

Writing Proposals




Chapter: Conducting meetings

Reference Book: The Manager’s Guide to Effective Meetings

Lecture prepared by

Md Nuruzzaman



Conducting meetings

Meeting

A meeting is an event consisting of people, content, and process for a

purpose—who, what, how, and why.

There are basically two kinds of meetings:

• Participatory meetings, which need input from group members

• Nonparticipatory meetings, which are mostly one-way communication—

informational and motivational

Conducting meetings

Steps for Preparing for a Meeting

• Developing the Agenda

• Determining Purpose

• Setting Goals

• Deciding on Methods

• Allocating Time

• Sequencing the Items

• Determining who, when and where the meeting should be

• Finalizing and Distributing the Agenda

• Preparing Materials

Conducting meetings

Agenda

An agenda is a plan consisting of action points.

Ways of making decisions

There are four basic ways to make decisions:

• Managerial—the manager make the call!

• Vote by majority or plurality—by counting the votes

• Consensus—a result that all participants can support

• Delegation—selected members of the group make the decision

Conducting meetings

Do’s at the start of Meeting

• Warming up the Team

• Setting the Tone

• Establishing the Ground Rules

• Assigning Roles

Conducting meetings

Purposes of warm up

• To break the ice among people who do not know each other.

• To involve all participants from the start of the meeting.

• To generate a team feeling.

• To allow participants to share their concerns, needs, and hopes.

• To focus participants on the meeting purpose and agenda.

Conducting meetings

Ground rules cover the following issues

• Attendance

• Promptness: procedure for dealing with latecomers—bring them up

to speed? sanction?

• Participation

• Meeting role assignments

• Interruptions: pagers and cell phones?

• Respect

Conducting meetings

Ground rules cover the following issues

• Discussion process

Confidentiality: how is it determined what discussions are confidential?

What information or comments are not to leave the room?

• Assignments

• Method for evaluating meetings

• Chronic violations of rules

Conducting meetings

Dialogue vs. Debate

In a debate, people are driven by their individual interests to advocate

for their opinions and positions and to win over other opinions and

positions.

In a dialogue, people express their opinions and differences in an

effort to arrive at what’s better for the group, in a spirit of mutual

understanding, a quest for commonalties, and a sense of community.

Conducting meetings

Roles to be assigned

1. Facilitator

2. Scribe

3. Timekeeper

4. Note-taker

Conducting meetings

Facilitator

A person whose meeting role is to make the group’s work easier by

leading the group through the agenda, systematically and at an

appropriate pace, and encouraging full participation by all members.

Scribe

A person whose meeting role is to post key ideas, points, and

comments during discussions so that all participants can refer to

them. He or she is responsible for displaying a “living record” of the

progress of the group

Conducting meetings

Ways for conducting an effective meeting

Follow the Agenda

Set and Maintain an Appropriate Pace

Share Information

Conduct Discussion

Manage Participation

Get a Decision

Plan Action and Make Assignments

Conducting meetings

Closing the Meeting and Following Up

Final Matters

Summarize the Main Points, Decisions,

Actions, and Assignments

Sketch the Agenda for the Next Meeting—if Any

Express Appreciation

Evaluate the Meeting

Write and Distribute the Minutes

Work the Assignments

Improve Your Meetings

Preparing Effective Business Messages

Five Planning Steps

1. Identifying purpose

2. Analyzing audience

3. Choosing ideas

4. Collecting data

5. Organizing message


Identifying Purpose

It is important to determine first the specific reason of writing. The

reason of writing a message could be: Mainly informational, such as

announcement etc. Persuasive, such as promotion of product or

sending applications for personal reasons, etc.


Analyzing Audience

It is important to adapt to the message according to the receivers

views, mental filters, needs, and culture. While preparing a message

the care must be taken for the following aspects: Member of a group,

such as business or professional person; laborer, colleague, or

subordinate; woman or man. New or long time customer; young,

middle-aged, or elderly. Receivers educational level, attitudes and

probable values (often culture-specific) Finally consider and decide

whether the receiver or listeners are informed or uninformed on the

subject and whether they will react to the message positively or

negatively, with interest or disinterest.


Chosing Ideas

With the purpose and receiver in mind, the next step is to choose the

idea for message. The idea of writing a message depends on the

background, situation, cultural context and location of the receiver

(national or international)


Collecting Data

After deciding about the idea to be included in the message, it is

important to determine if the same requires specific facts, figures

quotations, or other types of evidence to support the main idea of the

message. It is important to know and take care of: Company’s policies,

procedures, and product detail if needed to support the main idea.

Enclose, if needed, a brochure, table, picture, or product sample.


Organizing Message

Before writing the first draft of the letter, outline of the message needs

to made (mentally or on paper). The order in which the idea is

presented is as important as the ideas themselves. Disorganized,

rambling messages often seem careless, confusing, and unimportant.


