chapter 9-design of services final edition_24!11!2011

8/3/2019 Chapter 9-Design of Services Final Edition_24!11!2011

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M-City Development Project Final Report

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9. Design of Services9.1

Design of Vertical and Horizontal Circulation Systems

9.1.1 IntroductionNormally buildings must have corridors and stairways sufficiently wide to cope with the pedestrian

traffic. But in multistory buildings (high-rise buildings) in addition to that, there are lifts (elevators)

and sometimes escalators and moving walkways.

There are several types of lifts available for different purposes. In high rise buildings rather than the

passenger lifts there are service lifts also available. In here there are three types of high-rise buildings

available. Those are,

1. Residential Tower2. Office Complex3. Shopping Complex

Therefore three different buildings have separate vertical and horizontal circulation systems. Those are

indicated below.

Table 9-1: Different Types of Circulation Systems

Type of Building Types of Circulation Systems

Residential Lifts, Stairway

Office Complex Lifts, Stairway

Shopping Complex Lifts, Stairway, Escalator

To design of lifts we are using soft zoning for all of the 3 buildings. Therefore all the lifts will serve

every floor in their particular building.


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9.1.2 Residential Tower9.1.2.1Lift Design CalculationAssumptions

Basement height is 4.5m Parking floor height is 2.7m Additional floor height is 2.4m (This is used where the transfer plate is located) Floor height of other floors 3.6m Midrange type apartment Population density is 2 per bedroom (Table 25)

Number of 6 apartment floors = Number of 2 bedroom houses =

=

Number of 4 apartment floors =

Number of 3 bedroom houses = =

Number of occupants in a bedroom =

Total number of bedrooms = =

Total Number of population in Residential Building =

Total Number of floors to be served =


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Lift system is designed for 5 minutes peak capacity.

% of population handles in 5 minutes = 6% (Table 25.5)

# Of population handle to be in 5 minutes = =

Average interval = Capacity of a lift car = Elevator speed = (Table 25.4)Round Trip Time = (Figure 25.7.2)(Round trip time is based on 3.6m building height. Therefore correction must be done)

Correction of RTT =

=

Corrected RTT = # of lifts required =

=

=

Since the building height is greater than the 18m have to provide a fire fighting lift (service lift)

according to building regulations. (BS 5588-5 : Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of

buildings)

Therefore rather than the 3 passenger lifts additional service lift is same as the passenger lift. Lift

arrangement is indicated in the next page.


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Figure 9-1: Lift Arrangement of Residential Tower


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9.1.2.2Stairway Design Calculation

Rise and thread of the stairs are taken as 180mm and 230mm respectively.Floor to floor height =

of steps needed floor to floor =

= As the numbers of steps are more than the recommended value for a single flight, 2 flights of

10 steps are used.

Width of the flight is taken as 1.0m. Therefore depth of the landing is selected as 0.9m(lessthan width of the flight)

(Building services hand book, 5th edition, Fred Hall and Roger Greeno)

Let angle of the flight to the horizontal to be :

Check for the angle ;

( )

( )

Therefore angle is of satisfactory value and design was done accurately.


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Figure 9-2: Side View of a Residential Building Stairway

9.1.3

Office Complex

9.1.3.1Lift Design CalculationAssumptions

Floor to floor height is 3.6m Area allocated per one person is 10m2 Building type is investment, downtown Service core is 25% from the total area

Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Lift design calculation of Residential Tower).

Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex.

# of lifts required Since the building height is greater than the 18m have to provide a fire fighting lift (service lift)

according to building regulations. (BS 5588-5 : Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of

buildings)


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Therefore rather than the 2 passenger lifts additional service lift which is same size as the passenger

lift. Lift arrangement is indicated in the next page.

Figure 9-3: Lift Arrangement of Office Complex


Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Stairway design calculation of Residential Tower).


9.1.4 Shopping Complex9.1.4.1Service LiftIn a shopping complex we are using a service lift to transport the goods for upper floors. Dimensions

of the lift indicate in next figure.

