Chapter - Two

Inventory and Outline of Coastal Orissa

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The Orissa coast is 480 km long and extends from Balasore in the north to Ganjam in

the south (17° 48' -22°34'N to 81°24' -87°29'E). The diverse configuration,

topography and conditions found in the coastal plain of Orissa are due to its varied

physiographic features and dynamic coastal processes. Natural hazards have highly

influenced the land-use activities and human settlement in coastal Orissa. The coastal

natural systems in Orissa are essentially a prograding and depositional coast, endowed

with six major estuaries. The Mahanadi, Brahamani and Baitarni rivers have formed

large compound delta that define coastal region of Orissa. It is not only bestowed with

rich diversity but also accounts for 8% of the total coastlines of India. Mangroves and

sea grasses provide vital breeding, nursery and feeding areas for a number of marine

species which largely contribute towards the commercial fishery of the states. The

bountiful coastal area encompasses the unique Chilka lagoon (Asia's largest brackish

water lagoons) and Bhitrarkanika (India's second largest mangrove forest) one of

richest and diverse mangrove ecosystems endowed with largest rookery of Olive

Ridely (beach at Garirmata), and is the largest repository of estuarine crocodiles.

The Orissa coast, in general aligns oblique to prevailing winds and waves that

generate strong northerly littoral current. This coastal plain has been formed from

older alluvium as well as newer alluvium of recent origin. The entire eastern limit

consists of a monotonous plain with landforms formed by fluvial, fluvio-marine,

aeolian and marine processes. The along shore sand transported in Orissa compares

to the highest transport rates in the world, withiri order of 1 million cubic meter of

sand transported per year to north of Paradip (Govt of Orissa, 1974). Tidal variation

is less than 2 meters and the coastal features are wave dominated in the southern part

of the Orissa coast (south of Mahanadi river). As a result, geomorphic features such as

Barrier Island, spits, coastal lagoons, beach ridges and swales have formed in this part

of the coast. Natural land features of the make this perfect system for irrigation and

drainage. Soils are very fertile and are of very high agricultural value. Because of rich ----~-.-.-.----.

30 I Page

agricultural and economic conditions, the coastal region of Orissa is thickly populated

(density 300-500 person per km2). The region is also most developed part of the state

of Orissa, supporting 36% of the total population and 43% of urban population

(Mohanty et. aI., 2008). Due to the river systems, it contains the fertile soil and is

best known as the "Rice Bowl" of the State. The objective of this chapter is to

document the dynamics and configuration of coastal system of Orissa. It also tries to

asses the economic damage caused by natural hazards and the need for Integrated

Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) for coastal Orissa.

2.2 DATA BASE AND METHODOLOGY

The required data and basic information on coastal natural system features of Orissa

were collected from direct field survey using DGPS. The changes were monitored

through observations and secondary data (LISS, TM, ETM, toposheets and physical

maps). Digital image analysis of the above data was accompanished using PC-based

image analysis through ESRI ARCGIS 9.2 and Erdas 8.7 software. Analysis in this

chapter is mainly descriptive along with presentations.

2.3 PHYSIOGRAPHY

Physiography of coastal plains, including the river deltas have been studied earlier by

several researchers such as Niyogi (1970, 1975), Sinha (1971, 1981, 1999) Rao et al

(1978), Mahalik (1984) and Mahalik et al(1996); The physiographic province

embraces the combined six deltas in which the rivers have failed to develop true

deltaic characteristics (as far as shape is concerned) because of the strong offshore

current which moves from Chennai to Andhra coast and passes further to Orissa coast.

In order of contribution of the rivers to the formation of coastal deltaic plain in Orissa

are the Mahanadi, the Brahamani and the Baitarni, besides the flood plains of the

Subarnekha, the Budhabalanga and the Rushikulya. These are divided into five plain

sections. i.e. a) Balasore coastal plain and Baripada coastal plains which are partly

erosional and partly aggredational, b) the Bhadrak plain, an alluvial plain formed by

the Baitarni and the Salandi, c) the Chilika plain adjoining the Chilika lake, d) the

narrow Ganjam coastal plain which appears to be on the erosional surface merging

eastwards imperceptibly within a narrow belt of marshy land, e) the sand dunes near .-.-.------------ .... _-- --_._._----_._---_. __ .... _ .. _--_ ... _._._---_ .... __ . __ ._. __ .. - ".--------- _ .. __ .. _ ...... _---" ..... _-- .... _-_.- _. - - - -- -- ----- -.. - --

31 I Page

the sea shore. Hence the Orissa coastal plain can be demarcated as area lying between

the shore and eastern limits of the Eastern Ghats. Considering the location, the

situation of the apex of the delta heads of the rivers, the geology and geomorphology

of the area, 20 meters contour line can be conveniently accepted as the western limit

of the Orissa Coastal plain. It runs nearly parallel to the coast except a few westwards

inverted 'v' shaped penetrations along the river valleys with a width varying from 50

to 100 kilometres. The western boundary of the coastal plain has been suitably

adjusted to the administrative boundary of units which are prone to natural hazards

from the sea (Figure 2.1).

-----_ .. _----_._-------------32 I Page

~ O'O"E

2" 30'0"14

2" 0'0"14

20 30'0"'"

20 0'0"'"

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~ 'O'O"E ~ )O'O''E 85 O'O"E 85 )0'0"'; 911 )O'O"E 87 O'O''E 87 30'O"E

Figure 2,1 Location map of coastal districts of Orissa

2.4 GEOMORPHOLOGY

The study area consists of vast plains made of Tertiary and Quaternary sediments

deposited under fluvial, sea marginal, marine and aeolian environment. The various

features observed are: wide extensive alluvial flood plains, natural levees, paleo­

channels, active channels, recent and paleo-beach and beach ridges, tidal fiats,

mangrove swamps, spit bars and lakes (Mahalik, 1984). The river systems that carry

the sediments into the coastal depression are Subernekha, Bhudhaba1ang, Sa1anadi,

Baitami, Brahmani, Mahanadi and Rushiku1ya formed an extensive delta (Rao et al

1978). The area covered by different geomorphic features along the Orissa coastal

plains studied by the Space Application Centre (1992) is shown in Figure 2.2 .. The

main features found in Orissa coast are microtidal, monsoonal and wave dominated to

mixed energy wave-tide dominated landforms. Mahalik (1996) divided the coastal

plain into four different geomorphic belt based on satellite images and aerial

photographs (Figure 2.3).

The four different geomorphic belts are as follows:

1. The lateritic upland with isolated hillocks: The lateritic uplands consist of

older rock formations and are well developed along the western margins of the

delta. Some of the isolated hillocks are known for their archaeological relics

e.g. Dhauli hills, Khandagiri, Udayagiri (all in Khurda district) and Ratnagiri,

Lalitgiri, Languri hills (all in Jajpur district).

2. The upper deltaic plain: It has its presence to the east of lateritic uplands

having a limited development. It is well developed in Korai and Jajpur Road

area. It is a featureless dry plain.