Business Letter Format/Structure

Your Contact Information:

Your Name

Your Address

Your Phone Number

Your Email Address

Date

Recipient’s Contact Information:

Their Name

Their Title

Their Company

The Company’s Address


The Salutation:

Use "To Whom It May Concern," if unsure specifically whom it is

addressing.

Use the formal salutation “Dear Mr./Ms./Dr. [Last Name],” if the

recipient is unfamiliar.

Use “Dear [First Name],” only if there is an informal relationship with

the recipient.


The Body

Strike the Right Tone:

Make the purpose of the letter clear through simple and targeted

language, keeping the opening paragraph brief.

Complimentary Close:

Keep the closing paragraph to two sentences. Simply reiterate your

reason for writing and thank the reader for considering your request.

Some good options for your closing include:

• Respectfully yours,

• Yours sincerely,

• Respectfully,

• Cordially,


The Signature:

Write your signature just beneath your closing and leave four single

spaces between your closing and your typed full name, title, phone

number, email address, and any other contact information you want

to include. Use the format below:

Handwritten signature

Typed full name

Title

Approaches

Direct (Deductive) Approach:

When the reader or listener will have a favorable or neutral

reaction to the message, direct approach is preferable.


Indirect (Inductive) Approach:

When the reader or listener might react negatively to the message,

the main idea should not be presented in the first paragraph.

Need to begin with a buffer, give an explanation and then introduce

the main idea.



Chapter: Strategies for Effective Speaking and Successful

Inter Personal Communication

References: 1. Successful Public Speaking by Arina Nikitina (Book)

2. Communication & Interpersonal Relationship at Workplace by Dr. Syed Abdullah

Syed Othman (Workshop lecture)

Lecture prepared by

Md Nuruzzaman




Phone: +8801719456829



Effective Speaking

Public speaking

Public speaking is a process, an act and an art of making a speech

before an audience.

Effective Speaking

Personal Benefits of Public Speaking

1. Increased self-confidence

2. Improved communication skills

3. Increased organizational skills

4. Greater social influence

5. Enhanced ability to listen

6. Improved memory

7. Enhanced persuasion ability

8. Greater control over emotions and body language

Effective Speaking

Three Parts of Persuasion by Aristotle

Effective Speaking

Three Parts of Persuasion by Aristotle

1. Ethos (credibility of the speaker)

2. Logos (logic behind any conclusions drawn by a speaker)

3. Pathos (emotional appeal or ability to create connection between

the speaker and his audience)

Effective Speaking

Five steps of Eloquent Speech (Cicero)

1. Invention - development and refinement of the argument (finding

ways to persuade)

2. Arrangement - creation of the structure of a coherent argument

3. Style - the process of determining how to present an argument,

using rhetorical techniques and choosing the words that have the

greatest impact on the audience

4. Memory - the process of learning and memorizing the speech

while making it sound natural

5. Delivery - the process of making effective use of voice and body

language

Effective Speaking

The Three P’s of a Successful Speech

1. Preparation

2. Practice

3. Performance

Effective Speaking

Elements of Basic speech outline

1. Attention grabber

2. Introduction

3. Body

4. Conclusion

5. Call-to-action


Interpersonal communication

Interpersonal communication refers to the different types of verbal,

non-verbal and physical actions or expressions that people use when

they communicate with each other.

Components of Interpersonal Communication

1. Conversation

2. Listening

3. Body language

4. Environment

5. Self-appearance


Conversation

Simplify Your Message


Conversation

Give Other People The Chance To Talk


1. Conversation

Mention Their Names

Use Suitable Language

Tone Of Voice

Simplify Your Message

Give Other People The Chance To Talk And Do Not Control All

Try To Control From Telling Too Much About Yourself

Use Closed And Open Questions Properly

Suitability Of Topics To Talk


The Way to Converse

Be confident, cool and relaxed


The Way to Converse

Be yourself


The Way to Converse

Be assertive – do not let other people step on your head


The Way to Converse

Be confident, cool and relaxed

Be yourself – do not belittle yourself but at the same do not be

arrogant – must show respect to all parties

Be assertive – do not let other people step on your head

Give your opinion if you don’t agree – with full of diplomacy and

respect


LISTENING SKILLS

Look at the eyes and give attention


LISTENING SKILLS

Do not look at different direction


LISTENING SKILLS

Show your interest


LISTENING SKILLS

Do not interrupt


LISTENING SKILLS

➢ Look at the eyes and give attention But do not do it too close or too

long

➢ Show your interest and show that they are important

➢ Concentrate – do not let your mind wonder to other places. Do notlook at other places or do other things while listening to peopletalking to you

➢ Do not look at different direction

➢ Ensure that you really understand what you have just heard by

repeating what you have heard to him / her.