Operational speed 2.5m/s Shaft width 1.8m Shaft depth 2.1m Shaft pit depth 2.8m


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Shaft head height 5m Minimum area of lift motor room 14m2 Lift car width 1100mm Lift car depth 1400mm Clear height of lift car 2200mm

Figure 9-4 : Lift Arrangement of Shopping Complex

9.1.4.2Escalator DesignEscalators are moving stairs used to convey people between floor levels. The maximum carryingcapacity depends on the step width and conveyor speed.

Step width = People per step = Speed of lift =

Escalator capacity formula to estimate the number of persons (N) moved per hour, (Building serviceshand book, 5th edition, Fred Hall and Roger Greeno)


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PNumber of person per step

VSpeed of travel (m/s)

Angle of incline

LLength of each step (m)

Here we used cross over escalator to move up. Cross section of the escalator is indicated in below.

Figure 9-5 : Cross Section of the Escalator


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Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Stairway design calculation of Residential Tower).


9.2 Design of Sanitary Appliances9.2.1 Office Tower9.2.1.1Sanitary Appliances for Ground, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th & 5th floorsSanitary appliances mainly used in public area,

1. WCs2. Urinals3. Lavatory Basins4. Cleaners Sinks

Assumptions

10m2 need per person Male to female ratio is 60:40 Service area is about 20% Ground floor consists of reception area. It is also consider as the office area.

Total usable floor area =

# of population per floor = = # of males = # of females = Therefore, these are the selected sanitary appliances for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th & 5th floors.


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Table 9-2: Sanitary Appliances required for 1st to 5th floors (Office Tower)

Types of

Appliances

Male Female

WC 2 2

Urinals 2 -

Lavatory Basin 2 2

Cleaners Sink 1 1

(Ref: Table 2- Metric Hand Book Planning and Design Data)

Figure 9-6 : Sanitary Arrangement of 1st to 5th floors in Office Complex

Provide an additional sanitary appliances for staff in reception area (Ground Floor CommonArea)


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Selected sanitary appliances for ground floor,

Table 9-3: Sanitary Appliances required for ground floor in Office Complex

Types of

Appliances

Male Female

WC 3 3

Urinals 3 -

Lavatory Basin 3 3

Cleaners Sink 1 1

9.2.1.2Sanitary Appliances for 6th floor (Top floor)

Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Sanitary appliances calculation for ground to 5 th

floor of Office Tower). Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex.

Therefore selected sanitary appliances for top floor,

Table 9-4: Sanitary Appliances required for top floor in Office Complex

Types of

Appliances

Male Female

Confer. Cafeteria Total Confer. Cafeteria Total

WC 2 1 3 2 2 4

Urinals 2 1 3 - - -

Lavatory Basin 2 1 3 2 2 4

Cleaners Sink 1 - 1 1 - 1

Note: Sanitary arrangement of top floor is indicated in Annex.

9.2.2 Residential Tower9.2.2.1Sanitary Appliances for 2 bedroom apartment

Each apartment consists of master bathroom and common bathroom.

Following chart indicate the types of appliances used for different bathrooms


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Table 9-5: Sanitary Appliances needed in Residential Tower-2 bed room apartment

Master Bath room Common Bath room

Shower Shower

Bath tub WC

WC Wash Basin

Wash Basin Washing Machine

Figure 9-7 : Sanitary Arrangement of Master Bath room

Figure 9-8 : Sanitary Arrangement of Common Bath room


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9.2.2.2Sanitary Appliances for 3 bedroom apartment

Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Sanitary appliances calculation for 2 bed room

apartment). Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex.

Arrangements of bathrooms are same as the arrangement of bathrooms in 2 bed room apartments.

Arrangement is indicated in the Annex.

9.2.2.3Sanitary Appliances for 4th floor (Swimming Pool and Gym)Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Sanitary appliances calculation for office tower).