3. The mid deltaic plain: This belt IS extensive and well developed. The

characteristic and geomorphic features of this plain are bifurcating system of

ancient and recent meandering belts and natural levees. Some of the important

ancient distributaries systems are Subernekha, Burdha, Alaka, Prachi and

Ratnachira, while present one are Kathjodi, Kuakhai, Debi, Paika, Chitrotpala,

Nuna and Birupa. The overall drainage pattern is radial and parallel. River

34 I Page

~

~

~

+

~

~

~

levees are higher reliefs, and suitable sites for extensive human settlement and

canal and road alignment.

4. The lower deltaic plain: Geomorphic belt forms a continuous plain running

parallel to coast and lies adjacent to the present day shore line. The boundary

between lower deltaic plain and mid deltaic plain is sharp and well delineated

line interpreted from satellite imagery.

Total Area (5033.64 km2) .. ..

High tidaVSupratidal mud ~

Dense mangrove -1 Flood-prone area (530.1)

I flats (56.6) (l08.5)

Intertidal mudflats ~ Sparse mangrove --+ Ox-bow Lake Salt pans

(74.6) (84.4) (5.3) (14.4)

~ I Other vegetation Point bar (11.1)

4 Subtidal mudflats

(143.3)

(120.1) -1 Meander scar (18.4)

I Lagoon

Sandy Beach (790) f4 -1 Paleo-mud flat (2405.2)

I (120.3)

Other water bodies (7.7) foil -+ Coastal dunes (64.7)

I Bars (Barrier

islands/mouth bar (31.6) -1 Paleo-channel (19.4)

J

Beach ridges/swale -1 Abandoned channel (12.5) I (75.1)

.~ Paleo-beach ridge (332.6) I Tidal flats

(34.7)

Figure 2.2 Area (km2) coastal features along the Orissa coast (complied from SAC, 1992 & Mohanty et aI, 20(8)

•••• _ •••• _ •• ____ •••• ___ ••• - _. • ••• __ •• - _._._. _____ H •••••••• _._. __ ._ ••• ____ •• _ ••••• __ ••• __ ._ ••••• _ ••• __ •••••• _. __ ••• ___ •• _______ • __

35 I Page

21 30'O"N

?O 10'O"N

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0510 20 30 40

!'It."A-~ KUometers

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N

A

Lateritic Upland

Upper and Mid-Deltaic Plain

c:J Lower Deltaic Plain

~I WO"lf

210'O"H

20 WO"N

20 O'O"U

19 W'O"tf

Water Bodies ~

l' 19 O'O"H

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~ )o"O"E 85 01)"E 85 30"0"(: $I, O'O"E !Jj, )o"O"E 87 O'O"E 87 30"0"E 8S O'O"E

Figure 2.3 Geomorphic division in coastal zone of Orissa (complied from Mahalik, 1984)

This plain contains the river mouths which have orientations parallel to the coast.

Most of the tidal channels are also oriented parallel to the coastline. The present

deltaic front is characterized by development of prominent spits, offshore bars and

islands which are gradually accredited to the land and add to the areas of the younger

deltaic plain and delta itself. The mouths of the rivers have changed their positions

with time as clearly observed around Mahanadi and Debi mouth. Spits and bars have

enclosed bodies of water separating these from the sea giving rise to host of lakes at

different times, some are dead and buried while other are in different stage of

evolution. There had been lakes around Pottamundei and Ersama which are already

obscure. The Sar Lake is almost dead. The existing lakes are Chilka, latadharmuhan

and Hukitola. This sector corresponds to the coastal saline tracts and is not suitable

for agriculture. The areas of human interest in this tract of delta are Puri and Konark

temples in vast beach sand, temples in sand dunes (Bali Harchandi), Bhittar Kanika, a

famous tidal swamp with mangrove forest, Gahairmatha beach, famous for the Olive

Ridely tortoise and the famous Chilka Lake, a centre of attraction for the tourists.

2.5 GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS

The coastal plains of Orissa are predominantly occupied by the Tertiary and recent

alluvium. Patches of Archaen Gneiss and sandstone of the Gondwana periods are

found along the western margin of the coastal plains (Wadia, 1970). Ancient

crystalline rocks, in particular, the khondolites occur as isolated peaks within and at

rims of the Mahanadi delta. These . are seen in . the north-west in Lalitgiri hill,

Haridihipahar, Alamagiripahar, laluka hill, Chhatia hills and Mahabinyak Hills; on

the south-west at Dhauligiri, Rengal hills and Kumondal hill. Most of the basement is

made up of the Archaean crystalline as found in many bore-holes drilled for the

ground water development (GSI, 1985). The western boundary of the northern coastal

plain in Mayurbhanj district coincides with patches of Dharwarian rocks. The

Khandlites and Charnokite rocks occur along with patches of laterite in NE-SW trend

along the Eastern Ghats mountain range, lying just on the western flank of the

Chilka lake. Next in the age are upper Gondwana sedimentary rocks found

extensively in delta head, and to its north and south. These are represented by red

sandstones (locally called as "Athagarh Sandstones") and shales in the form of . __ ._. __ . __ .. _---_._-_ .. _----_._-_._. __ ._-_ ..•. _--_. 37 I Page

hillocks. The Oligocene and lower Miocene deposits occur in the beds of

Budhabalanga river south of the Baripada town. These are mostly estuarine and

marine sediments hidden beneath, and are seen only in bore holes underlying the

recent deltaic sediments. The rock includes a group of fossiliferous limestone, sand­

stones and clays. Similar deposits have also been located in the "Samagara Pata and

Sar Lake" area, north of Puri town. Laterite is an important lithology, extensively

found along the western margin of the coastal plain from the north to south. It is

formed from both the Eastern Ghat Crystalline rocks as well as from the Gondwana

sedimentary rocks by the gradual process of weathering and leaching under the

prevailing conditions of the tropical climate. These laterites may be of Middle to

Upper Pleistocene age (Niyogi, 1970, 1975). The stratigraphy of the lithologic

formation observed in the coastal plain is presented in the Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Stratigraphy of Orissa coastal plain

Lithostratigraphy Lithology Age

Debi formation & Paradip Younger Alluvium, Sand, Silt& Recent & Late Holocene,

formations Clay 10,000 years

Prachi Formations & Erasama Older Alluvium, Sand silt, clay

Formations

Khurda formations Laterites Middle to upper Pleistocene

Miocene to Mio-Pliocene

Baripada beds Marine and Estuarine sediments

10 - 25 m. years

Athgarh Formations Sand stone, shale, Fire Clay Upper Jurassic 200 m. years

Khondalites, Charnokites, Archean, 2000 - 3200 m. Eastern Ghat Group

Gneisses Amphibolites years

Source: Delta Development Plan, Vol. IV, I & P, Dept., (1985), Orissa, Bhubaneswar.

38 I Page

Deltaic riverine sediments have been deposited spanning the entire Holocene period

overlying all the above lithologic types (I & P, 1985). These are further classified into

older and younger alluvium. Extensive sand deposits in form of ridges have been

evolved by the strong south-west winds.