➢ Do not interrupt or try to finish his sentence while people aretalking to you. Wait until he or she finishes his or her sentences.22


BODY LANGUAGE

Smile


BODY LANGUAGE

Nod your head


BODY LANGUAGE

▪ PROPER BODY LANGUAGE

Smile or show happy face

Nod your head to show that you understand or agree or you are

following the conversation attentively.

Give space so that everyone can see each other’s face if you are

talking in a group.

▪ GOOD BODY LANGUAGE

“Mirroring” is you create the same body posture with those you

are talking to – if they are standing with one leg up, you do the

same, if they are holding cup, you do the same. This is called

mirroring.


BODY LANGUAGE

Avoid Yawning


BODY LANGUAGE

Avoid Drilling your nostrils


BODY LANGUAGE

Avoid Digging your ears


BODY LANGUAGE

Avoid from:

• Yawning,

• Scratching your head,

• Drilling your nostrils,

• Digging your ears, and all sort of inappropriate actions


ENVIRONMENT

Try to understand their mood


ENVIRONMENT

Suitability of topic


ENVIRONMENT

Suitable place


ENVIRONMENT

▪ Try to understand their mood (are they tired, have many

problems, after getting scolded from their boss, feeling sad,

mixed feeling etc.)

▪ Look at suitability of topic at that moment (talking about

marriage to women who haven’t got married, talking about child

birth with the couple who don’t have kids yet etc.)

▪ Find suitable place (e.g. quite, not many people around) for the

topic you want to discuss. To discuss multi-million dollar

business deal, must find a suitable place.

▪ Find suitable environment (cold, not smelly, refreshing, clean)


SELF APPEARANCE

The way you dress


SELF APPEARANCE

Body smell


SELF APPEARANCE

The way you dress

Cleanliness

Color of your dress

Ornaments

Body smell



Chapter: Job Application Process, Interviews and Follow

ups

Reference Book: 1. The handbook of communication skills

by Owen Hargie

2. The Balance Careers (Job Application Process)

3. The Balance Careers (Interview Follow ups)

Lecture prepared by

Md Nuruzzaman



https://www.thebalancecareers.com/job-application-process-2061600

https://www.thebalancecareers.com/how-to-follow-up-after-a-job-interview-2061333

Job Application Process

Steps in Job Application

1. Getting Resume Ready

2. Writing a Cover Letter

3. Submitting Job Applications

4. Job Application Screening

5. Employment Tests

6. Interview Process

7. Hiring Process

8. Job Offers

9. New Hire Paperwork


Resume

A resume is a document used by a person to present their

backgrounds and skills. Résumés can be used for a variety of

reasons, but most often they are used to secure new

employment.

A typical resume contains a summary of relevant job

experience and education. The résumé is usually one of the

first items, along with a cover letter and sometimes an

application for employment, which a potential employer sees

regarding the job seeker and is typically used to screen

applicants, often followed by an interview.


Cover Letter

A cover letter, covering letter, motivation letter,

motivational letter or a letter of motivation is a letter of

introduction attached to, or accompanying another

document such as a résumé or curriculum vitae

Job seekers frequently send a cover letter along with their

curriculum vitae or applications for employment as a way of

introducing themselves to potential employers and explaining

their suitability for the desired positions.

Job sites for Bangladesh

1. www.bdjobs.com

2. www.bdjobstoday.com


http://www.bdjobs.com/

http://www.bdjobstoday.com/

Interview for Jobs

Employment interview

It is a selection procedure designed to predict future job

performance on the basis of applicants’ oral responses to oral

enquiries

Interview for Jobs

Interview structure

It is any enhancement of the interview assisting the interviewer

in determining what questions to ask and how to evaluate

responses

Unstructured interviews

Unstructured interviews specify no standardization of

questioning sequence but rather delegate such control to the

interviewer’s discretion.

Interview for Jobs

Factors affecting employment decision in an interview

1. Personal characteristics

2. Personality

3. Physical appearance

4. Speech style and communication apprehension

Interview for Jobs

Impression management

According to Ralston and Kirkwood (1999, p. 191), ‘Whenever

we attempt to influence how others see us, we are engaging in

impression management.’

Self-presentation behavior

1. Assertive

2. Defensive

Interview for Jobs

Assertive Tactics of Self-presentation

1. Self-promotion: engaging in positive self-descriptions

about skills, knowledge, and abilities

2. Entitlements: exaggerating responsibility for positive life

experiences and achievements

3. Enhancements: giving an event pronounced value or

significance to enhance its importance

Interview Follow ups

Follow up strategies

• Sending a thank you letter or email message

• Sending a handwritten thank you note

• Promoting candidacy.