Therefore selected sanitary appliances for Gym,

Table 9-6: Sanitary Appliances for 4th floor in Residential Tower-Gym

Types of

Appliances

Male Female

WC 2 2

Urinals 2 -Lavatory Basin 3 2

Cleaners Sink 3 2

( Ref: Metric Handbook Planning & Design Data)

Therefore selected sanitary appliances for swimming pool area,

Table 9-7: Sanitary Appliances for 4th floor in Residential Tower-Swimming Pool

Types of

Appliances

Male Female

WC 3 5

Urinals 3 -

Lavatory Basin 4 3

Cleaners Sink 4 3



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9.2.2.4Sanitary Appliances for Ground floor (Reception Area)Ground floor has a recreation area. Therefore in reception area has to provide sanitary facilities for

staff.

Therefore selected sanitary appliances for Ground floor,

Table 9-8: Sanitary Appliances for Ground floor in Residential Tower

Types of

Appliances

Male Female

WC 1 1

Urinals 1 -

Wash Basin 1 1


9.2.3 Shopping ComplexSanitary appliances mainly used in public area,

1. WCs2. Urinals3. Lavatory Basins4. Cleaners Sinks

9.2.3.1Sanitary Appliances for Shopping Complex 1th floorAssumptions

Basement and ground floor reserved for parking. There isnt any sanitary items installed in thisarea

Male to female ratio is 50:50 Area allocated for a person is 6m2 Service area is about 25% from the total area

Total area of first floor = Usable area of first floor =


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=

# of customers in first floor = =

# of males = # of females = Therefore selected sanitary appliances for 1st floor,

Table 9-9: Sanitary Appliances for 1st floor in Shopping Complex

Types of

Appliances

Male Female

WC 2 3

Urinals 2 -

Lavatory Basin 2 3

Cleaners Sink 1 1

( Ref: Table 2-Metric Handbook Planning & Design Data)

9.2.3.2Sanitary Appliances for Shopping Complex 2nd floorNote: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Sanitary appliances calculation for Shopping

Complex 1st floor). Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex.

Therefore selected sanitary appliances for second floor,

Table 9-10: Sanitary Appliances for 2nd floor in Shopping Complex

Types of

Appliances

Male Female

Shopping Cinema Total Shopping Cinema Total

WC 2 2 4 3 4 7

Urinals 2 2 4 - - -





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9.2.3.3Sanitary Appliances for Shopping Complex 3rd floorNote: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Sanitary appliances calculation for Shopping

Complex 1st floor). Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex.

Therefore selected sanitary appliances for third floor,

Table 9-11 Sanitary Appliances for 3rd floor in Shopping Complex

Types of

Appliances

Male Female

Shopping Restaurant Total Shopping Restaurant Total

WC 1 2 3 1 6 7

Urinals 1 4 5 - - -




9.3 Design of Water Supply SystemWater sump is designed to locate at basement level with two day storage. Same pump is used to

distribute the water for three buildings. And another domestic water tank is located at the roof top

level in order to provide the water to the buildings. In here we did not go for an intermediate water

tanks. Therefore we can save that space also.

But when we supply the water to the lower floors from the roof top level domestic tank pressure

develops will be higher when the head increased. Therefore in order to control the pressure we have

located several break water pressure valves at every 8 floors.

9.3.1 Calculation of Water Requirement for Residential BuildingPer capital demand of water = Total population at building =

Water Requirement of Upper 7 floors# of occupants per bedroom =

# of bedrooms per apartment =


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# of apartment per floor = # of floors = Total population =

= Required water storage =

= Note: Calculation procedure for water requirement of other floors of the residential building is same

as above.(water requirement calculation for upper 7 floors). Therefore, calculations of water

requirement of other floors are indicated in Annex. Here indicate the final values only.