Structure of the basement of the coastal tract is highly obscured by the thick

alluvial sediments deposited by the rivers. However, some information has been

complied for the basement of this relief from the bore-holes of the Central Ground

Water Board. Recent findings using seismic survey in the Mahanadi Delta reveals that

there are coastal depressions in the Mahanadi Delta where the depth of sediments vary

from 1000 to 2500 meters, and the basement crystallines are found below the deltaic

alluvium with an uneven topography. Presence of fossilferous limestone and fossil

shells in the northern section of the coastal plain in Balasore district indicates former

existence of marine environment much in land. Extreme thickness of sediment is piled

up in this section probably indicates that the basin is sinking with the thick sediment

over burden. Present process of land reclamations and formation of muddy coast zone

in Subhamamekha and Budhabalanga sectors provide evidence of the thick sediment

accumulation by rivers, and northward moving littoral drift in the northern part of the

coastal plain.

2.6 SOIL TYPES

The soil characteristics of the region is determined by relief, vegetation, parent rock

material, nature and the characteristics of the erosional activity in the region and

various soil forming process. Broadly, the coastal plain can be put under alluvial soil

but depending on the age of formation, composition and texture, the soil of the coastal

plain are grouped into five major categories, i.e., the aeolian soil, saline soil, alluvial

soil, lateritic soil and black soil.

The aeolian and sandy soils normally occur along the coast from Gopalpur in

the south to Dhamra mouth in the north, along a narrow inland stretch of about 5

kilometres from the shore. The deposition of wind blown sand is a characteristic

feature of the region in the form of longitudinal sand dunes fonned under the

influence of the' so'utherly· wirids. The aeolian soils are norma11y associated with beach

39 I Page

ridges and sand dunes which are under afforested casuarinas and cashew-nut

plantations. The belt of sand dunes and aeolian soil gradually merge west ward with

alluvium into the saline soil. This belt extends all along the coast with an average

width of 10 to 15 kilometres from the aeolian belt. This zone of saline soil coincides

with the belt of estuaries and creeks, belt of ill-drained areas and swamps across

which sea ~ater intrusion takes place during the high tide, turning the soil saline. This

zone is little wider in the Mahanadi-Dhamra sector where the tidal inundations

penetrates much inland across the inlets and tidal creeks from the shore.

The alluvial soil extends over the greater part of the coastal plain. It consists of

coastal alluvium along the coast under the fluvial and marine activity and riverine

alluvium occurring along the flood plains of the river. In terms of age of origin, the

new alluvium extends 20 to 25 kilometres inland to the coast. The old alluvium occurs

to the west of this belt in higher grounds and levees adjacent to head-ward region of

the coastal plain. The lateritic soil is found along the western margin of the region as

residual product of the decomposed igneous rocks of the Eastern Ghats in Cuttack,

Puri and Ganjam districts. Black soil occurs in small patches to the west of the Chilka

Lake with lime, magnesium and alumina content. It has originated from the

weathering of basic igneous rocks. However, depending on the clay continent of the

soil, the soil of the coastal region has been given local name like Matal (stiff clay),

Chikita (strong clay), Dorsha (mixture of sand and clay), Balia (sandy), Patu (silty

clay or loamy soil), Pankua (sandy clay with decayed organic matter) and Khari soil

(saline).

2.7 GROUND WATER CONDITIONS AND WATER TABLE

The soil and the sub-soil condition of an area determine the nature and characteristics

of the seepage contributing to the ground-water availability and the depth of water

table. Normally a high water table during the heavy rain and flood stage of the rivers

create adverse conditions of water logging and drainage congestions. The extensive

alluvial tracts of the Orissa coastal plain get sufficient surface runoff from the local

rain as well as from the contributing channels. The sub-soil in this coastal and deltaic

area is characterized by the presence of the unconsolidated sediments down to

considerable depths. The thickness of the alluvium varies from 50 meters in the --_._---- .. __ ._--_ .. _------- ... _.-_._._---._--.. _-_._-----------_. 40 I Page

regions close to the erosional plain of the western margin to 1,000 meters approaching

the coast. These formations are soft, porous and unconsolidated. The geo-hydrological

study of the ground water resource of the Lift Irrigation Department has revealed that

the unconsolidated sediment include four to six layers of the granular zone occurring

at different depths from the ground level and holds the charge of surface water (Lift

Irrigation Deptt., 1995).

Greater part of the coastal plain is in water table depth ranging from of 2 m to

4 m during pre-monsoon period. During the rainy season, the water table approaches

the ground surface and remains within 1 m depth, but in low lying areas, the water

table rises above the ground level. Such high water table in the coastal plain is due to

the good net work of the deltaic rivers and the distributaries which bring sufficient

flow of fresh water. The low-lying areas are mostly the swamps which also contribute

towards the recharge.

The study areas represent a very interesting geological set-up compnsmg

mostly of the Holocene sediments with hillocks of Pre-Cambrians metamorphic. The

western boundary of sedimentary horizons is mostly represented by rocks outcrops of

the Eastern Ghats and the Gondwanas. Most of the study area contains a thick cover

of Holocene sediments of fluvial, marine, lacustrine and aeolian types and hence,

surface geological features have been completely obscured. Absence of the

Pleistocene rock exposure has resulted due to the Holocene on overlap due to marine

transgression.

2.8 TIDAL EFFECT

The coastal tracts of Orissa are exposed to impact of astronomical tides. Abnormally

high tides are called storm surges. The astronomical tide generally increases in height

as one proceeds from south to north in Orissa coast. At Chennai the rise is 0.9 m,

whereas it is 2 m in Paradip, which further increases to 3.7 to 4 meters in Hoogly. The

tidal swells enter through the estuarine rivers, drains, tidal creeks, lagoons, swamps

and tidal flats wherever connected with the sea. Tidal section of major rivers and their

distributaries in coastal Orissa extend to an average distance of 30 to 35 kilometres

upstream of the mouths. However, these tidal sections vary as per their shape, depth

41 I Page

of channel and extension of sand bars along the river mouths. In the coastal plain,

tidal bores enter into Brahmani up to 90 kilometres upstream. Mahanadi is tidal for

about 35 kilometres whereas Devi, a distributary of Mahanadi is tidal for 45

kilometres.

Tidal water propagates into the rivers and estuaries in the lower reaches.

Specifically during the rainy and monsoon season, the tidal swell at river mouth act as

barrier, reduces the flood slope and hence prolongs the duration of floods. With the

onset of Southwest Monsoon, the sea becomes rough and storms produce high tides

and surges. Normally, the high floods in coastal plain are associated with the passage

of cyclonic storms from Bay of Bengal. The storm surge are generated off-shore by

difference in barometric pressure, superimposed on astronomical tides and lead to

very high sea level and inundates coastal plains:· The conditions become devastating

when the river flood coincides with storm surges. The high tides not only prolong

flood durations, but also create drainage congestion with filling of the low 'pat' lands,

swamps and marshes adjacent to the coast. Beside this, the tides during the summer

and winter months, under certain favourable conditions tend to form bars at the

mouth, depositing the suspended materials which prevent the flood water disposal and

create ideal conditions for the rising of the river bed.

