chapter six: maintaining a healthy weight
DESCRIPTION
Chapter Six: Maintaining a Healthy Weight. Defining Overweight and Obesity. Desirable weight = weight range deemed appropriate for people, taking into consideration gender, age, and frame size - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter Six: Maintaining a Healthy
Weight
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Defining Overweight and Obesity Desirable weight = weight range deemed appropriate for people, taking into consideration gender, age, and frame size
Overweight = a person’s excess fat accumulation results in body weight that exceeds desirable weight by 1-19%
Obesity = a person’s body weight is 20% or more above desirable weight
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Rates of Overweight and Obesity (Adult Americans)
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Obesity and Disease Problems caused or complicated by obesity:
Increased surgical risk Hypertension Heart disease Arthritis Stroke Type 2 diabetes Cancer Joint deterioration
Fat accumulation in the abdomen (“apple” shape) is associated with greater health risks than fat accumulation in the hips (“pear” shape)
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Sociocultural Standards for Weight
Body image: Subjective perception of how one’s body appears to oneself and others
What is today’s Western cultural standard of the ideal body? Hourglass shape? Athletic? How does it differ by gender?
Body image dissatisfaction affects self-concept More women than men are dissatisfied with their weight
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Measuring and Assessing Weight and Body Fat Composition Body mass index (BMI) Height/weight tables Waist and hip measurement Appearance Home scale Body fat measurement
Electrical impedance Bod Pod Skinfold measurements Hydrostatic weighing
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Body Mass Index (BMI) A mathematical calculation based on weight and height used to determine desirable body weight Weight (kg) ÷ [Height (m)]2
Classification Normal: 18.5-24.9 Overweight: 25.0-29.9 Obese: ≥30 Extreme obesity: ≥40
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Other Methods used to Assess Weight Height/ Weight Tables
Used to determine ideal weight based on gender, height, and frame size
Waist and Hip Measurement Correlation between the amount of fat in the abdominal cavity and serious health risks
Appearance Home Scale
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Body Fat Measurement Young adult men
Normal = 10-15% Obese = >25%
Young adult women Normal = 22-25% Obese = >30%
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Body Fat Measurement Electrical impedance: Use of a harmless electrical current to calculate percent body fat
Bod Pod: Measurement of air displacement to determine percent body fat
Skinfold measurements: Measurement of the thickness of the fat layer just below the skin; used to calculate percent body fat
Hydrostatic weighing: Weighing the body while it is submerged in water; used to calculate percent body fat
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Causes of Obesity
Calorie balance: Energy intake vs. energy output Intake = Output: Calorie balance Intake > Output: Positive calorie balance• Weight gain
Output > Input: Negative calorie balance• Weight loss
Energy needs: Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Activity requirements Thermic effect of food
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Causes of Obesity (cont.)
Genetic factors Physiological and hormonal factors Hypothyroidism Hypercellular obesity Hypertrophic obesity
Metabolic factors Set point Adaptive thermogenesis
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Causes of Obesity (cont.)
Family, social, and cultural factors
Environmental factors Local environment Packaging and price Unit bias
Psychological factors
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Top States with the Highest and Lowest
Obesity Rates
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Facts About Weight Loss
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Weight Management Strategies: Lifestyle Approaches
Balanced diet supported by portion control
Moderate physical activity 60 minutes/day for weight maintenance 90 minutes/day for weight loss and maintenance
Sleep Lifestyle support and problem solving
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Weight Management Strategies: Specific Dietary Approaches
Temporary calorie restriction (“dieting”) Low-calorie foods and controlled serving sizes
Controlled fasting For extreme obesity Often in a hospital setting
Formal or commercial weight reduction programs
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Weight Management Strategies: Weight Loss Drugs
OTC drugs and herbal supplements Ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine (now banned)
Caffeine, laxatives Prescription weight loss drugs
Phentermine Sibutramine
Fat-blocking drugs Orlistat
• Prescription Xenical• OTC Alli
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Weight Management Strategies: Surgical Interventions
Gastric bypass Gastric sleeve
Gastric band Vertical banded Laproscopic adjustable
Cosmetic Liposuction Abdominoplasty Body wrapping Lipodissolve
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Eating Disorders Most eating disorders involve psychological issues as well as inappropriate food choices or eating patterns
Types/categories Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Binge eating disorder Chewing, spitting out food syndrome Night eating syndrome Body dysmorphic disorder Bigorexia
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Anorexia Nervosa Diagnostic criteria:
Body weight 15% or more below desirable weight
Fear of weight gain Distorted body image In women, absence or three of more menstrual periods
In men, decreased sex hormone Serious medical complications, including death
Treatment: Medical and dietary interventions, psychological treatment
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Bulimia Nervosa Diagnostic criteria:
Binge eating two or more times/week for at least 3 months
Lack of control over bingeing Inappropriate compensatory behaviors (purging)• Vomiting or use of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications
• Excessive exercise• Fasting
Overconcern with body image Serious medical complications Treatment: nutritional and psychological counseling, medical consultation
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Other Eating Disorders Binge eating disorder
Bingeing without compensatory purging Use food to cope; feel out of control during binge
Chewing and spitting out food syndrome Night eating syndrome Body dysmorphic disorder
Preoccupation with an imagined or slight flaw in one’s appearance
Bigorexia Muscle dysmorphia, “Adonis complex” An obsession with getting bigger and more muscular
Thinking that your body is never muscular enough
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter Six: Maintaining a Healthy Weight