Table 9-12: Water Requirement of Residential Building

Type of Floors Water Requirement (m /day)

19t

25t

30

11t

18t

35

3

rd

10

th

351

st,2

nd, Gym & Parking 16

Total 116

Therefore Total water requirement of Residential Tower per day = 9.3.2 Calculation of Water requirement for Office ComplexAssumptions

Water required per person is 45l/day in office area Water required per person is 20l/day in conference hall Water required per person (customer) is 10l/day in cafeteria Water required per person (staff member) is 20l/day in cafeteria

Common Area (Ground Floor),

Usable floor area of ground floor =


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=

Expected population = =

Water requirement in common area = =

Note: Calculation procedure for water requirement of other floors of the office complex is same as

above.(water requirement calculation for Ground floor). Therefore, calculations of water requirement

of other floors are indicated in Annex. Here indicate the final values only.

Table 9-13: Water Requirement of Office Complex

Type of Floors Water Requirement (m3/day)

1st 2.5

2nd

2.8

3r

3.0

4th

3.0

5th

3.0

6t

3.6

Total 20.0

Total water requirement in Office Complex 9.3.3 Calculation of Water requirement for Shopping ComplexAssumptions

Water required per staff member is 45l/day Water required per customer is 10l/day Water required per meal is 7l/meal Staff to customer ratio is 20:80 # of seats available in restaurant is 300 5 meals will be served from a seat per day


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Water requirement for cooking is 20l/ person (person meal) Water sump is designed for 2 days

First Floor

Usable area =

# of population = =

Water requirement in first floor = =

Note: Calculation procedure for water requirement of other floors of the Shopping Complex is same

as above.(water requirement calculation for first floor). Therefore, calculations of water requirement

of other floors are indicated in Annex. Here indicate the final values only.

Table 9-14: Water Requirement of Shopping Complex

Type of Floors Water Requirement (m /day)

1st 3.4

2nd

4.9

3rd

42.0

Total 50.0

Total water requirement in shopping complex Total water requirement in all 3 buildings =

= Capacity of the basement water storage tank =

= 9.4 Design of Above Ground Disposal SystemAll the sanitary appliances could generate a certain quantity of waste water. This has to be disposed

with due care to ensure habitable conditions within the building. In here all the buildings we are using


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two pipe systems. Therefore waste water from WCs, urinals is collected to one pipe ( soil stack) and

waste water from wash basins, sink, kitchens and bath tubs is collected to another pipe which is called

waste stack.

Figure 9-9 : Typical Arrangement of Two pipe System

9.4.1 Calculation for Residential Building9.4.1.1Internal Diameter for TrapsInternal diameter for traps, (Ref: Building Services Handbook-5 th edition-Fred Hall and Roger

Greeno)

Table 9-15: Internal Diameter of Traps for Residential Building

Types of Fitments Trap Size (internal-mm)

Bath tub 40

Shower 40

Water closet (WC) 50

Wash Basin 32


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Washing Machine 40

9.4.1.2Calculation of Diameters of Vertical Stack and Horizontal BranchDischarge units of 3 Bedroom Apartments (7 floors-24th to 30th floor),

Table 9-16: Discharge units of 3 Bedroom Apartments

Appliances Discharge Unit

(per item)

# of Appliances

per Floor

Total Discharge

Units Per Floor

Total Discharge

Units

WC 7 8 56 392

Wash Basin 1 8 8 56Shower 1 8 8 56

Bath tub 6 4 24 168

Washing Machine 3 4 12 84

Discharge units of 2 Bedroom Apartments (18 floors-6th to 23rd floor),

Table 9-17: Discharge units of 2 Bedroom Apartments


(per item)

# of Appliances

per Floor

Total Discharge

Units Per Floor

Total Discharge

Units

WC 7 12 84 1512

Wash Basin 1 12 12 216

Shower 1 12 12 216

Bath tub 6 6 36 648

Washing Machine 3 6 18 324

Discharge units of Ground Floor,

Ground floor has a recreation area. Therefore in reception area, has to provide sanitary facilities for

staff,


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Table 9-18: Discharge units of Ground Floor-Residential Tower


(per item)