2.9 ACTIVE RIVER CHANNELS AND DISTRIBUTARIES SYSTEM

As mentioned earlier the coastal plain is drained by rivers such as the Mahanadi, Brahmani,

Baitarni, Budhabalanga,Subarnarekha,. Rushikulya and. many other smaller streams along

their distributaries (Samal, et ai, 1988). This region has evolved due combination of several

deltas of varied sizes and shapes, formed by the major rivers of Orissa. Therefore, the coastal

plain of Orissa is called the "Hexadeltaic region" or the "Gift of Six Rivers" (Mohanty et. ai,

2008). It stretches along the coast of the Bay of Bengal having the maximum width in the

Middle Coastal Plain (the Mahanadi Delta), narrow in the Northern Coastal Plain (Balasore

Plain) and narrowest in the Southern Coastal Plain (Ganjam Plain). The North Coastal Plain

comprises the deltas of the Subarnarekha and the Budhabalanga rivers and bears evidences of

marine transgressions. The Middle Coastal Plain is comprised of the compound deltas of the

Baitarni, Brahmani and Mahanadi rivers and bears evidences of past 'back bays' and present

lakes. The South Coastal Plain comprises the lacustrine plain of Chilka lake and the smaller

delta of the Rushikulya River.

42 IPage

2.9/ The Mahanadi

It is the largest river of Orissa, and the sixth largest river of India. It originates from

the Amarkantak hills of the Bastar Plateau in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh. It is

about 857 kilometres long (494 kilometres in Orissa) and with catchment area spreads

over 141,600 km2 (65,580 km2 in Orissa). The river carries on an average about

92,600 million m3 of water annually.

2.9// The Brahmani

It is the second largest river in Orissa. It originates as two major rivers i.e. Sankh and

Koel from the Chhotanagpur Plateau of lharkhand and both confluence at Veda Vyasa

near Rourkela of Sundargarh district of Orissa forming the main River Brahmani. It

flows through the Easter Ghats in Sundargarh, Kendujhar, Dhenkanal, Cuttack and

Jajpur districts and enters into the Bay of Bengal through a combined mouth of

Mahanadi known as Dhamra. The Brahmani is 799 kilometres long (541 kilometres in

Orissa) and with a catchment area spread over 39,033 km2 in Orissa.

2.9/// The Baitarni

It originates from the Gonasika hills of the Keonjhar district and 365 kilometres long

with a catchment area spread over 12,790 km2• It enters into the Bay of Bengal after

joining of the Brahmani at Dharma mouth near Chandabali Subarnrekha.

2.9/V The Subarnarekha

It originates from the Chhotnagpur plateau of Jharkhand. It is 433 kilometres (70

kilometres in Orissa) and has a catchment area of 19,500 kilometres (3,200 kilometres

in Orissa) with a mean annual flow of 7,900 million m3 discharge.

2.9V The Budhabalanga

It originates from the eastern slopes of the Similipala massif. It is about 175

kilometres long having a t~tal catchm~nt area. ~f 4840 krrl2 with an annual flow of

2177 million m3. Its other tributaries are the Sone, Gangadhar, Catra etc.

43 I Page

2.9VI The Rushikulya

It originates from the Rushyamala hills of the Eastern Ghats in Phulbani district. It is

165 kilometres long with 8900 km2 of catchment areas. Its tributaries are the Baghua

the Dhanei Badanadi etc. It has no delta at its mouth.

2.9VII The Bahuda

It originates from the Ramgiri hills of the Eastern Ghats in Gajapati districts and joins

the bay of Bengal in Andhra Pradesh. Its length is 73 kilometres long and having a

catchment area of 1250 km2.

2.10 CLIMATE:

The climate in coastal Orissa is mostly mega thermal type in the thermal regime. In -

the moisture regime, the climate is either moist sub humid or dry sub-humid type.

There are four seasons experienced in Orissa; winter (December to February),

summer (March to June), rainy season (June to September), and autumn (October to

November). The rainfall in coastal districts of Orissa is mostly contributed by the

monsoon depressions during the south west monsoon season (June-September) and

due to cyclonic storms during the post monsoon (October-November). It is recorded

that mean annual rainfall in coastal region of Orissa is 150 cm, whereas mean annual

rainfall for India is 120 cm, and 80 cm for rest part of the world. The maximum

rainfall occurs between July to October. The co-efficient of variation of annual

rainfall is 20%. Annual evaporation over Orissa is 200. The mean daily temperature

recorded is 15°C (January) whereas the mean maximum temperature is 35°C (May).

Moderate wind with mean daily speed of 10 kph (January) to 20 kph (July) is

common. The effect of sea is well pronounced in this region. During a cyclone, the

storm surges are effective in shaping the landforms. On an average, the area

experience 60 thunderstorms annually. There are regular occurrence of cyclone and

floods.

44 I Page

2.11 COASTAL ECOSYSTEM

Coastal zone ecosystem is an important area for biological and economic productivity,

storm protection and erosion control at the same time they are fragile in nature. The

coastal Orissa is endowed with many coastal zone ecosystems, such as estuaries,

coastal lagoons, mangrove forests, largest rookery of Olive Ridley and largest

repository of estuarine crocodiles. In addition, mineral resources of the beach, fishing

harbours and the port also constitute an important component of coastal ecosystem of

Orissa. Their productivities are crucial to local, regional and global environment.

These coastal ecosystems are under severe stress from economic development, rapid

population growth, urbanization and migration of Bangladeshi to the coastal area. The

sign of deterioration is already sensed which has resulted adve:rse impact on

ecological functions.

2.12 ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS OF ORISSA COAST

The ecologically sensitive areas and areas of extraordinary natural beauty are included

under CZM- I, where no activity is allowed. Management plans for these areas could

be prepared by scientific institutions which would be then approved by the NCZMA.

Necessary guidelines for the purpose of planning and managing these areas shall be

the addressed by NCZMA. The approved plan could then be implemented by the

concerned StatelUT authorities. Such a· management strategy would ensure the

sustainable development and management of coastal environment. The Institute for

Ocean Management has identified the following sites under the category of

ecologically sensitive areas (Table 2.2).

Table 2.2 Ecologically sensitive coastal areas identified in Orissa coast (10M, 2002)

District Site Ecological Importance Geographic Area in Location kml

Ganjam and Chilka Lake Lagoon 19° 28'-19° 54'N 1165 Puri 85 °05'- 85 38'E

Balukhand Reserve forest, Breeding and 19° 49-19° SO'N 9.32 spawning ground for reptiles 85° 51-85° OO'E

including turtles. Kendrapara Rushikulya Estuary, Breeding and spawning 19° 22'-19° 24'N ---

ground forreptiles incl\lcJing twtles. 85° 02'-85° 05'E Bhitarkanika Mangroves, Breeding and spawning 200 4'-20° 8N 267.14

ground of reptiles. 86° 45'-87° 50'E

45 I Page

2.121 Chilka Lake

Chilka lake is one of the ecologically and socio-economically important wetlands in

Orissa, located at 19° 28'-19° 54'N and 85° 05'-85° 38'E, that extends from the

southeast comer of Puri District to Ganjam. It is connected to the Bay of Bengal

through a system of channel and receives drainage from streams like Herachandi,

Bhargari, Nun Daya and Makra which from hills (Eastern Ghats). The lake covers an

area ranging between 1165 km2 (maximum) during the rainy season and gradually

shrinks to 906 km2 (minimum) during summer. The lake is shallow and the depth

ranges from 50 cm to 3.7 m. The water spread of the lagoon has been reduced to 790

km2 in 1986 as compared to 871 km2 in 1973 as estimated by the remote sensing data

(Mohanty et aI, 2008). Salinity in the northern and southern sectors range between

0.21-4.72 and 8.4-18.5 ppt., respectively. This wetland has variety of ecologically

important features such as lake water body, mangroves, tidal flat, sand bar etc. The

area of important wetland classes in Chilka Lake has been described in Table 2.3

Table 2.3 Wetland classes and Arial extent of Chilka Lake.

