chapter ninth edition america: past and present copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by pearson...

Chapter

Ninth Edition

America: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and Present

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands

New World EncountersNew World Encounters

1



Native American HistoriesBefore Conquest

• 20,000 years ago—Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants

• 14,000 years ago—humans reached tip of South America

• These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases



Routes of the First Americans



The Environmental Challenge:Food, Climate, and Culture

• Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat– Some suggest they over-hunted and caused

the extinction of several large species– Global warming played a much bigger role in

allowing American Indians to enter heart of North America



The Environmental Challenge:Food, Climate, and Culture

• 5000 years ago – agricultural revolution (development of agriculture) revolutionalized Native American cultures– Crops included maize, squash, and beans – Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to

permanent villages or large cities– Explains difference in Indian cultures in New

World



Mysterious Disappearances

• Anasazi culture—Chaco Canyon– Sophisticated irrigation– Well-built roads for transportation

• Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio Valley– Large ceremonial mounds– Extensive trade network



Mysterious Disappearances

• Cahokia—Mississippi Valley – Large ceremonial mounds– Far-flung trade network



Aztec Dominance

• Aztecs settled valley of Mexico

• Center of large, powerful empire

• Highly-organized social and political structure

• Ruled through fear and force



Eastern Woodland Cultures

• Atlantic coast of North America

• Native Americans lived in smaller bands

• Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering

• First and most often natives encountered by English settlers were Algonquian speaking



Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s



A World Transformed

• Large numbers of whites profoundly altered native cultures

• The rate of change varied from place to place

• Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival



LONGHOUSE

• Woodland Indian longhouse



Woodland Village

• Houses and crops



Cultural Negotiations

• Diversity of language groups

• Place in society defined through kinship

• Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation

• Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships - feuds



Confederacies ofEastern North America

• Huron—southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie

• Iroquois—central New York

• Powhattan—Chesapeake

• Algonquian – English encounter along Atlantic Coast



Threats to Survival: Trade

• Native Americans were eager for European trade – determined their relationship with Europeans

• They became dependent on, and indebted to, Europeans

• Commerce also influenced warfare patterns



Threats to Survival: Disease

• Contact brought population decline among American Indians and disrupted cultures

• Disease – greatest factor in destruction of Native Americans: lack of resistance to epidemic disease– Smallpox– Measles– Influenza

• Rate as high as 95%



West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies

• Slavery ancient custom • 800/900 AD Muslim trades brought Islam

to Africa – camel caravans crossed the Sahara

• They also came for gold and slaves and took them to Middle East – Saudi Arabia, Iran (Persia) and Iraq

• Africa – a history of empires – not a united society



Trade Routes in Africa



Slave Castle in Africa



Beginnings of theSlave Trade

• Fifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea lanes from Europe to Saharan Africa

• Native rulers sold prisoners of war and others to Portuguese as slaves from slave castles and factories

• Portuguese came for slaves and gold



How Many Slaves?

• Seventeenth century—ca. 1000 Africans per year

• Eighteenth century—5.5 million transported to the Americas

• By 1860—ca. 11 million

• Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas



Europe on the Eve of Conquest

• Tenth century— Vikings - Scandinavian (Norway, Sweden) Leif Ericson -settled “Vinland”

• Late fifteenth century—preconditions for overseas settlement finally attained– Rise of nation-states – Spread of new technologies/Renaissance – General Prosperity– Rise of population



Conditions for Settlement in New World

• New Monarchs forged nations from scattered provinces – gain power and money

• Renaissance – new technologies for sailing (lateen sail, compass, maps)

• General prosperity – new middle class – new source of revenue/taxes

• Population growth after 1450



Imagining a New World

• Spain becomes the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization

• Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella

• Conquest of Canary Islands provided rehearsal for colonization



Myths and Reality

• Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to finance westward water expedition to “Cathay” (China)

• 1492—initial voyage

• Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China

• World knew world was round



Myths and Reality

• 1506—died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient

• Made possible Spanish dominion in America

• Spain’s main interest – previous metals (gold and silver)

• Treaty of Tordesillas divided world between Spain and Portugal (Portugal got Brazil)



The Conquistadores

• Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands

• By 1512—major Caribbean islands decimated

• By 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec empire



Voyages of European Exploration



From Plunder to Settlement

• Encomienda System rewarded and controlled Conquistadors– Large land grants – Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute

• Appointed officials answered only to crown

• Catholic Church – Protected Indian rights– Performed mass conversions



From Plunder to Settlement

• By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World– Unmarried males intermarried – more racially

tolerant than English– Mixed-blood population emerged– More tolerant of Indians than English



The French Claim Canada

• 1608—Samuel de Champlain founded Québec

• French empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi Valley and Canada

• French crown makes little effort to foster settlement



The French Claim Canada

• French explorers seeking Northwest passage to China

• Fur trade underpinned economy

• Indians became valued trading partners

• French fur traders – coureurs de bois

• Business adventure – no support from King of France



The English Enterthe Competition

• Claimed New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547)

• England achieved preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I



Birth of English Protestantism

• Protestant Reformation had a major role in England’s settlement of New World – 1517—Martin Luther sparked reform in

Germany – 1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in

Geneva

• Reformation pitted European Protestants against Catholics



Militant Protestantism

• Lutheran Reformation– God speaks through Bible, not through Pope

or priests– Justification by faith alone for salvation

• Calvinist Reformation– John Calvin stressed God’s omnipotence– Predestination—some persons chosen by

God for salvation



Militant Protestantism

• Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe– France—Huguenots– Scotland—Presbyterians– England—Puritans



Religion, War, and Nationalism

• Spanish hostility made Queen Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood

• Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes

• Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American empire

• 1588—Spanish Armada defeated



Irish Rehearsal forAmerican Settlement

• English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World

• The Irish were considered a rehearsal for American settlement

• To the English, the Irish were wild and barbaric– They would view Native Americans the same

way



An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke

• Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584– He named the region Virginia after the Virgin Queen

• The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587

• The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery

• Failed because of poor planning, England’s war with Spain and hostilities with Native Americans



Campaign to Sell America

• By 1600, no English settlements in New World

• Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American colonization– Claimed that England needs American

colonies– New World was a paradise for the taking

chapter ninth edition america: past and present copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by pearson...

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pearson education

heart of north america

force slide

tip of south america

new world slide

native american cultures