# of Appliances

per Floor

Total Discharge

Units per Floor

Total Discharge

Units

WC 7 2 14 14

Wash Basin 1 2 2 2

Urinals 2 1 2 2

Discharge units of 4th Floor (Gym and Swimming Pool Area),

Table 9-19: Discharge units of 4th Floor-Residential Tower


(per item)

# of Appliances

per Floor

Total Discharge

Units per Floor

Total Discharge

Units

WC 14 12 168 168

Wash Basin 2 12 24 24

Urinals 2 5 10 10

Showers 2 12 24 24

Note: Calculation procedure for total discharge units is indicated in the Annex. Here indicated the

tabulated form of final values only. As well as the calculation of vertical and horizontal branch pipe

sizes are indicated in Annex. Here indicate the final values only.

Table 9-20: Vertical & Horizantal Branch Pipe Sizes of Residential Building

Type of Pipe Total Discharge

Units

Pipe Diameter

(mm)

Slope

Soil Stack Vertical Stack 2098 125 -

Hoizantal Branch Pipe 150 1:100

Waste Stack Vertical Stack 1838 125 -


Vent Pipe (0.5D) - 63 -

References:


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BS EN 12056-2 : Gravity drainage systems inside buildings Building Services Handbook : 5th edition

Figure 9-10 : Section of Above Ground Water Disposal System-Residential Tower

9.4.2 Calculation for Office Complex9.4.2.1Internal Diameter for TrapsInternal diameter for traps, (Ref: Building Services Handbook-5 th edition-Fred Hall and Roger

Greeno)

Table 9-21: Internal Diameter of Traps for Office Complex



Urinal 40

Lavatory Basin 32

Cleaners Sink 40


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9.4.2.2Calculation of Diameters of Vertical Stack and Horizontal BranchDischarge units of Basement,

Two taps are fitted in basement area,

Discharge unit of basement (for waste stack) = Discharge units of Ground floor and1st to 5th floors

Table 9-22: Discharge units of Ground floor to 5th floors-Office Complex


(per item)

Total # of Appliances Total Discharge Units

WC 14 28 392

Urinals 2 12 24

Lavatory Basin 2 28 56

Cleaners Sink 14 12 168

Discharge units of Top floor (6th floor)

Table 9-23: Discharge units of Top floor-Office Complex


(per item)


WC 14 7 98

Urinals 2 3 6






Table 9-24: Vertical & Horizantal Branch Pipe Sizes of Office Complex


Units

Pipe Diameter

(mm)

Slope




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Vent Pipe (0.5D) - 50 -

References:


9.4.3 Calculation for Shopping Complex9.4.3.1Internal Diameter for TrapsInternal diameter for traps, (Ref: Building Services Handbook-5 th edition-Fred Hall and Roger

Greeno)

Table 9-25: Internal Diameter of Traps for Shopping Complex



Urinal 40

Lavatory Basin 32

Cleaners Sink 40

9.4.3.2Calculation of Diameters of Vertical Stack and Horizontal BranchDischarge units of first floor

Table 9-26: Discharge units of First floor -Shopping Complex


(per item)


WC 14 5 70

Urinals 2 2 4


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Discharge units of Second floor

Table 9-27: Discharge units of Second floor -Shopping Complex


(per item)


WC 14 11 154

Urinals 2 4 8



Discharge units of Third floor

Table 9-28: Discharge units of Third floor -Shopping Complex


(per item)


WC 14 10 140

Urinals 2 5 10






Table 9-29: Vertical & Horizantal Branch Pipe Sizes of Shopping Complex


Units

Pipe Diameter

(mm)

Slope





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Vent Pipe (0.5D) - 50 -

References:


9.5 Below Ground Water Disposal System Wastewater generated from the building is 90% of its daily requirement Sewer waste water capacity is 40% of total generated waste water Total quantity of water used in 14 hours Peak discharge is six times the average discharge

9.5.1 Residential Tower9.5.1.1Estimation of Sewer Line Characteristics in Residential TowerGenerated waste water capacity =

= Generated sewer waste quantity =

Average Discharge = =

Peak Discharge = =

Assume,

Half of the pipe is filled Self-cleansing velocity (V) is


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If the diameter of pipe D,

,

Where,

Therefore, we used 150mm diameter pipe.