1165 1.48 I 1.30

Lake in kml Mangrove in kml .. Tidal flat in kml

Similar to other coastal lagoons, siltation is the most threatening factor in the Chilka

Lake. Silting in the lake has reduced its area from 906 km2 to about 800 km2 since

1992, and the average depth has dropped from 2.4m to less than ] .5m. The reason for

its rapid siltation may be the deforestation in the nearby hills which causes more

surface runoff and soil erosion. Weed growth (eutrophication) in the lake is profuse

and on additional damaging factor for the lake. The northern sector of the lake is

seriously affected by the dense growth of species like Potamogeton, Najas, Halophila,

etc. Industrial growth along the western part of the lake is also serious threat to the

sensitiveness of the lake. Boats used for transportation and fishing damage the bottom

habit of the lake. Insecticides and fertilizers used for intensive agriculture cause

significant threat to this lake environment.

46 I Page

2.12// Balikuda

The Balukhand Wild Life Sanctuary (established in 1935) located between 19° 49'-

19° 50'N and 85° 51 '-85° E, is situated in Puri district. The physical features of this

sanctuary commence from the coastal region and consist mainly of a plain sandy area.

This sanctuary has an area of 9.33 km2, which has a significant importance to growth

of reptiles' population. Since the forest bordered with the beach, 6 species of turtles

use the shore as a breeding ground. The inner forest is a suitable habitat for migratory

and resident birds, and also roosting place for wetland birds. The northern side of the

Balukhand forest has the Nunani estuary, which contains ecologically important

biological organisms. Threats to the ecologically important area are very meagre due

to the protection measures undertaken by the local government since pre-industrial

era.

2.12/// Rushikulya Estuary:

Rushikulya is one of the most important estuaries of Orissa. Geographically it located

between 19° 22'-19° 24'N Latitudes and 85° 02'-85° 05'E Longitudes which debouch

into Bay of Bengal near Ganjam. This estuary has a depth of 3.2 m and it is

influenced by the semi-diurnal tide. Nutrient supply in the estuary is mainly from

freshwater flow. The annual cycle of silicate exhibits a uni- modal oscillation with

peaks and falls during the monsoon and the pre-monsoon season respectively. The

concentration of silicate ranges from 4.12 to 191.86 11 gil (CGWB Report, 20(2).

2. 12/V Bhitarkanika:

Geographically, Bhitarkanika is located between 2004'-2008'N Latitudes and 86°45'-

87° 50' Longitudes. It is the second largest mangrove ecosystem of India which has a

great significance with regard to ecological, geomorphologic and biological

background that includes mangrove forests, rivers, creeks, estuaries, backwater,

accreted land and mud flats. Table 2.4 shows the areas of various wetland classes in

Bhitarkanika. Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem flourishes in the deltaic regIOn,

formed by rich alluvial deposits of Brahmani, Baitami & the Dhamra River.

47 I Page

Table 2.4 Various wetland classes and aerial extent of Bhitarkanika.

Mangrove in kml Mud flat in Sandy area in Coastal Plantation in kml

kmz kmz

267.14 57.87 23.25 9.43

About 145 km2 have been notified as the Bhitarkanika National Park vide Notification

No.196861F & E dated 16.9.1998 of Forests & Environment Department, Govt. of

Orissa. Bhitarkanika National Park is the core area of Bhitarkanika Sanctuary, which

was declared vide notification No.69581FF AH Dtd. 22.04.1975 over an area of 650

km2• The sanctuary comprises of mangrove forests, meandering rivers, ilmumerable

criss-crossed tidal inundated creeks provide shelter to the endangered estuarine

Crocodile (Crocodile porosus). Besides estuarine Crocodile, the sanctuary is rich in

other reptiles, birds and mammalian population. These mangrove forests are good

habitat for King Cobra, Indian Python and Water Monitor Lizard.

2.13 FOREST

The diverse topography and variable climate of Orissa has helped in the growth of

rich and varied flora. Orissa is one of the thickly forested states in India. Though

designated forest area of the state (68,150 km2) was 43 % of total land area, the actual

forest cover now accounts for- only 25% of total- geographical area of the state. The

distributions of forests within the state are uneven. The coastal region of the state has

a limited forest cover i.e. mainly littoral and swamp forests. The vast expanse of

coastal plains is either devoid of forest or bears only scrub vegetation.

The forest of Coastal Orissa broadly fall under five out of sixteen group differentiated

by Champion & Seth, (1968).

1. Tropical Semi Evergreen Forest

2. Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest

3. Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest

4. Sub - tropical Broad leave Hill Forest

5. Littoral and Swamp Forest

48 IPage

2.14 MANGROVE FORESTS

Mangroves are salt-tolerant forest ecosystems of tropical and subtropical inter-tidal

regions which typically occur on sheltered flats between high and low tide level areas

(shown in plate 2.1 A & B). The mangroves forests in tropical and subtropical region

are degraded and not in good productive conditions (Sorensen, 2002). Mangroves

forest show distinct zonations, characterized by particular species of plants. Theses

zones contain specific physio-chemical environment and related physio-chemical

genera which are dependent on the extent and frequency of inundation during high

tides, salinity and soil characteristics. Mixing of fresh water and sea water are

important factor controlling salinity and ultimately the vegetation composition.

Currents also play an important role in the distributions of seeds, seedlings and plant

parts. Mangroves stabilize the coastal shoreline; render some protection to the

landmass from tidal surges, cyclonic storms and strong winds. The mangrove

vegetations along Orissa coast are especially important because the coastal ecosystem

supports the largest number of mangrove species in India (Banerjee, 1987). The

mangrove forest are mostly found in Kendrapada, Jagatsighpur, Bhadrak and Balasore

coast (Government of Orissa, 1974).The Mahanadi-Brahamani-Baitami delta

complex mangrove vegetation on the coast is considered to be the second largest in

country and unique for its diversity. This plant comrimnity is now experiencing a high

degree of hazards and devastation to their habitats besides the operation of pestilent

biotic factors (plate 2.2 & 2.4). The rate of depletion of mangrove forest is very fast.

