Chapter 12 Services

Chapter 12ServicesKey Issue 4Chapter 12Key Issue 4A: p.420-421Central Business DistrictRetail Services in the CBDRetail Services with High ThresholdRetail Services with a High RangeServices of all types historically cluster in the center of the city. It is often the most visually distinctive area of a city and traditionally the sight of the first settlement. It is compact, but has a large percentage of the shops. Central Business DistrictThree types of retail services concentrate in the center and they are long range shops, high threshold shops, and shops that serve people who work in the center.Retail Services in the CBDShops with high thresholds are usually in the center of the townLarge department stores are usually clustered across the street from each otherThe intersection of these clusters are referred to as the 100% cornerRetail Services with High Threshold

Usually very specializedCustomers patronize it infrequentlyPrefer central locationsRetail Services with a High Range

Do you think that the more rural areas will be making the transition to central business districts?What are some different types of high range shops and why they would prefer that centralized location?What makes the central business districts so attractive?QuestionsChapter 12Key Issue 4B: p422-423Retail Services & Business ServicesHigh Land Costs in the CBD

Office Supplies Dry Cleaning Clothing Businesses

ButchersSupermarketsBakeriesCBDs Outside of North AmericaShops for nearby office workers in CBD b/c# of downtown office workers alsoAlthough total # of sales = stable, but patterns of demand has changed

In order to increase & revitalize other retailers, they will ban motorcycles for more pedestrian friendly shopping centersOffices are CENTRALLY located to facilitate rapid communication

Central locations = employment of workers from a variety of neighborhoodsCentral locations are ACCESSABLEBusinesses depend on PROXIMITY to professional colleagues Many professionals still prefer FACE TO FACE contact

Establishes TRUST based on shared professional valuesQUESTIONS?Chapter 12Key Issue 4C: p.424Intensive Land UseSkyscrapersMaria, Jennifer, and ChadaiIntensive Land UseThe central area in a city uses more space below and above ground level.Underground cities are put underneath central areas like garages, subways and utility lines.Underground areas shield pedestrians from motor vehicles and harsh weather conditions

SkyscrapersHigh-rise structures have become economically feasible due to demand for space in central cityGives the city a distinctive and unifying symbolThe first skyscraper was built in Chicago in 1880sThe first skyscrapers had to be modified with artificial lighting, ventilation, central heating and AC. SkyscrapersWaste a lot of energy by building skyscrapers and complaints with skyscrapers may return.D.C. is the only large CBD without skyscrapers because buildings cannot be higher than the capitol.

SkyscrapersToo many skyscrapers next to each other causes traffic build up and prevents sunlight from streaming naturally on streets.Enacted zoning ordinances to control location and height

Discussion QuestionsWhat does the typical underground city include? What are the disadvantages of skyscrapers?When was the first skyscraper built? What were the changes made to it?

Chapter 12Key Issue 4D: p.424-425Declining Manufacturing in the CBDLack of Residents in CBDsEuropean CBDs

Declining Manufacturing in the CBD

Major manufacturing has moved out of the central cities to just outside the city limits.In Paris jobs decreased from 500,000 to 100,000 in a mere 30 yearsDeclining Manufacturing in the CBD (continued)Many major cities have now developed thei industrial districts into tourist attraction and urban epicenters.This is especially common in North America, with cities like Toronto, San Francisco, Baltimore, and Boston

Lack of Residents in CBDs

Many people have been lured out of downtown areas to the suburbs due to more space, less crime, and better living in general.People were also pushed out of downtown areas due to high rents.

Lack of Residents in CBDs (continued)

In U.S. cities the population has increased by about 10% due to the construction of new apartment buildings and other residential areas.Downtown areas appeal to empty nesters.

European CBDs

Many European cities have limited development to keep historic valuesQuestionsWhy have urban CBDs decreased?What are the pros and cons of a downtown area?What is the difference between American cities and European cities and their approach to post urban CBDs?Suburbanization Of BusinessesBY Lucas Setra and Sydney HarperBusinessesBusinesses have moved to suburbs due to low land costs and a closer proximity to customers.

RetailThe key to a successful large shopping mall is an anchor, such as a large department store or supermarket. They attract the most business and can keep the mall afloat.RetailDowntown sales have stagnated because suburban residents wont make such a long journey.Retailing is now more concentrated in suburban shopping malls.Larger malls contain department stores and specialty shops that are traditionally reserved for the CBD.Malls have become centers for activity in suburban areas that lack other types of community facilities.FactoriesFactories and warehouses have migrated to suburban areas due to cheaper land, more space, and better truck access.The space is needed for all the machinery and equipment that is build over a single level.Suburban locations allow for truck shipments with good access main highways and no high traffic congestion.OfficesOffices that do require face to face contact have moved to suburbs due to cheaper rent than in the CBD.For some employees, suburban locations are difficult to work in because they dont have public transportation.QuestionsWhat is the key to a successful shopping mall?An anchor!Why have factories moved to the suburbs?More space. Cheaper land, and accessibility!Why is it working in an office located in the suburbs difficult?They lack public transportation!