Then,

Where,

( )

150mm diameter pipe with 1:140 inclination pipe is used for the sewer line.9.5.1.2Estimation of Waste Water Line Characteristics in Residential TowerGenerated Total waste water capacity = Generated waste water quantity =


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Average Discharge =

= Peak Discharge =

= Assume,

Half of the pipe is filled Self-cleansing velocity (V) is

If the diameter of pipe D,

,Where,

Therefore, we used 150mm diameter pipe.

Then,

Where,

( )


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Use 150mm diameter pipe with 1:140 inclination pipe for the waste water line.9.5.2 Office ComplexAssumptions

Water requirement per person is 45l/day in office area Water requirement per person is 20l/day in conference hall Water requirement per person (customer) is 10l/day in cafeteria Water requirement per person (staff member) is 20l/day in cafeteria

9.5.2.1Estimation of Sewer Line Characteristics in Office TowerNote: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Estimation of Sewer Line Characteristics in

Residential Building). Therefore here indicate the final values only. Calculation is indicated in Annex.

Peak Discharge =

Use 65mm diameter pipe with 1:60 inclination for the sewer line.9.5.2.2Estimation of Waste Water Line Characteristics in Office TowerNote: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Estimation of Waste Water Line Characteristics in


Peak Discharge =

Use 65mm diameter pipe with 1:60 inclination pipe for the waste water line.

9.5.3 Shopping ComplexAssumptions

Staff to customers ratio is 20:80 Water requirement per person (customer) is 10l/day Water requirement per person (staff member) is 45l/day Water requirement for cooking 20l/day


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Water requirement per meal 7l/day # of seats available in Restaurant 300

9.5.3.1Estimation of Sewer Line Characteristics in Shopping ComplexNote: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Estimation of Sewer Line Characteristics in


Peak Discharge = Use 100mm diameter pipe with 1:90 inclination for the sewer line.

9.5.3.2Estimation of Waste Water Line Characteristics in Office TowerNote: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Estimation of Waste Water Line Characteristics in


Peak Discharge = Use 100mm diameter pipe with 1:90 inclination pipe for the waste water line.9.6 Design of Fire Fighting Services9.6.1 Introduction to Fire Fighting ServicesFirefighting system of a high-rise building can be divided in to mainly in two parts. Those are,

1) Fire PreventionFire Prevention means the methods we can used to prevent a fire taking place. This includes,

a. Fire doors, fire wallsthese doors and walls given a rating such as 1 hour, 2 hour, andetc.

b. Fire meetings, fire education, fire inspection these methods specially used infactories

2) Fire ManagementFire management means how we can manage the fire after taking place. This can be categorized into 3

parts.

1. Fire Detection


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It has two types of methods. Those are smoke detectors and heat detectors. Heat detectors

available in two types as: fixed temperature detectors (it detects the temperature rising above a

pre-defined level) which are the heat detectors going to be used in the emperor building and

rising temperature detectors. (Detects rate of increasing temperature)

2. Fire ProtectionThis method includes,

a. Sprinkler It has a bulb filled with alcohol which is burst at particular temperature.(For the Emperor Tower this temperature is 630) And after burst the bulb it sprays

water to control fire.

b. Hose reelHose reel can be handle by single person for small scale of firesc. Wet Riser It is the pipe running vertically through the whole building and which is

filled with water under pressure. (this cant be handle by normal person but fire fighter

only)

d. Breaching inletIt is available at the outside of the building to connect the fire enginedirectly to the fire system of the building

e. Fire extinguishers 0 these have different color-coded for easy to identified CO2Blackfor oil and electrical fires Foam SpreadsPink/Creamordinary and oil fires WaterRedOrdinary fires Chemical PowderBlueany fire (specially for electrical fires)

c. EvacuationIn case of fire, it is better to plan the evacuation in high rise building. This includes,

Fire staircase we have provided staircase in an emergency it can be used forevacuation

Emergency exit Fire escape plan showing escape route this plan should be displayed normally at

every floor. It should be shown the way to emergency exit.

