chapter 1 thinking geographically an introduction to human geography the cultural landscape, 9e...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1
Thinking Geographically
An Introduction to Human GeographyThe Cultural Landscape, 9e
James M. Rubenstein
Victoria Alapo, InstructorGeog 1050
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How Geographers Address Location
• Maps– Early mapmaking– Projections– Mathematical location (Longitude & Latitude)– Map scale
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Maps of the Marshall Islands
A Polynesian “stick chart” depicts patterns of waves on the sea route between two South Pacific islands. Modern maps show the locations of these Marshall Islands.
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World Political Boundaries (2004)
National political boundaries are among the most significant elements of the cultural landscape
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How Geographers Address Location: Projections
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How Geographers Address Location (cont’d)
Projections:
1) Mercator’s Projection
2) Goode’s Interrupted Projection
3) Robinson’s Projection: compromise btw the 2.
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Mercator’s Cylindrical Projection
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Interrupted Projection
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Robinson’s Projection
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Mathematical location: Longitude and Latitude
• Longitude– Measures distance east or west around the globe beginning
at the Prime Meridian– 2 most important lines: Prime Meridian & International Date
Line – 0-180 degrees East or West
• Latitude– Location on the Earth’s surface between the equator and
either the north or south pole– Also called parallels– 0-90 degrees North or South
• See Greenwich Meridian Photos
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The Geographic Grid
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World Geographic Grid
The world geographic grid consists of meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude. The prime meridian (0º) passes through Greenwich, England. See Photos.
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World Time Zones
The world’s 24 standard time zones are often depicted using the Mercator projection.
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Map Scale
• The relationship of a feature’s size on a map to it’s actual size on earth (comparison).
• Different types e.g.• A) Fractional scale – 1/24,000• B) Ratio scale – 1:24,000• C) Written scale – one inch represents
24,000• D) Graphic scale (see textbook, e.g. pg 10)• See Appendix, pg 502 for more information.
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Map Scale (continued)
• Large and Small Scales:– A large scale map has a small denominator and
shows more detail e.g. an architect’s blueprint (e.g. 1:10, 1:100)
– A small scale map is the opposite e.g. a globe. Less detail, large denominator (e.g. 1:1,000,000)
– Which is small and large scale on next slide?
– Which Seattle (pg 10) or Florida map is large or small scale?
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Scale Differences: Maps of Florida
The effects of scale in maps of Florida. (Scales from 1:10 million to 1:10,000)
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How Geographers Address Location (cont’d)
• Contemporary Tools for making maps:
– GIS (Geographic Info Systems); e.g. how a globe is made.
– Remote sensing is acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from high-flying aircraft (see next slides)
– GPS (Global Positioning Systems i.e. satellites). “On*Star”.
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Layers of a GIS
A geographic information system (GIS) stores information about a location in several layers. Each layer represents a different category of information.
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Reddest areas are most recent cuts
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Changes in land use in China
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Uniqueness of Places and Regions
• Regions: Areas of unique characteristics– Cultural landscape: anything man-made on the ground.
– Types of regions: Formal & Functional
– In a formal region, everyone shares common characteristics. E.g. in Iowa, everyone obeys the same laws within that boundary. Sometimes, in a formal region, xteristics are not universal, but predominant. E.g. the “Wheat Belt”. It doesn't mean only wheat grows there, just predominant. See next slides.
– A functional region is organized around a ‘node’ or focal point, but its importance decreases outwards (e.g. TV, radio stations). Sometimes, there’s overlap. “Distance decay effect”. (Next slide).
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Formal and Functional Regions
The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; the areas of influence of various television stations are examples of functional regions. Read caption pg 22.
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World Climate Regions
The modified Köppen system divides the world into five main climate regions: example of a formal region.
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Vernacular Regions
A number of factors are often used to define the South as a vernacular region, each of whichidentifies somewhat different boundaries. More of a “cultural” definition of the south by differentpeople.
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Similarity of Different Places
• Scale: From local to global
– Globalization is a process that involves the entire world. It makes places “homogenous”.
– Globalization of economy e.g. McDonald’s– Globalization of culture e.g. jeans– If time permits, see video
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Globalization of the Economy
The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional headquarters and other facilities in North America and Western Europe.
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Similarity of Different Places
• Connections between places– Spatial interaction: interaction is even faster
today (e-mail, internet, etc). See next slide.
– Diffusion: the process by which an idea or something spreads over time and space. See “Culture Hearths”. A hearth is a place from which ideas or innovations originate. Europe was never an EARLY culture hearth. See the handout “the Kangnido”.
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Space-Time Compression, 1492–1962
The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the Earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world (see caption, figure 1-20, pg 36).
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EARLY CULTURE HEARTHS