According to an estimate by Samal and Pattanaik (1989), there is a depletion of 20

km2 of mangrove forest over a period of one decade. The mangroves of Orissa were

restricted to an area of 150 km2 as per the estimate given in status report 'Mangroves

in India, 1980'. This figure is pertinent to mangroves of Mahanadi Delta only since a

Remote Sensing Survey Report conducted in 1984 indicated the existence of 214.58

km2 of mangroves forest in the state of Orissa. However, the mangroves in coastal

tracts of Balasore, Puri and Ganjam districts are in highly degraded form and often

ignored. Dash et al. (1994) reported that the mangrove vegetation in Orissa decreased - ", , ... -

from 234 km2 to 199.19 km2 from 1975 to 1993. Sixth and seventh assessment reports

of Forest Survey of India indicate a slight increase in mangrove areas as shown in

Table 2.5 (FSI, 1999).

49 I Page

Table 2.5 Mangrove cover estimate in Orissa from 1997 to 1999 (FSI, 1999)

District wise Mangrove

Data Resolution of cover % of Orissa

Assessment Year Period the sensors (m)

(Km2) Geographkal area

Jagatsinghpur (10) Kendrapada (181)

Sixth 1997 1993-1995 36.25 Bhadrak (17) 0.l35 Balasore (3) Total (211)

Jagatsinghpur (10) Kendrapada (184)

Seventh 1995 1995-97 23.25 Bhadrak (18) 0.138 Balasore (3) Total (215)

50 I Page

Palte 2.1 A & B Mangrove forests found along Orissa coast.

Plate 2.2 Estuarine Crocodile (Bhitarkanika Area) . Plate 2.3 Deforestation of Mangrove forests along Bhitarkanika.

2.15 Olive Ridley Sea Turtle

The Olive Ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys o/imcea) come to Orissa coas for mass

nesting. The nesting of Olive Ridleys are found along the sand spits of river mouths of

Subarnekha, Budhabalanga, Dhamra, Maipura, Baunshagarh, Hansll:l, (iobari,

Kushabhadra. Kadua, Prachi. Devi and Rushikulaya (plate 2.4 /\&B). Th( stretch of

beach between Ekakulanashi and Gahiramatha coast is the largest rook'~ry of the

v;orld. with annual nesting of 100,000 to 600. 000 turtles in a peak year I Dash and

Kar, 1990). There is significant reduction in mass nesting at Gahirmatha beach due to

cyclonic storms and beach erosion. The mass nesting at rookery near Devi mouth has

been altered significantly by casurinal plantations (pandav et aI., t 91)8). Olive

Ridleys usually mate betv .. een October to February. v,'hen they congretate in the

shallO\v coastal waters for prolonged periods. making them vulnerable to 'he fishing

nets and propellers of the trawlers (plate 2.7 A&B). The other threats to sea turtles

are: loss of mangrove forest, modification of nesting beaches. gill net~, used for

fishing. strong illuminaticl!1 around nesting beaches, large scale vessel movement in

congregation zone severely disturb mating and breeding, nest and eggs arc destroyed

by predators like dogs, jackals. hyenas and also due to beach erosion (Dash and Kar,

1990; Pandav et aI., 1998).

2.16 POLLUTION

The entire coast of Orissa is polluted due to domestic sewage. industrial waste and

agricultural waste. Among the estuary. Mahanadi estuary is considered LS the most

polluted and still under potential threats from future industrial expansion in its

\vatershed. It receives eft1uents from two phosphatic plants i.c. Paradeep phosphate

limited, IFFCO, from other small industries and domestic sewage from Paradeep

town. Atharbanki creek leading to Mahanadi estuary show significant :imounts of

ammonia, nitrate, inorganic phosphate and BoD (Orissa Pollution Control Board,

200t). Godgul and Sahu (1994) declared that oxidation and alkaline pore \\ater to be

tVlin factors causing high level chromium in water and sediment of Dhanlra estuary.

Heavy metal concentrations are found in Subernekha river (Senapati ;,md Sahu,

1994).

52 I Page

Plate 2.4 A & B Nesting grounds of Olive Ridley turtles in Gahirmatha.

Plate 2.5 Mating pair of Olive Ridley turtles in coastal water ofGahirmatha. Plate 2.6 Eggs of Olive Ridley turtles in Gahirmatha.

, : ' t

: : I / • : / I I ! t I I J

" } , , , . ; , 1, , , J / t, I • i : i, j '.I 1ft l' , .

,. ' .. ". -",...

. ~ . ~

Plate 2. 7 A & B Dead Olive Ridley turtles get washed ashore along Erasama coast.

Plate 2.8 C & D Sea turtles captured in trawlers fishing gi ll nets .

16 .000

14.000

IJ) 1) ,000 <lI t :::J .... 10,000 1:1 ('tl <lI

1:1 - 3,00 0 .... <lI .a b, OOU E :::J Z

-l ,000

2,000

0

1993 -94 1994-95 1995-9G Years 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999 -200

Figure 2.4 Mortality of Olive Ridley sea turtles along the Orissa coast (compiled from Mohanty et aI., 2008)

The report of thc Dcpartment of Ocean Devclopmcnt (2006), higl.lighting the status

of marinc pollution in coastal strctch of the country, the water of Orissa is not under

stress and below their carrying capacity. The only concern is v;ith rising pathogens

population that nceds to be controllcd by checking the untreated/se ni-treated se\\ age

discharge from settlements along the coast and waterways.

2.17 NATURAL HAZARDS

Orissa coast has been teetering from one extreme weather condition~ to another; from

heat wm'es to cyclones, drought to floods. The contrasting geo-clin atic condition of

coastal belt of Orissa makes it vulnerable to cyclones, storm surges and floods. which

cause considerable damage to life and property. Climate induced nat',lral disasters are

of regular occurrence and have become a part of normal life in coastal Orissa.

Calamities in last decade have claimed 30.000 human lives from cO~lstal Orissa. The

coastal Orissa experienced 128 cyclones between 1804 and =~ooo of vhich 72 were in

the nineteenth century and 52 in the twentieth century (Dube et aI., 2(1()(). The loss of

human life during noteworthy cyclones are Balasore (1831 )-22,0)0, False point

(1855) -5.000. Paradeep (1971 )-1 0, 000 and Paradeep (1999)-9885 (Report of 1M D,

2()()2). Frequencies of tropical cyclones along the six coastal districi s arc shown in

Figure 2.4. The frequencies of cyclones are greatest in Balasore district follcmed by

Puri and Ganjam. According to Dube et ai, (2002), 37 % of lOtal cychne hitting cast

coast of India has crossed the Orissa coast during 109 years. The estimatc made by

Mooley and Mohile (1983) on expected of frequency of storms in di ITcrent sections

of the Bay of Bengal coast for a period of 1981-1930 showed tha frequency is

maximum along the Orissa West Bengal coast. Orissa coast also Lice', serious Ilood

problem due to heavy rainfall during monsoon and post monsoons. F(lrty percent of

coastal areas are flood prone (Panda, 1990). The statistics from the ')irectorate of

Agriculture and Food Production, Government of Orissa reveal that during 1951 to

2001, the Mahanadi-Brahamani-Baitarani delta complex experiencec.: flooding 2:2

times, of which the l100ding 1982 and 2001 were the most sevcr .. :. I fence the

combination of cyclones, Hoods. storm surges and drought make the coastal Orissa

triggcring point for all Lwd natural disaster in Orissa.