Signboards Sounders Public Announce System


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9.6.2 Sprinkler SystemFire of the building depends on the usage of the building. According to the usage of the building

sprinkler system is categorized in to three classes. Such as,

Extra Light Hazard Ordinary Hazard Extra High Hazard

9.6.2.1Design of Sprinkler System in Residential Building

Table 9-30: Hazard Conditions of Residential building

Floor Number Function Hazard Condition

Basement Car park + Storage Extra light

Ground floor to 3r

floor Car Park Extra light

4th

floor Gym + Spa Extra light

5t

to 29t

floor Residential Extra light

According to the hazard condition we can calculate the S (design spacing of sprinklers) and D

(distance between rows of sprinklers) values.

Table 9-31: Design of Sprinkler System in Office Tower

Hazard Condition

Extra Light 21 4.5 4.5

Table 9-32: Hazard Conditions of Office Complex


Basement Car parking Extra light


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Ground floor Common area Extra light

1st

to 5t

floor Office area Extra light

6t

floor Conference hall Extra light



Table 9-33: Dimensions of Sprinkler System in Office Complex

Hazard Condition


9.6.2.2Design of Sprinkler System in Shopping Complex

Table 9-34: Hazard Conditions of Shopping Complex


Basement + Ground

floor

Car parking Extra light

1st

to 2nd

floor Shopping area Ordinary

3rd

floor Restaurant + Cinema Ordinary



Table 9-35: Dimensions of Sprinkler System in Shopping Complex

Hazard Condition


Ordinary 12 4 3


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Figure 9-11 : Section of Wet Riser Schematic Diagram

9.6.3 Hose ReelsHose reels are firefighting equipment for the use as a first aid measure by building occupants. They

should be located (near stair case), where users are less likely to be endangered by the fire.

Discharge of a hose reel = Hose reel should supply water at least one hour.

Tank volume needed = =

= One hose reel is not enough, when the area of the floor greater than the 800m2. Therefore we have to

provide two hose reels per floor in apartment complex and shopping mall. But in office complex one

hose reel is enough per each floor.

All tanks should be located top of the building.

Hose reel tank capacity needed,


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Table 9-36: Hose Reel Tank Capacity Needed

Building Type Capacity (m3)

Apartment 4

Shopping 4

Office 2

Figure 9-12 : Section of Hose Reel Schematic Diagram

9.7 Design of Lighting System9.7.1 Introduction to Lighting System of Residential BuildingLighting is very important in Residential building since it is a major factor related to energy

requirement of the building. We have to provide adequate lighting with required illumination level to

the different areas. In here we have three types of options to provide lighting to the Residential

Building. Those are,


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1. Use Incandescent Light Bulbs2. Use Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL)3. Use LED Lighting Systems

In order to identify the best option we did a comparison between above three lighting systems.

Table 9-37: Comparison of Three Lighting Systems

Comparison Factors

LEDs Incandescent

Light Bulbs

CFLs

Life Span (average) 50000 hours 1200 hours 8000 hours

Watts of electricity used

(equivalent to 60 watt bulb)

6-8 watts 60 watts 13-15 watts

Kilo-watts of Electricity used

(30 Incandescent Bulbs per yearequivalent)

329 KWh/yr 3285 KWh/yr 767 KWh/yr

Annual Operating Cost

(30 Incandescent Bulbs per yearequivalent)

$32.85/yr $328.59/yr $76.85/yr

Contains the TOXIC Mercury No No Yes

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

(30 bulbs per year)

451 pounds/yr 4500 pounds/yr 1051 pounds/yr

Heat Emitted 3.4 btus/hour 85 btus/hour 30btus/hour

Durability Very Durable Not very durable Not very durable

Therefore finally after comparison we decided to go for LED Lighting systems. Different areas need

different illumination levels according to next table. (Ref: CIBSE (Chartered Institute of Building

Services Engineers) Code for Lighting Part 2 (2002)


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Table 9-38: Illumination Level of Different areas

Area Illumination Level (lux)

Living 250

Bed Room 50

Kitchen 250

Bathroom 150

Corridor and Stairs 100

Dinning 200

Following indicate the different illumination levels of different types of LEDs.