• Mentioning about what was forgotten to say?

• Cleaning up interview mistakes

• Proofreading follow up letters

• Follow-Up Phone Calls

Follow up E-mail/Thank Letter sample

Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name:

I sincerely enjoyed meeting with you yesterday and learning more about the Position at Employer.

Our conversation confirmed my interest in becoming part of Employer's staff. I was particularly pleased

at the prospect of being able to develop my own article ideas with the head of the bureau, and develop

my multi-media skills.

I feel confident that my experiences both in the workplace and in the classroom would enable me to fill

the job requirements effectively.

Please feel free to contact me if I can provide you with any further information. I look forward eagerly to

hearing from you, and thank you again for the courtesy you extended to me.

Sincerely,

Signature (hard copy letter)

Your Name

Interview Follow ups


Chapter: Introduction to the Code of Ethics for Engineers

Reference Book: Engineering Ethics: An Industrial Perspective by Gail D.

Baura

Lecture prepared by

Md Nuruzzaman



Credit also goes to Dr. Amar Fettani (IRKHS, IIUM, Malaysia)

Ethics

The philosophical science that deals with the rightness and

wrongness of human actions is known as Ethics.

It is a moral principal or set of moral values hold by an individual

or group.

Codes of conduct/ Code of Ethics

It is a set of guidelines for specific groups of professionals to help

them to perform their roles safeguarding professional ethics.

2

Code of Ethics for Engineers

Terms related to Ethics

Virtues

- The quality/practice of moral excellence or righteousness.

- Doing something right because it is the good thing to do.

Values

- Are matters/convictions that are worth striving for in general,

such as: happiness, justice, charity.

- Core beliefs that guide and motivate attitudes and actions


Terms related to Ethics

Norms

- Are rules that prescribe what actions are required, permitted or

forbidden.



Engineering ethics

Engineering ethics is the study of the moral values, issues, and decisions

involved in engineering practice.

Morality encompasses the first-order beliefs and practices about good

and evil by which we guide our behavior. Ethics is the second-order,

reflective consideration of our moral beliefs and practices

Objectives of the Code of Ethics

1. To establish professional standards that will protect and

enhance the concept, the image, the credibility and the

sustainability of Engineering.

2. Social and environmental commitment.

3. Establish and maintain standards for the Engineering

industry.

4. Quality of service.

5. Fair competition.

6. Quality of information.


Why is the Code of Ethics important to engineers?

1. It is a SYMBOL of Professionalism.

2. A BASIC qualifying requirement.

3. An EDGE in competition.

4. Ultimate BENEFIT of the profession

Adhering to the Code of Ethics, the engineering profession willbenefit in promoting its reputation, credibility and respect. Theresult: the engineering profession will maintain its attractivenessas a rewarding and respectable profession.


Scope

1- Integrity.

2- Competence.

3- Individual Responsibilities.

4- Professional Responsibilities.

5- Human Concerns.


Responsibilities of Engineers

Internal Responsibilities

1- Collegiality : Considered a “professional virtue”

- Four central elements:

– Respect: for colleagues, clients

– Commitment: to overall good

– Connectedness: to broader picture

– Cooperation: with the team




2- Loyalty.

- Agency loyalty (Owed, fulfil contractual duties, Do your

job and follow the rules) and Identification loyalty (More to

do with emotions, attitudes, and a sense of belonging).




3- Respect for authority.

- Authority is the right to have control over decision affecting the

interests of the employer and the business.

- Two kind of authority:

1– Institutional authority: associated with administrative position

2– Expert Authority: results from specialized knowledge




4- Collective bargaining:

A- Attack problems not people.

B- Build trust.

C- Start with discussion and analysis of interests, concerns, needs

not solutions.



External Responsibilities

1- Confidentiality

2- Reporting

3- Not committing occupational crimes (Embezzlement, Tax fraud,

Money Laundering, Altering records or cooking)

4- Conflict of Interests: situations where professionals have an

interest which, if pursued, might keep them from meeting their

obligations to their employers or clients. (Actual, Potential,

Apparent)


Rights of engineers

1. Rights of conscience.

2. Institutional recognition of moral rights.

3. Privacy.

4. Whistleblowing.

5. Non discrimination.

6. No harassment. (bullying, intimidating or offensive jokes ,displaying or circulating offensive pictures or materials, oroffensive or intimidating phone calls).

7. No preferential treatment.

8. Intellectual property.


Rights of engineers

9. The employer keeping to the contract of employment.

10. Working in a healthy and safe environment.

11. Being appropriately trained.

12. Joining a trade union or staff association.

13. Being allowed access to own personal employee record.

14. Rights against exploitation.

15. Freedom to choose outside activities.

16. Free speech.

17. Freedom of religion.


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