56 I Page

. ,~ "

Plate 2.9 A, H, C, & D Deadly impact of Super Cyclone 1999,

20

10

o

Frequency of Cyclones along the Coastal Districts of Orissa (1877-2000)

r 't.'f1 UI 'IH

Figure 2.5 Frequency of tropical cyclones occurance along the six coastal ciistricts of Orissa (1877 -2000) ,

2.18 Economic Analysis of Damage Caused In Coastal Zone of Orissa

The state of Orissa experiences a "Super Cyclone" every 50 years, a "Severe

Cyclone" every 10 years, "Lesser Cyclone or Depressions" almost every year. The

1999 Super Cyclone caused estimated loss of Rs. 6,170 crores and death of

approximately 9,885. Ninety per cent of the damage caused by a cyclone is due to

flooding from ocean or from rivers, as well as from heavy rainfall. Flooding from the

ocean causes increase in the elevation of the sea (storm surge) caused by low air

pressure and high winds associated with the cyclone. During 1999 Super Cyclone, the

storm surge along parts of coastline of Orissa exceeded 8 meters, causing widespread

flood damage to infrastructure and extensive loss to life (Fig 2.10). In addition, to

natural phenomenon, the human interference in coastal eco-system has also caused

vimmense degradation to the coastal environment (i.e. decrease in mangrove forests,

depletion to fishery resources, saline intrusion in ground water regime, pollution of

estuarine and coastal waters due to industries and urban areas). Assessment of these

issues facing Orissa coast provide an opportunity for analysing Integrated Coastal

Zone Management as a whole. In order to define the economic benefits of preparing

the ICZM for Orissa coast, detail economic analysis has been under taken.

Information pertaining to cyclone damages collected from cyclones that have land fall

in Orissa during 19th and 20th Centuries and the cost of various damages were listed.

The present cost value of each cyclone was calculated and final costs are represented

in Rupees in this study in Table 2.6.

Total estimated damage from cyclone flooding for 33 year period, based on 16

cyclones is Rs 14, 855 Crores which does not include damages from monsoon

flooding. Based on the comparison of damage caused by 1999 Super Cyclone (Rs.

6,170 Crores), and 2001 monsoonal floods (Rs. 1,530 Crores) and the damage from

monsoonal flooding were worked out to be 25% of the damages of cyclone flooding.

Hence the best estimated damage of 33 year periods turns out to be Rs. 18,570 Crores.

Future cost of damages could not be calculated due to paucity of recent data.

Therefore, the estimate of damage over 100 years tum out to be Rs 18,570x 3= Rs

57 I Page

55,170 Crores. This data does not include allowances for inflation and allowance for

increase of infrastructure (Table 2.3).

Table 2.6 Economic damage from cyclone flooding in Orissa for period 1967 to 2000

Date Storm Category Present Value Cost ofJ)amage

(Rs. Crores)

1l-Oct-1967 VSCS 117

Sep- Oct 1968 SCS 206

30-0ct-1971 VSCS 1212

22-Sep-1972 SCS 449

1l-Oct-1973 CS 419

3-Nov-1973 VSCS 790

28-Sep-1981 CS 419

4-Dec-1981 CS 419

I-Jun-1982 SCS 704

10-0ct-1984 SCS 460

20-Sep-1985 CS 419

16-0ct-1985 SCS 460

I-Jun-1989 VSCS 790

7-Nov-1995 VSCS 790

17 -Oct-1999 VSCS 1034

28-0ct-1999 SC 6167

TOTAL 14855

Source: Memorandum on CyclonelFloods III Orissa (Till Oct 1999), Revenue

Department Orissa

58 I Page

Table 2.7 District wise losses incurred by Super Cyclone, 29-30 Oct, 1999

Total

Name of the Total Pop Agricultural Loss of Houses

Fully Partly Total in Affected and Human Washed

Districts in Lakhs Affected In Lives Away

Collapsed Collapsed Rs

LakhsHa.

Balashore 12.26 1.41 49 11030 34660 46000 91690

Bhadrak 13.47 1.83 98 3777 25655 74966 104398

Cuttack 23.67 2.09 456 125,895 206360 332255

Jagatsinghpur 12 1.2 8119 9945 168581 51982 230508

Jajpur 15 1.88 188 22032 92601 114633

Kendrapada 14 1.7 469 40 150000 195000 345040

Khurda 13.11 1.25 91 30000 65540 95540

Nayagarh 1.5 1.02 3 196 14059 14255

Puri 1.72 0.31 300 71359 63482 134841

Ganjam

Total 106.73 12.69 9773 24792 628378 809990 1463160

Source: White paper on 1999 Super Cyclone, Government of Orissa (2001)

59 I Page

2.18 Economic Analysis of Damage Caused In Coastal Zone of Orissa

The state of Orissa experiences a "Super Cyclone" every 50 years, a "Severe

Cyclone" every 10 years, "Lesser Cyclone or Depressions" almost every year. The

1999 Super Cyclone caused estimated loss of Rs. 6,170 crores and death of

approximately 9,885. Ninety per cent of the damage caused by a cyclone is due to

flooding from ocean or from rivers, as well as from heavy rainfall. Flooding from the

ocean causes increase in the elevation of the sea (storm surge) caused by low air

pressure and high winds associated with the cyclone. During 1999 Super Cyclone, the

storm surge along parts of coastline of Orissa exceeded 8 meters, causing widespread

flood damage to infrastructure and extensive loss to life (Fig 2.10). In addition, to

natural phenomenon, the human interference in coastal eco-system has also caused

immense degradation to the coastal environment (i.e. decrease in mangrove forests,

depletion to fishery resources, saline intrusion in ground water regime, pollution of

estuarine and coastal waters due to industries and urban areas). Assessment of these

issues facing Orissa coast provide an opportunity for analysing Int,egrated Coastal

Zone Management as a whole. In order to define the economic benefits of preparing

the ICZM for Orissa coast, detail economic analysis has been under taken.

Information pertaining to cyclone damages collected from cyclones that have land fall

in Orissa during 19th and 20th Centuries and the cost of various damages were listed.

The present cost value of each cyclone was calculated and final costs are represented

in Rupees in this study in Table 2.6.

Total estimated damage from cyclone flooding for 33 year period, based on 16

cyclones is Rs 14, 855 Crores which does not include damages from monsoon

flooding. Based on the comparison of damage caused by 1999 Super Cyclone (Rs.

6,170 Crores), and 2001 monsoonal floods (Rs. 1,530 Crores) and the damage from

monsoonal flooding were worked out to be 25% of the damages of cyclone flooding.

Hence the best estimated damage of 33 year periods turns out to be Rs. 18,570 Crores.

Future cost of damages could not be calculated due to paucity of recent data.

Therefore, the estimate of damage over 100 years turn out to be Rs 18,570x 3= Rs

59 I Page

55,170 Crores. This data does not include allowances for inflation and allowance for

increase of infrastructure (Table 2.3).