Table 9-39: Illumination level of three lighting Systems

9.7.2 Calculation of Number of Lamps required in different areasFollowing indicate the sample calculation for number of lamps required in living area of 2 bedroom

apartments.

Ref: Building Services Handbook


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40

Where,

N = number of lamps

E = average illuminance on the working plane (lux)

A = area of the working plane (m2)

F = flux from one lamp (lumens)

U = utilization factor

M = maintenance factor

Assumptions:

Utilization factor is 0.5 Maintenance factor is 0.8 Used 25W LEDs with 2600 lumens Area of living 20.4m2 Illumination level of living is 300

Therefore number of lamps required in living area of 2 bedroom apartments.

Likewise we can calculate the amount of LEDs required for the entire Residential Building. Following

tables indicate the amount of LEDs required for the apartments.

Lamps Required in 2 Bed Room Apartments


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Table 9-40: LED Lamps required in 2 Bed room apartments

2 Bed Room

Apartment

Area Type Area (m2) Illumination

Level(lux)

Number Of

Lamps

Master Bed Room 13 50 1

Master Bath Room 5 150 1

Bed Room 12 50 1

Bath Room 4 150 1

Living 20 250 5

Dinning 9 200 2

Kitchen 9 250 2

Corridor & Lobby 10 100 1

TV Longe 8 200 2

Total 14

Total number of Lamps required 5th -22nd floors=

per floor

= Lamps Required in 3 Bed Room Apartments

Table 9-41: LED Lamps required in 3 Bed room apartments

3 Bed RoomApartment

Area Type Area (m2) IlluminationLevel(lux)

Number OfLamps

Master Bed Room 20 50 1Master Bath Room 7 150 1

Bed Room 1 18 50 1

Bath Room 7 150 1

Bed Room 2 13 50 1

Living 23 250 6

Dinning 14 200 3

Kitchen 12 250 3


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Corridor & Lobby 11 100 1

TV Longe 10 200 2

Total 19

Total number of Lamps required 23rd -29th floors= per floor =

9.7.3 Calculation of Energy Required for Lighting Total amount of lamps required =

Energy required for lighting =

= w=

After calculating the energy requirement for lighting we can calculate the energy requirement for

entire Residential Building approximately. Average energy consumption in a Residential building is

indicated below.

Figure 9-13 : Residential Site Energy Consumption

Space Cooling

45%

Water Heating

18%

Space Heating

9%

Lighting

6%

Electronics

5%

Cooking

4%

Refrigeration

4%

Wet Cleaning

3%Computers

1%

Other

3%

Adjust to seds

2%


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This is design for America. But Sri Lanka is tropical country. Since our site is located in Nawala area

space heating is not required. Due to Sri Lanka is tropical country we decided to used 45% for space

cooling.

Note: Here indicate the Energy requirement in tabulated form only. Calculations are indicating in the

Annex.

Table 9-42: Energy Requirement of the Building

Requirement Energy Required (kW)

Space Cooling Water Heating

Lighting Electronics Cooking Refrigeration Wet cleaning Computers Others

Total


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9.8 Design of Gondola Window Cleaning SystemIt is very difficult task to cleaning the windows in high rise buildings. Therefore to do that, we have

provided a Gondola Window Cleaning system to our residential building.

Figure 9-14 : Image of Gondola window Cleaning System

Figure 9-15 : Section of Gondola Window Cleaning System-Autocad Drawing

chapter 9-design of services final edition_24!11!2011

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