chapter 9 the hydrosphere physical geography a landscape appreciation, 9/e animation edition...
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Chapter 9 The Hydrosphere
Physical GeographyA Landscape Appreciation, 9/e
Animation Edition
Victoria Alapo, InstructorGeog 1150
The Hydrosphere
The Hydrologic Cycle
The Oceans
Permanent Ice
Surface Waters
Underground Water
The Hydrologic Cycle
Earth Moisture Inventory (next slide)
Movement of WaterSurface to Air
Air to Surface
On and Beneath Surface
Earth Moisture Inventory
Oceans: 97.2% Underground water: 0.5%
Glaciers: 2.0% Surface Water: 0.25% (Rivers / streams, only: 0.0001%)
The Hydrologic Cycle
Moisture BalanceOceans Versus Continents
The OceansOceans and Seas
Seas, gulf and bays are landlocked or partially landlocked smaller bodies of water (see map & table, pg 264).See next slides for various oceans & seas.Pacific Ocean houses some of the world’s disastrous storms Pacific Ring of Fire (pg 425 & 430).
Characteristics of Ocean Waters (next slides)Movement of Ocean Waters
Tides – pg 269. Vertical movement of oceans caused by gravitational pull of the moon (know this).Currents – due to wind flow and Coriolis effect (pg 95)Waves – mostly shapes (pg 590)
Oceans and Seas
Four oceans
Characteristics of Ocean Waters
Chemical composition – 3.5% salt, by weight!Temperature – colder with depth, freezing point is 28 degrees.Density – denser with depth (more pressure)
Fig. 9-5
Permanent IceGlaciers – 2% of water storage (also see interesting info on pg 271).
Oceanic Ice Forms
Permafrost Glaciers
Oceanic Ice Forms
Earth’s Largest Ice
Pack
Extent of Permafrost
Permafrost –
Permanently frozen water in subsoil
Surface WatersLakes – opposite of islands. Some formed by glaciers, others by tectonic forces. No size limit; very small lakes are ‘ponds’. Most are freshwater. See next slide and pg 275-277.
Swamps and Marshes
Rivers and Streams – interchangeable, but a stream is smaller.
World’s Largest Lakes
Human Alteration of Natural Lakes
Fig. 9-C. Aral Sea is shrinking due to dam construction and diversion of water for irrigation of agricultural land.
Aral Sea
Fig. 9-18, pg 277
Swamps and Marshes
• Fig. 9-20.
Swamps have trees
Marshes have grasses and rushes
Major Drainage Basins
A drainage basin is all the land drained by a river and its tributaries, i.e. where all its water comes from.
Rivers and Streams
Underground WaterAquifers and Aquicludes (next slide)
Zone of SaturationWater Table – top of saturation zone (next slide)
Cone of Depression (next slides)
Zone of Confined Water – confined water btw 2 aquicludes (see Artesian Well slide)
Artesian Systems
The Ogallala Aquifer
Aquifers and Aquicludes
Aquifers are permeable rock that holds water e.g. sandstone.
Aquicludes are impermeable materials which hinder water movement e.g. clay
Cone of Depression
This is when water level drops in a well, in the shape of a ‘cone’, because water is being taken up faster than can flow in to replace it.
Artesian Well
When a well is dug and the pressure is so high that the water rises to the surface. It “pumps itself”. Pg 283.
Artesian System
The Ogallala Aquifer
Found in the Great Plains (Midwest U.S.). Allows farmers to irrigate, but it’s being endangered.