Table 2.6 Economic damage from cyclone flooding in Orissa for period 1967 to 2000

Date Storm Category Present Value Cost of Damage

(Rs. Crores)

1l-Oct-1967 VSCS 117

Sep- Oct 1968 SCS 206

30-0ct-1971 VSCS 1212

22-Sep-1972 SCS 449

1l-Oct-1973 CS 419

3-Nov-1973 VSCS 790

28-Sep-1981 CS 419

4-Dec-1981 CS 419

1-Jun-1982 SCS 704

10-0ct-1984 SCS 460

20-Sep-1985 CS 419

16-0ct-1985 SCS 460

1-Jun-1989 VSCS 790

7-Nov-1995 VSCS 790

17-0ct-1999 VSCS 1034

28-0ct-1999 SC 6167

TOTAL 14855

Source: Memorandum on CyclonelFloods In Orissa (Till Oct 1999), Revenue

Department Orissa

.. -

60 I Page

Table 2. 7 District wise losses incurred by Super Cyclone, 29-30 Oct, 1999

Total

Name of the Total Pop Agricultural Loss of Houses

Fully Partly Total in Affected and Human Washed

Districts in Lakhs Affected In Lives Away

Collapsed Collapsed Rs

Lakhs Ha.

Balashore 12.26 1.41 49 11030 34660 46000 91690

Bhadrak 13.47 1.83 98 3777 25655 74966 104398

Cuttack 23.67 2.09 456 125,895 206360 332255

J agatsinghpur 12 1.2 8119 9945 168581 51982 230508

Jajpur 15 1.88 188 22032 92601 114633

Kendrapada 14 1.7 469 40 150000 195000 345040

Khurda 13.11 1.25 91 30000 65540 95540

Nayagarh 1.5 1.02 3 196 14059 14255

Puri 1.72 0.31 300 71359 63482 134841

Ganjam

Total 106.73 12.69 9773 24792 628378 809990 1463160

Source: White paper on 1999 Super Cyclone, Government of Orissa (2001)

61 I Page

Pre-cyclone Post-cyclone

,.1, ... (' " lOr.'" 1 ~ · ,. q , l " " ·91 ,1.;", .. ' ~ ' I I ~ fl l') ~~ C 'I ':.h) l l ~ S J'f:Io .l<: 11"' .1 C! 1":-. 1C \4J iF 'S I I ,. ~ Il r·~b<'- ' I ~~~, l ~ .. ... N,.. oI t '-t)o!o" ' \,I';'" ' . . ... " --

... .. ,.

Plate 2. J 0 Pre-cyclone and post-cyclone satellite image of 1999 Super Cyclone

2.19 Socio-Economic Profile of Coastal Districts of Orissa

Table 2.8 socio-economic profile of coastal districts of Orissa

General Facts

Location 19°N to 22° N and 84°.45' E to 87°. 20'E

Total Geographical Area 3,19,52,000 hectares (20.52 % of Orissa)

Total Forest Area 622898 hectares

Total Coastline 480km

Brackish Water Area 5,23,000 hectares along Bay of Bengal

Chilka Lake 1000 hectares

Demographic Profiles

Population 16224038 (44.19% of Orissa)

Male 8261261

Female 7962777

Population growth rate 1.69% per annum (greater than average growth rate of Orissa 1.59 %)

Density of population 500 per Sq.km. (greater than average of 236

Literacy Rate 78.4 % (greater than average 63.61 %)

Male 85.26 % (greater than average 75.95%)

Female 63.8 % (greater than average 50.97%)

Rural Families Below Poverty Line 61.01 % (just below average 66.37%)

Scheduled Caste 8.42 %

Scheduled Tribe 1.82 %

Resources

Agriculture

........... -

63 I Page

Net shown Area 1664 thousand ha

Irrigated Area 1332 thousand ha

Forest

Total Forest Area 6, 22,909 hectares

Reserved Forest 2,54,731 hectares

Demarcated and Protected Forest 99,786 hectares

Un-demarcated Forest 1, 34,572 hectares

Unclassified Forest 723 hectares

Others 133097 hectares

Production of Fish

Fresh Water 53126.07 M.T.

Brackish Water 13347.96 M.T.

Marine Water 121088 M.T.

Infrastructure

Power

% of Villages Electrified 92.98

Transport & Communication

Roads and Railway Lines

National Highway 681 km

State Highway 1278 km

District Roads 1560Km

Total Railway Route 674km

Ports

64 I Page

Major Port Paradip

Major Port coming up Gopalpur and Dhamra

Airport Bhubaneshwar

Major Tourist Spots

Sea Beaches: Puri, Konark, Gopalpur, Paradip and Chandipur

Major Historical Places Puri, Konark, Bhubaneshwar, Lalitgiri and Chilka Lake

Wild life Sanctuaries

Vitarkanika Crocodile Sanctuary

Nalabana Bird Sanctuary

Satapara Dolphin Sanctuary

Balukhanda Deer Sanctuary

Gahiramatha Olive Ridely Turtle Breeding ground

2.20 CONCLUSION

The coastal zones of Orissa are under tremendous pressure directly and indirectly

from human interference and also from climate induced natural disasters. The human

interferences are in form of developing infrastructure, fisheries, aquaculture, ports,

harbours and settlements. The most damaging oceanographic episode that coastal

inhabitants of Orissa can face is a cyclone with a combination of wind, waves, storm

surge and flood either from Ocean or from rivers or heavy rainfall. Transformation

that appear prominent during the last two decades are loss in coastal vegetations,

especially mangrove forest, degraded coastal lagoon ecosystem, decline in mass

nesting and high mortality of Olive Rideley turtles, formation of sand spits and

shoreline changes near estuaries. This phenomenon of environmental stress, leading

eventually to environmental degradation, appears inevitable and is expected to

continue unchecked if some short- and long-term measures are not implemented

without delay. The coastal resources and their apparent changes and threat suggest

that the existing conservation measures and management practices are inadequate to .................. _ ..... _ ............. _..... . .............. _ ............. _ ......................... _ ...... _ ..... .

65 I Page

protect the vast coast line and coastal resources of Orissa. For the last few decades,

the productive coast of Orissa has also been experiencing signs of degradation due to

siltation and overexploitation of natural resources. Further the laws that exist are not

effectively enforced. People of Orissa depend heavily on the Sea for their livelihood.

There are some important locations which virtually control the cultural tradition of the

state. Some hot-spots such as Bhirtrakanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Chilka Lagoon, Sun

Temple of Konark, Jagannath Temple of Puri, Dolphins of Chilka attract tourist not

only from the country but also from all over the world. The Government of Orissa is

seeking a loan of 100 crores from World Bank for mitigating the rising threats of

coastal erosion. Therefore it is necessary to develop a strategy for sustainable

development to protect environmental sensitive coastal zone of Orissa. These issues

provide an opportunity to prepare an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)

incorporating natural, socio-economic and environmental indicators. A further

problem preventing effective sustainable management of natural and physical

resources are due to lack of cooperation among various departments involved in

enforcing legislation applicable to coastal conservation. There it is imperative to

constitute a vibrant coastal zone management authority with spatial data infrastructure

and coastal zone management programmes.

66 I Page

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